RBSE Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 43 Natural Resources and their Conservation

Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 11 Biology Chapter 43 Natural Resources and their Conservation

RBSE Class 11 Biology Chapter 43 Multiple Choice Objective Questions

Question 1.
Following is an inexhaustible natural resource
(1) Mineral
(2) Metal
(3) Wild life
(4) Solar energy

Question 2.
Example of nonrenewable resource is
(1) Mineral
(2) Metal
(3) Soil
(4) All the above

Question 3.
Cause of soil erosion is/are
(1) Water
(2) Air
(3) Both 1&2
(4) None

RBSE Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 43 Natural Resources and their Conservation

Question 4.
Vegetation found in Marine wetland is called as
(1) Epiphytes
(2) Cactus
(3) Mangrove
(4) Hydrophyte

Question 5.
An example of renewable energy is
(1) Petroleum
(2) Coal
(3) Forest
(4) Natural gas

Question 6.
Forest area of total land in India is
(1) 20.5%
(2) 30.0%
(3) 33.0%
(4) 35.5%

Question 7.
Which state in India having maximum forest area-
(1) Rajasthan
(2) MP
(3) Arunachal Pradesh
(4) Sikkim

Question 8.
Jhum cultivation
(1) Decreases forestation
(2) Increases forestation
(3) Causes soil erosion
(4) None

Question 9.
Deforestation results in
(1) Land slides
(2) Increase in CO2
(3) Extinction of species
(4) All the above

Question 10.
Gobar gas contains mainly
(1) CO2
(2) Methane
(3) SO2
(4) NO2

Answers :
(1). 4
(2). 4
(3). 3
(4). 3
(5). 3
(6). 1
(7). 2
(8). 1
(9). 4
(10). 2

RBSE Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 43 Natural Resources and their Conservation

RBSE Class 11 Biology Chapter 43 Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Major cause of loss of resources.
Answer :
Excessive use

Question 2.
Which type of resource the Sun is?
Answer :
Inexhaustible resource

Question 3.
How much part of Earth surface is covered with water?
Answer :
75 % of Earth surface

Question 4.
The water percentage used in agriculture.
Answer :
70%

Question 5.
Aqua farming is of how many types?
Answer :
Rearing of plants & animals in water bodies.

Question 6.
What is drip irrigation?
Answer :
It allows the water to drip slowly to the roots of plants.

Question 7.
Soil is a mixture of which components?
Answer :
Inorganic & organic matter, air, water & some organisms.

Question 8.
What is soil erosion?
Answer :
Wearing away of a field’s topsoil by natural forces.

Question 9.
What is swamp land?
Answer :
It is a wetland dominated by shrubs & trees.

Question 10.
Which fruits grow in fresh water wetland?
Answer :
Black berries & Blue berries.

RBSE Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 43 Natural Resources and their Conservation

Question 11.
Where the mangrove vegetation is found?
Answer :
Salt water wetland near coastal region.

Question 12.
What is fossil fuel?
Answer :
They are the preserved remains or impression of plants & animals embedded in rock.

Question 13.
Give the examples of renewable energy sources.
Answer :
Animals, Plants (trees, grass)

Question 14.
The side effect of use of fossil fuel on the environment.
Answer :
Air pollution (pollution of Oxides of Carbon, sulphur & nitrogen and hydrocarbons)

Question 15.
Which type of energy is released in the fission of uranium?
Answer :
Atomic energy.

Question 16.
According to National policy how much area should by covered by forest?
Answer :
30% of terrain region & 60% of mountain region.

Question 17.
Which Mountain range in Rajasthan harbors forest?
Answer :
Arawali Mountain range.

Question 18.
In which year “‘Van Mahotsava” started?
Answer :
1952

RBSE Class 11 Biology Chapter 43 Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Differentiate inexhaustible & exhaustible resources.
Answer :
(A) Inexhaustible Resources : They are found with unlimited amounts in the nature. They cannot be depleted or exhausted even by their excessive use. Example: Sun energy, Wind energy, Atomic energy, Tidal energy etc.

(B) Exhaustible Resources : They are found with limited amounts. They can be exhausted by their excessive use. They are of two types
(a) Renewable Resources : They are the biological resources such as agriculture, forest grass land, animals etc. They can be used repeatedly because they are replaced naturally by growth or reproduction.
(b) Non-renewable Resources : They are the abiotic resources which cannot be readily replaced by natural means. Such as fossil fuels [petroleum, coke (coal), gas], mineral metals (copper, gold, silver etc). They can’t be replenished because their formation takes billions of years. They will be exhausted by their excessive use.

RBSE Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 43 Natural Resources and their Conservation

Question 2.
What are renewable resources? Explain by giving examples.
Answer :
Renewable Resources : They are the biological resources such as agriculture, forest grass land, animals etc. They can be used repeatedly because they are replaced naturally by growth or reproduction.

Question 3.
What is aqua farming? Explain it’s type.
Answer :
Water bodies are used for the production of various types of food such as fishes, prawn, lobster, crabs, aquatic plants, algae & other aquatic organisms. Cultivation / rearing of these organisms is called as aqua fanning or aqua culture. The aqua farming is of two types –

(A) Fresh water culture : Rivers, lakes, ponds, springs etc. are fresh water culture resources in which fishes, water chestnut etc are cultivated.
(B) Marine culture : The cultivation of fishes, algae (brown & red), prawns etc. in the oceans is called as marine culture.

Question 4.
Explain how water resource conservation can be managed?
Answer :
It includes all the policies, strategies and activities made to manage the natural resource water, to protect the water environment and to meet the current and future human demand. Some of them are as follows—

  1. Use of water strictly according to the need.
  2. Covering of bodies like wells.
  3. Avoiding pollution of water.
  4. Repairing of leaky taps to save water.
  5. Prohibition of atomic test in the oceans.
  6. Less industrialization in the coastal regions.
  7. Spraying of hexadecanol or cetyl alcohol over the desert or reservoirs to prevent evaporation. It form thin layer that retard evaporation.
  8. Limited use of underground water which is constantly getting less.
  9. Use of fountain irrigation and drip irrigation techniques to reduce water loss caused in surface irrigation.

RBSE Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 43 Natural Resources and their Conservation

Question 5.
How the rain water can be managed?
Answer :
It is also called as rain water harvesting. It can be achieved as follows:

  1. Accumulation of rainwater for reuse on site.
  2. Collection of rainwater in well or shafts or borehole or pits.
  3. Formation of small dams to collect rainwater in mountains.
  4. Prevention of soil deposition in natural water bodies like lakes, ponds, ditches etc.
  5. Improvement of irrigation system in desert and mountain regions with the help of canals. Such as Indira Gandhi Canal Project.

Question 6.
What is soil? How it is formed?
Answer :
It is the uppermost layer of the Earth which is made up of minerals and degraded organic matter and it is formed by the weathering of the rocks. The soil plays important role in the growth of vegitation by providing water, place and nutrients.

Question 7.
What is soil erosion? Give the reasons of soil erosion.
Answer :
Soil erosion refers to the wearing away of a field’s topsoil by natural or man created factors. The major causes of soil erosion are as follows :
1. Soil erosion by water :
This erosion is caused by both fresh water & sea water.
(a) Soil Erosion by fresh water : It is caused by rivers, springs, waves etc. It is of three types viz.-

  • Diverian erosion : Erosion caused by heavy rainfall and sudden dam breaking.
  • Sheet erosion : Erosion that removes surface material (soil) evenly from an extensive area.
  • Gully erosion : Removal of soil along drainage lines by surface water runoff.

(b) Soil Erosion by marine water : This erosion is caused by waves, tides etc.

2. Soil Erosion by Air (wind) :
It occurs normally in desert regions. The wind detaches soil particles from the land surface which than transported / shifted by wind.

Question 8.
What is wetland? Give its type.
Answer :
Wetlands are the areas where water covers the soil all year or a part of year. Wetlands support both aquatic and terrestrial species that includes well adapted hydrophytes. It is 6% of the soil world area.

RBSE Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 43 Natural Resources and their Conservation

Question 9.
Explain solar energy.
Answer :
Solar energy : It is the radiant energy emitted by the sun. The solar energy is unlimited and can be used infinitely. It does not cause pollution. The solar energy can be used directly as heat energy or by converting it into electrical energy. It can be stored by backup method and can be used during night.

Question 10.
How hydro electricity is produced?
Answer :
Hydroenergy : It is the power derived from the energy of falling water or fast running water. This power is used to generate electricity with the help of water turbines. The hydroenergy is cheaper than the thermal energy.

Question 11.
What is fossil fuel? Explain.
Answer :
Fossil fuel includes coal, petroleum, CNG etc. The deposits of coal & petroleum is limited and their consumption is more. Therefore, their economical use is required so that they can be available in future also.

Question 12.
How the conservation & management of water resources can be done?
Answer :
It includes all the policies, strategies and activities made to manage the natural resource water, to protect the water environment and to meet the current and future human demand. Some of them are as follows-

  1. Use of water strictly according to the need.
  2. Covering of bodies like wells.
  3. Avoiding pollution of water.
  4. Repairing of leaky taps to save water.
  5. Prohibition of atomic test in the oceans.
  6. Less industrialization in the coastal regions.
  7. Spraying of hexadecanol or cetyl alcohol over the desert or reservoirs to prevent evaporation. It form thin layer that retard evaporation.
  8. Limited use of underground water which is constantly getting less.
  9. Use of fountain irrigation and drip irrigation techniques to reduce water loss caused in surface irrigation.

It is also called as rain water harvesting. It can be achieved as follows:

  1. Accumulation of rainwater for reuse on site.
  2. Collection of rainwater in well or shafts or borehole or pits.
  3. Formation of small dams to collect rainwater in mountains.
  4. Prevention of soil deposition in natural water bodies like lakes, ponds, ditches etc.
  5. Improvement of irrigation system in desert and mountain regions with the help of canals. Such as Indira Gandhi Canal Project.

RBSE Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 43 Natural Resources and their Conservation

Question 13.
What are forests?
Answer :
Forest is the most common natural resource on the earth. Forest is a highly complex, highly stable, self controlled and balanced ecosystem. They are the important and most suitable place to study the biodiversity. They are the large area dominated by the trees. Since ancient time human beings harvesting forest resources to full fill their need. Many tribal still live in the forests. Forests are the basis of overall, particularly economical development, of any country.

Question 14.
Name the Indian state which is richest in forest resources.
Answer :
In various geographical regions, 16 types of forests are found in India that includes about 15000 types of flowering plants.
According to Forest Survey of India (2001) about 3287263 square km land is covered with forest that is 20.5% of the total area. Out of them tropical dry deciduous forest is 38.7% and tropical moist deciduous forest is 30.9%. Hence, these two types of forests form 69.6% of the total forest. In India, largest forest region is found in MP which is about 77,265 square km. In Rajasthan the dense forest area is about 16,367 square km which is 2.4% of the total forest area in India. It is mainly confined in Aravali hills.

Question 15.
Give the main reasons of deforestation.
Answer :
The increasing human population, industrialization, urbanization & demand of forest products are the major factor of deforestation.

RBSE Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 43 Natural Resources and their Conservation

Question 16.
What is “Social forestry”.
Answer :
The management & protection of forest & afforestation of barren & deforested lands with the purpose of helping environmental, social & rural development.

Question 17.
Write in brief about “Chipko Movement”.
Answer :
“Chipko movement” running under the leadership of Sunderlal Bahuguna also contributing in conservation of forests.
In Tihri & Garhwal, the Ladies gave a slogan which is popular as Chipto slogan as follows-

क्या हैं जंगल के उपकार, मिट्टी, पानी और बयार ।
मिट्टी, पानी और बयार, जिन्दा रहने के आधार ।।

This revolution was started in 1973 in the regions of Tihri & Garhwal. The aim was to prevent the cutting of the trees in the mountain regions by the Govt, contractors. This is mainly done by villagers through the act of hugging trees to protect them from being cut down.
The Aim of “chipko movement” to prevent reckless (blind) cutting of trees & plantation of trees to maintain ecological balance.

RBSE Class 11 Biology Chapter 43 Essay Type Questions

Question 1.
What are natural resources? Explain their types with the help of examples.
Answer :
The sources (ecological and biological or geological) which are essential for human life and satisfy human wants are called as resources. They fulfill the physical, economical, social and cultural needs. The sources which are obtained directly from the nature are called as Natural resources. Following are the main natural resources:

  1. Water resources
  2. Soil resources
  3. Wetland resources
  4. Energy resources
  5. Mineral resources
  6. Ocean resources
  7. Forest resources

Classification of Natural Resources :
The natural resources are of two types:
(A) Inexhaustible Resources :
They are found with unlimited amounts in the nature. They cannot be depleted or exhausted even by their excessive use. Example: Sun energy, Wind energy, Atomic energy, Tidal energy etc.

(B) Exhaustible Resources :
They are found with limited amounts. They can be exhausted by their excessive use. They are of two types —
(a) Renewable Resources : They are the biological resources such as agriculture, forest grass land, animals etc. They can be used repeatedly because they are replaced naturally by growth or reproduction.
(b) Non-renewable Resources : They are the abiotic resources which cannot be readily replaced by natural means. Such as fossil fuels [petroleum, coke (coal), gas], mineral metals (copper, gold, silver etc). They can’t be replenished because their formation takes billions of years. They will be exhausted by their excessive use.

RBSE Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 43 Natural Resources and their Conservation

Question 2.
Explain in detail the conservation management of water resources and management of rain water.
Answer :
Conservation of water resources :
It includes all the policies, strategies and activities made to manage the natural resource water, to protect the water environment and to meet the current and future human demand. Some of them are as follows—

  1. Use of water strictly according to the need.
  2. Covering of bodies like wells.
  3. Avoiding pollution of water.
  4. Repairing of leaky taps to save water.
  5. Prohibition of atomic test in the oceans.
  6. Less industrialization in the coastal regions.
  7. Spraying of hexadecanol or cetyl alcohol over the desert or reservoirs to prevent evaporation. It form thin layer that retard evaporation.
  8. Limited use of underground water which is constantly getting less.
  9. Use of fountain irrigation and drip irrigation techniques to reduce water loss caused in surface irrigation.

Management of rain water :
It is also called as rain water harvesting. It can be
achieved as follows:

  1. Accumulation of rainwater for reuse on site.
  2. Collection of rainwater in well or shafts or borehole or pits.
  3. Formation of small dams to collect rainwater in mountains.
  4. Prevention of soil deposition in natural water bodies like lakes, ponds, ditches etc.
  5. Improvement of irrigation system in desert and mountain regions with the help of canals. Such as Indira Gandhi Canal Project.

Question 3.
How soil is formed? What is soil erosion? What are the reasons of soil erosion & how it can be controlled?
Answer :
It is the uppermost layer of the Earth which is made up of minerals and degraded organic matter and it is formed by the weathering of the rocks. The soil plays important role in the growth of vegetation by providing water, place and nutrients.

The soil includes inorganic minerals, organic matter, air, water and parts of various organisms. Normally, it contains 40% minerals components, 10% organic matter, 25% soil water & 25% soil air.

Both the formation of soil and soil erosion occur continuously and normally they balance each other. However, uncontrolled deforestation, cattle grazing, urban sprawl cause soil erosion that lead to desertification.

Soil erosion refers to the wearing away of a field’s topsoil by natural or man created factors. The major causes of soil erosion are as follows :

  • Soil erosion by water : This erosion is caused by both fresh water & sea water.
    (a) Soil Erosion by fresh water : It is caused by rivers, springs, waves etc. It is of three types viz.-
  1. Diverian erosion : Erosion caused by heavy rainfall and sudden dam breaking.
  2. Sheet erosion : Erosion that removes surface material (soil) evenly from an extensive area.
  3. Gully erosion : Removal of soil along drainage lines by surface water runoff.
    (b) Soil Erosion by marine water : This erosion is caused by waves, tides etc.
  • Soil Erosion by Air (wind) : It occurs normally in desert regions. The wind detaches soil particles from the land surface which than transported / shifted by wind.

Soil Conservation and Management :
It deals mainly to prevent soil erosion. It can be performed using following two methods viz:-

  1. Biological Method : It involves cultivation of new forests and maintenance of old forests.
  2. Mechanical Method : It involves formation of contour dams & drainage canals in slope regions. Loss of soil (Erosion) can also be prevented by-
  • Crop rotation, cover crop, conservation tillage and planted windbreaks.
  • Contour ploughing and planting trees on the slopes.
  • Formation of soil barriers surrounding the small farms.
  • Prevention of uncontrolled grazing.
  • Prevention of excavation in mountains.

RBSE Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 43 Natural Resources and their Conservation

Question 4.
What is wetland? Explain the types of wetlands.
Answer :
Wetlands are the areas where water covers the soil all year or a part of year. Wetlands support both aquatic and terrestrial species that includes well adapted hydrophytes. It is 6% of the soil world area.
On the basis of nature of water, the wetlands are of two types –

(i) Fresh water wetland :
It is saturated with fresh water. The plants of this wetland are more productive and provide food and shelter for inhabiting organisms. It prevents flood by retaining more water. Which gradually drains in the rivers. The wetland keeps the running water polluted water clean.
It is used to cultivate fruits like black berry and blue berry, wild rice, moss etc.
It is of three types viz-
(a) Marshes – It inhabits grass like plants.
(b) Swamps – It inhabits trees & bushes.
(c) Riversides – They are found near the river banks in low areas.

(ii) Salt water wetland or Tidal wetland :
It is found along the sea coast and it is saturated with sea water. It provides food and shelter for marine animals.

The trees & shrubs (bushes) in the saline tropical coastal habitats are called as mangrove vegetation. The mangrove vegetation grow more in the tidal region. It get submerged upto stem during high tides and water remains only upto the roots during low tides. Many aquatic animals such as crabs, oysters etc live in the roots of mangroves plants like Rhizophora, Avicaenia etc and many birds nests on the twigs of these plants. Coastal development, coastal agriculture & use of wood for fuel caused immerse damage to the marine wetland.

Wetland Conservation & Management :
Following measures may help to conserve wetland-

  1. Prohibition of solid waste disposal in the wetlands.
  2. Prohibition of change of coastal land use and pollution.
  3. Making of proper regulatory framework for conservation of wetlands in India.

RBSE Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 43 Natural Resources and their Conservation

Question 5.
Explain in detail the types of energy resources.
Answer :
Energy is essential for life and it is called as transmission of life. There are many sources of energy such as coal, atomic energy, natural gas, petroleum etc. The energy resources are used to conduct domestic, industrial and agricultural work. The energy resources are of two types-

(A) Renewable Energy Resources :
The renewable resource is a resource which can be used repeatedly because it is replaced naturally i. e. they are naturally replenished fast enough as being used. It includes sunlight, wind, biomass, rain, tides, waves, geothermal heat etc.

  • Solar energy : It is the radiant energy emitted by the sun. The solar energy is unlimited and can be used infinitely. It does not cause pollution. The solar energy can be used directly as heat energy or by converting it into electrical energy. It can be stored by backup method and can be used during night.
  • Hydro energy : It is the power derived from the energy of falling water or fast running water. This power is used to generate electricity with the help of water turbines. The hydro energy is cheaper than the thermal energy.
  • Wind energy : The use of air how through wind turbines to mechanically power generators for electric power.
  • Tidal energy : It is a form of hydro power that converts the energy of the tides into electricity using tide mills.
  • Geothermal energy : It is heat energy generated and stored in the Earth. Hot water currents & hot streams are used to generate electricity using turbines.
  • Sea wave energy : Ocean waves are caused by the wind as it blows across the sea. These waves are powerful source of energy. Which is used to turned the turbine which turns a generator.

(B) Non-Renewable Energy :
A nonrenewable resource is a resource that cannot be readily replaced by natural means on a level equal to its consumption. They are limited in quantity because their formation takes billions of years. They are as follows :

  • Fission fuel : Fossil fuel includes coal, petroleum, CNG etc. The deposits of coal & petroleum is limited and their consumption is more. Therefore, their economical.use is required so that they can be available in future also.
  • Atomic energy : Atomic energy is obtained by fission of radioactive uranium. The deposition of uranium is limited. Hence, it is advisable to minimize the use of atomic energy.

Conservation of Management of Energy Resources :

  1. The use of Renewable energy resources should be preferred.
  2. Limiting the use of petroleum & searching its new deposits
  3. Maximum use of solar energy.
  4. Mixing of 20% ethanol in the petrol to reduce its consumption & to minimize pollution.
  5. To encourage the use of bio fuel.

RBSE Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 43 Natural Resources and their Conservation

Question 6.
Explain how energy resources can be conserved & managed?
Answer :
Conservation of Management of Energy Resources :

  1. The use of Renewable energy resources should be preferred.
  2. Limiting the use of petroleum & searching its new deposits
  3. Maximum use of solar energy.
  4. Mixing of 20% ethanol in the petrol to reduce its consumption & to minimize pollution.
  5. To encourage the use of bio fuel.

Question 7.
Give the uses of forests.
Answer :
Forest is the most common natural resource on the earth. Forest is a highly complex, highly stable, self controlled and balanced ecosystem. They are the important and most suitable place to study the biodiversity. They are the large area dominated by the trees. Since ancient time human beings harvesting forest resources to full fill their need. Many tribals still live in the forests. Forests are the basis of overall, particularly economical development, of any country.

India is basically an agricultural country but forests play an important role in the economy. We are dependent on the forests for many products such as flowers, fruits, fodder, timber, fuel wood, resin, many types of medicinal herbs, katthaa (Catechu) etc.
Forest provide raw material for many industries such as paper, lac, matchbox, thread, cloth, rubber, pigment etc.
Forests are the pasture land for various animals and they also provide employment to human beings. The forests help to maintain nature balance which is essential for human beings to survive. Such as

  • The forests make the environment clean by absorbing toxic gases such as CO2, SO2, NO, NO2 etc.
  • They maintain balance of CO2 & O2 in the environment.
  • They prevent evaporation of water & maintain atmospheric humidity.
  • They contribute to soil fertility.
  • They prevent soil erosion & fast run off of rain water.
  • They provide food & habitat for wild life.

Question 8.
What are reasons of deforestation?
Answer :
Deforestation :
The increasing human population, industrialization, urbanization & demand of forest products are the major factors of deforestation. The deforestation to full fill the demand resulting in environmental imbalance.

Jhum cultivation in tropical regions also decreasing forestation. Jhum cultivation is also called as shifting cultivation or Slash & burn agriculture. In this technique, the farmers cut and bum plants of a patch of forest land, or wood lands to create fields. The burnt soil contain potash & other nutrients that make the soil fertile. The farmers start growing the food crops. When soil fertility declines they shift to another place, burning the jungle again. Sometimes natural disasters or carelessness of human beings caused Jungle fire or wild fire that destroy the forest.

According to National Forest Policy (1952), 33% of tract of land & 60% of mountain area should be bought under forest cover. In spite of this 13 lakh hectare are had been deforested. Deforestation badly affect the agriculture. It accelerates soil erosion & formation of desert. It resulted in shortage of raw material for many industries. Many plant & animal species are forced to extinction due to loss of habitat as a result of deforestation.

Land slides, floods, increased CO2 in the air & green house effect are also the result of deforestation.

Question 9.
What do you mean by deforestation?
Answer :
Deforestation :
The increasing human population, industrialization, urbanization & demand of forest products are the major factors of deforestation. The deforestation to full fill the demand resulting in environmental imbalance.

Jhum cultivation in tropical regions also decreasing forestation. Jhum cultivation is also called as shifting cultivation or Slash & burn agriculture. In this technique, the farmers cut and bum plants of a patch of forest land, or wood lands to create fields. The burnt soil contain potash & other nutrients that make the soil fertile. The farmers start growing the food crops. When soil fertility declines they shift to another place, burning the jungle again. Sometimes natural disasters or carelessness of human beings caused Jungle fire or wild fire that destroy the forest.

According to National Forest Policy (1952), 33% of tract of land & 60% of mountain area should be bought under forest cover. In spite of this 13 lakh hectare are had been deforested. Deforestation badly affect the agriculture. It accelerates soil erosion & formation of desert. It resulted in shortage of raw material for many industries. Many plant & animal species are forced to extinction due to loss of habitat as a result of deforestation.

Land slides, floods, increased CO2 in the air & green house effect are also the result of deforestation.

RBSE Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 43 Natural Resources and their Conservation

Question 10.
Describe the conservation & management of forests.
Answer :
Conservation & Management of Forest :
Forest resources play very important role in country earning, hence it’s conservation & management become essential.
It can be achieved by-

  • Reservation of forest areas.
  • Making the forest disease free.
  • Prevention of overgrazing & cultivation of new grasslands.
  • Simultaneous afforestation.
  • Preferring poly or mixed culture trees instead of Mono culture trees.
  • Adaptation of Taungya system of afforestation.

In this system, villagers & sometimes forest plantation workers are given the right to cultivate agricultural crops during the early stage of forest plantation establishment.

For the conservation & development of forests, the National Forest Policy (1952) was modified in 1988. According to it, the forests are four types viz-

  • Protection Forests
  • National Forests
  • Village Forests
  • Tree-lands (Tree forests)

To encourage forest research, Govt, of India established Forest Research Institute (FRI) at Dehradun (Uttaranchal) and Indian Forest Research & Educational Council was established.

Social forestry, a Novel plan was started for conservation of forest with public cooperation. Under this plan Multipurpose trees are planted at Panchavat level on both the sides of railways, roads & canals on Panchayat lands to obtain fuel wood, fruits, fodder, timber etc.

In addition to efforts at Govt, level to conserve & manage forest, public cooperation was availabel since ancient time. It’s first instance is available in Rajasthan. In 1731, “Vishnoi Lady Amrita Devi” started a revolution in Khejadly Village to protect Khejdi tree (Prosopis). In this revolution 363 members were Marty red including Amrita Devi. As a result, the Govt, put harsh sanctions on cutting the Khejdi trees. Similarly “Chipko movement” running under the leadership of Sunderlal Bahuguna also contributing in conservation of forests. In Tihri & Garhwal, the Ladies gave a slogan which is popular as Chipto slogan as follows-

क्या हैं जंगल के उपकार, मिट्टी, पानी और बयार ।
मिट्टी, पानी और बयार, जिन्दा रहने के आधार ।।

This revolution was started in 1973 in the regions of Tihri & Garhwal. The aim was to prevent the cutting of the trees in the mountain regions by the Govt, contractors. This is mainly done by villagers through the act of hugging trees to protect them from being cut down.

The Aim of “chipko movement” to prevent reckless (blind) cutting of trees & plantation of trees to maintain ecological balance.
In Karnataka state, Appiko movement was started similar to Chipko movement for conservation of forests.

RBSE Solutions for Class 11 Biology