Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 11 Biology Chapter 8 Protoplasm
RBSE Class 11 Biology Chapter 8 Multiple Choice Objective Questions
Question 1.
Which of the following is not a property of protoplasm-
(a) Colloidal solution
(b) Viscosity
(c) Non living fluid
(d) Living matter
Question 2.
Asafoctida is derived from-
(a) Roots of Ferula
(b) Leaves of Ferula
(c) Stem of Ferula
(d) Flowers of Ferula
Question 3.
Raphides are made up of –
(a) Calcium oxalate
(b) Calcium carbonate
(c) Silica
(d)Resin
Question 4.
Most abundant organic compound of the protoplasm-
(a) Fat
(b) Proteins
(c) Carbohydrates
(d) Nucleic acids
Answers:
(1) c, (2) a, (3) c, (4) b,
RBSE Class 11 Biology Chapter 8 Very Short Answer Questions
Question 1.
Write the names of stored material in protoplasm.
Answer:
Carbohydrates, Lipids & Proteins.
Question 2.
Rubber is obtained from which plant ?
Answer:
Hevea brasilianis.
Question 3.
What is cystolith ?
Answer:
Crystals of calcium carbonate.
Question 4.
What is quinine ?
Answer:
Alkaloid.
RBSE Class 11 Biology Chapter 8 Short Answer Questions
Question 1.
Gum is derived from which plant ?
Answer:
Gum – It is formed by degradation of cellulose of plants cell walls. Insoluble in alcohol but party soluble in water. It is extuded as sticky substance that on contact with air form homogenous crystalline structure. The stems of Acacia (babool or kikar) and Prosophis cineraria (Khejadee) commonly extude gum.
Question 2.
What is the importance of resins ?
Answer:
Resins – Resins are the derivatives of carbohydrates which are formed by the oxidation of odourous oils. They are used in the formation of varnishes and paints. Canada balsom and Asafetida are also resins. Asafoetida is obtained from the tap roots (rhizome) of Ferula assafoetida plant. It is used as flavour enhancer (spice) and in many medicines.
Question 3.
What are secretory substances ?
Answer:
Secretory substances : Some of the cells syntehsize such substances which are not concern directly with nutrition and growth. They are called as secretory substances & are secreted by the gland cells viz. – Enzymes, Nector etc.
- Enzymes – They are the proteins which act as biocatalyst in various metabolic activities. The enzymes break the complex food material into small soluble and simple molecules.
Examples – amylase, maltase, protease etc. - Nector – It is sweet organic substance which is secreted by the nector glands in flowers. It contains sucrose, glucose & fructose sugar. The insects get attracted by the nector and help in pollination.
RBSE Class 11 Biology Chapter 8 Essay Type Questions
Question 1.
Explain the physical and chemical properties of the protoplasm.
Answer:
physical of the protoplasm:
Many theories have been put forth to explain physical nature of the protoplasm. Out of them, follow ing five theories are main and all of them are applicable-
- Alveolar theory – It was propounded by Butchilli (1882). According to it, the protoplasm is an emulsion with dispersed minute drops or alveoli. This theory is more close to the modern thinking.
- Granular theory – It is proposed by Altmann (1893). According to it, the protoplasm consists of minute granules.
- Reticular theory – It was proposed by Hanslein, Klein and Carnoy (1898). According to it, the proplasm consists of network of fibrils.
- Fibrillar theory – It was propounded by Flemming (1894). According to it, the protoplasm consists of minute fibres.
- Colloidal theory – It was prposed by Wilson Fisher (1894). The protoplasm is a crystallocolloidal solution & polyphasic colloidal system.
It has a dispersion phase and colloidal particles. It is the most accepted theory.
The protoplasm respond external stimuli such as low to high temperature, chemical, light etc. It exhibits following vital activities –
- Movement
- Nutrition
- Metabolism
- Respiration
- Growth
- Excretion
- Reproduction
- Life cycle
chemical of the protoplasm:
The chemical composition of the protoplasm is complex and its chemical analysis is not possible in living state. It consists of about 50 types of chemical compounds . Some of them are as follows –
Water 75 to 85%
Proteins 7 to 9%
Carbohydrates 2 to 2.5%
Lipids 1 to 1.5%
Inorganic substances 1 to 1.5%
RNA 0.7%
DNA 0.4%
The protoplasm of some cells eg. aquatic plants, brain cells may have 95% water (maximum).
In seed cells, the water contents is 10 to 15% and in bone cells is only 5% (minimum). The inorganic substance are found in the form of ions. Calcium, potassium, magnesium. Iron etc are positive ions and nitrate, sulphate, bicarbonate, chloride etc. are negative ions.
Question 2.
What are excretory substances ? Explain two excretory products of plants.
Answer:
The various metabolic activities also result in the formation of some substances (products) which are not useful for the plants. Plants do not have any mechanism to excrete such substances. Hence, they get stored in the various parts of the plants such as leaves, fruits, bark, seeds, dead cambium etc. These substances are useful for human beings such as alkaloids, gum, resins, tenins, latex, mineral crystals etc.
1. Alkaloids – They are nitrogenous excretory substance of the plants which are insoluble in water but soluable in alcohol. They are found in the leaves, fruits, seeds & bark. They may be bitter or poisonous and some have medicinal importance. Some of the alkaloids are –
- Quinine – Bark of the cinchona tree – used for treatment of malaria.
- Morphine – Papaver somniferum (opium poppy) – used to relieve pain and to induce sleep.
- Nicotine – Leaves of tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabcicum) – used to relieve pain and to induce sleep.
- Atropine – Roots of atropa plants (Atropa belladonna) – Medicine for eyes and stimulates nervous system.
- Reserpine – Roots of Raulphia serpentine – used as antihypertensivc and antipsychotic drug.
- Theine (tea caffeine or theophylline) – leaves of tea plant (Camellia sinesis) – used as stimulant.
- Taxol – Tctxus brevifolia (Gvmnosperm) – used as anticancer.
2. Gum – It is formed by degradation of cellulose of plants cell walls. Insoluble in alcohol but party soluble in water. It is extuded as sticky substance that on contact with air form homogenous crystalline structure. The stems of Acacia (babool or kikar) and Prosophis cineraria (Khejadee) commonly extude gum.
3. Resins – Resins are the derivatives of carbohydrates which are fonned by the oxidation of odourous oils. They are used in the formation of varnishes and paints. Canada balsom and Asafetida are also resins. Asafoetida is obtained from the tap roots (rhizome) of Ferula assafoetida plant. It is used as flavour enhancer (spice) and in many medicines. latex of some plants like Euphorpia, Oak, Kaner (The Vetia) can be used to make petroleum.
4. Tannins – They are bitter in taste. They are derived from cell walls, cell fibres, bark, leaves, raw fruits of many types of plants (Gymnosperms & Angiosperms). They are used in making medicines, and in leather & ink industries.
5. Latex – It is a white to yellowish brown and dense liquid. It is extuded by many types of plants (200 species) particularily Hevea brasiliensis, Ficus elctstica. The composition of latex differs from plant to plant. It is a mixture of resin, gum, stored food & other carbohydrates. The latex yielding plants are also called as petroplants. The latex of some plants like Euphorpia, Oak, Kaner (The Vetia) can be used to make petroleum.
6. Mineral Crystals – In some plants, inorganic wastes are found in the cell wall, vacuoles, plant marrow etc. They are normally crystals of silica, calcium carbonate, calcium oxalate etc.
Deposition of silica occurs on the leaves of plants of gramini family. The crystal of calcium carbonates are found attached as a bunches of grapes to the cell wall of fig and rubber plants. These crystal are called as cystolith.
Crystals of calcium oxalate are found in the plant marrow in various shapes of many plants like water hyacinth (Jal Kumbhee), Colocasia root (Arbi), Jimikand (Yams). Pistiya has needle-like crystals called raphides. In papaya, these crystals are round in shape and called spheriphides. In atropa plants, these crystals are found in the form of small granules on the leaves.
Question 3.
What are stored substances ? Give the detail acount.
Answer:
The reserve substances synthesize in the cells are normally bioorganic substances which are formed in the protoplasm by the process of polymerization. Such as carbohydrates, proteins and fats. They are found in soluble or solid phase and they are used as structural material or as reserve food material.
(i) Carbohydrates : They are the organic compounds of C, H & O and their general formula is (CH2O)n. On the basis of chemical structures, they are classified as monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.
(ii) Lipids : They are the organic compounds of C, H & O and they are found in the protoplasm as droplets. They are insoluble in water and produce energy on oxidation. They are the long and complex chain of hydrocarbons. They are hydrophobic or non-polar. They are made up of fatty acids and glycerol.
(iii) Proteins : They are the organic compounds of C, H, O & N. They are made up of amino acids and 20 types of amino acids participate in protein formation. The amino acid is amphoteric and each amino acid contains one carboxylic group (-COOH) and one amino group (-NH2)
Amino acid general formula⇒
R-group is different in different amino acid. In protein formation, carboxylic group of one amino acid reacts with amino group of second amino acid to form a peptide bond [-CO-NH-] and a water molecule. Hence, there are many peptide bonds in a protein chain. Hence, the protein chain is also called as polypeptide chain.
Question 4.
Explain the importance of nector & enzymes ?
Answer:
Some of the cells syntehsize such substances which are not concern directly with nutrition and growth. They are called as secretory substances & are secreted by the gland cells viz. – Enzymes, Nector etc.
- Enzymes – They are the proteins which act as biocatalyst in various metabolic activities. The enzymes break the complex food material into small soluble and simple molecules. Examples – amylase, maltase, protease etc.
- Nector – It is sweet organic substance which is secreted by the nector glands in flowers. It contains sucrose, glucose & fructose sugar. The insects get attracted by the nector and help in pollination.
Question 5.
What are alkaloids ? Write the source and importance of any five.
Answer:
The various metabolic activities also result in the formation of some substances (products) which are not useful for the plants. Plants do not have any mechanism to excrete such substances. Hence, they get stored in the various parts of the plants such as leaves, fruits, bark, seeds, dead cambium etc. These substances are useful for human beings such as alkaloids, gum, resins, tenins, latex, mineral crystals etc.
1. Alkaloids – They are nitrogenous excretory substance of the plants which are insoluble in water but soluable in alcohol. They are found in the leaves, fruits, seeds & bark. They may be bitter or poisonous and some have medicinal importance. Some of the alkaloids are –
- Quinine – Bark of the cinchona tree – used for treatment of malaria.
- Morphine – Papaver somniferum (opium poppy) – used to relieve pain and to induce sleep.
- Nicotine – Leaves of tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabcicum) – used to relieve pain and to induce sleep.
- Atropine – Roots of atropa plants (Atropa belladonna) – Medicine for eyes and stimulates nervous system.
- Reserpine – Roots of Raulphia serpentine – used as antihypertensivc and antipsychotic drug.
- Theine (tea caffeine or theophylline) – leaves of tea plant (Camellia sinesis) – used as stimulant.
- Taxol – Tctxus brevifolia (Gvmnosperm) – used as anticancer.
2. Gum – It is formed by degradation of cellulose of plants cell walls. Insoluble in alcohol but party soluble in water. It is extuded as sticky substance that on contact with air form homogenous crystalline structure. The stems of Acacia (babool or kikar) and Prosophis cineraria (Khejadee) commonly extude gum.
3. Resins – Resins are the derivatives of carbohydrates which are fonned by the oxidation of odourous oils. They are used in the formation of varnishes and paints. Canada balsom and Asafetida are also resins. Asafoetida is obtained from the tap roots (rhizome) of Ferula assafoetida plant. It is used as flavour enhancer (spice) and in many medicines. latex of some plants like Euphorpia, Oak, Kaner (The Vetia) can be used to make petroleum.
4. Tannins – They are bitter in taste. They are derived from cell walls, cell fibres, bark, leaves, raw fruits of many types of plants (Gymnosperms & Angiosperms). They are used in making medicines, and in leather & ink industries.
5. Latex – It is a white to yellowish brown and dense liquid. It is extuded by many types of plants (200 species) particularily Hevea brasiliensis, Ficus elctstica. The composition of latex differs from plant to plant. It is a mixture of resin, gum, stored food & other carbohydrates. The latex yielding plants are also called as petroplants. The latex of some plants like Euphorpia, Oak, Kaner (The Vetia) can be used to make petroleum.
6. Mineral Crystals – In some plants, inorganic wastes are found in the cell wall, vacuoles, plant marrow etc. They are normally crystals of silica, calcium carbonate, calcium oxalate etc.
Deposition of silica occurs on the leaves of plants of gramini family. The crystal of calcium carbonates are found attached as a bunches of grapes to the cell wall of fig and rubber plants. These crystal are called as cystolith.
Crystals of calcium oxalate are found in the plant marrow in various shapes of many plants like water hyacinth (Jal Kumbhee), Colocasia root (Arbi), Jimikand (Yams). Pistiya has needle-like crystals called raphides. In papaya, these crystals are round in shape and called spheriphides. In atropa plants, these crystals are found in the form of small granules on the leaves.
