Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 11 Business Studies Chapter 1 Business in Ancient Bharat: Nature and Practices
RBSE Class 11 Business Studies Chapter 1 Textual Questions and Answers
RBSE Class 11 Business Studies Chapter 1 Multiple Choice Questions
Question 1.
Iron pillar situated in Mehrauli belongs to which reign?
(a) Mauryan
(b) Gupta
(c) Post Harsha
(d) Indus valley period
Answer:
(b) Gupta
Question 2.
What was import duty called in Mauryan Period?
(a) Nishka
(b) Nishkramya
(c) Kulkarni
(d) Praveshya
Answer:
(d) Praveshya
Question 3.
What is the present name of the world’s first Port?
(a) Mujinis
(b) Sindhis
(c) Mangrol
(d) Bhrugukuch
Answer:
(c) Mangrol
Question 4.
Mashka was made up of which metal?
(a) Gold
(b) Copper
(c) Silver
(d) Brass
Answer:
(b) Copper
Question 5.
Name the officer responsible for collecting tax on water and boats.
(a) Shrestha
(b) Sarthwaha
(c) Tarik
(d) Panyadhyaksh
Answer:
(c) Tarik
Question 6.
Figures of Indian elephants and apes are inscribed on the currency of which country?
(a) Iran
(b) Sarthawaha
(c) Egypt
(d) Babylonia
Answer:
(d) Babylonia
Question 7.
Who is the author of ‘Mudrarakshasa’?
(a) Chanakya
(b) Ghulghul
(c) Kalidas
(d) Kashyap Matang
Answer:
(c) Kalidas
RBSE Class 11 Business Studies Chapter 1 Very Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
Which unit of measurement and weights was used by Indus people?
Answer:
Indus people used weights and balances to weigh and measure things.
Question 2.
Give the present name of the world’s first port.
Answer:
The present name of the world’s first port is Mangrol.
Question 3.
What are Nishkas?
Answer:
A gold made currency during the Vedic period was known as Nishkas.
Question 4.
Who wrote the Arthashastra?
Answer:
Chanakya (Kautilya) wrote the Arthashastra.
Question 5.
What is Kardbhic?
Answer:
Kardhic is a species of Pearl. As their origin is from the river ‘Kardhic’ of Iran, it is known as Kardbhic.
Question 6.
Name the different places of India connected by the highways during the Mauryan period.
Answer:
During Mauryan reign, North India was connected with South India through the main highway. This route passed through Ujjain, Vidisha, Kaushambi, Saket to Shravasti.
Question 7.
What is ‘Sanyan Path’?
Answer:
The water route of the sea named by Chanakya (Kautilya) was called ‘Sanyan Path’.
Question 8.
Which sea route was used for commercial intercourse between India and Egypt?
Answer:
The commercial intercourse between India and Egypt was held at the coast of the Red Sea. A port ‘Barnes’ was constructed, from where three main overland routes proceeded to the famous port of ‘Alexandria’.
Question 9.
Name any two seaports situated in Kerala coast.
Answer:
Mujeres and Tindis port.
Question 10.
Describe ‘Praveshya’ and ‘Nishkramya’.
Answer:
During the Mauryan period, import duty was called as Praveshya, while the export duty was called as Nishkramya.
Question 11.
What is Martini?
Answer:
During Mauryan time, the traders used to travel in large caravans trudging along with long distances. The protection of those caravans was required, and in exchange, the state charged toll tax from traders called ‘Vartni’.
Question 12.
What is Bhutovav Pratyay?
Answer:
In Gupta reign, the tax imposed upon imported goods and domestically produced goods were known as Bhutovav Pratyay.
Question 13.
Name two Indian missionaries who visited China.
Answer:
Dharmratna and Kashyap Matang, the two Buddhist monks, were the first missionaries to visit China.
RBSE Class 11 Business Studies Chapter 1 Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
Enlist the major items of export and import of Indian foreign trade.
Answer:
The major items exported from India included cotton textiles, spices, ivory and ivory made goods, pearls, precious stones, cinnamon, pepper, etc. The import trade of India included silver, copper, coral, wine, datepalms, Arabian horses, slaves, etc.
Question 2.
State the different taxes imposed on the traders during Mauryan reign.
Answer:
During the Mauryan period, besides land revenue, the main source of income of the state was import and export duty. Duty on imports was called ‘Praveshay’ and that on exports was called ‘Nishkramya’. A sales tax would have been another source of Public Revenue. The tax for countable merchandise was 9.5%, for those sold by weights, the sales tax rate was 5%, and the trader goods sold on the basis of their measurement were subject to the sales tax rate of 6.25%. The protection of the caravans from robberies was the duty of the state, and in exchange of this, the state charged toll tax from traders.
Question 3.
With which countries did Indus people use to trade? Also, give the names of the important ports used for the same in this period.
Answer:
Indus people had commercial/trade links with Mesopotamia, Afghanistan and Turkmenia. In the beginning, foreign trade was done through land route, but later on, it was done through the water route and boats and ships was used to perform trade. The main ports of this period were Lothal, Sutkaganador, Balakot and Sotkakoh, etc.
Question 4.
Give a brief mention of currencies referred by Kautilya.
Answer:
In his book ‘Arthashastra’, Kautilya has mentioned four types of currencies:
- Nishka of Gold
- Karshpan/Shatmana of Silver
- Mashka of Copper
- Kulkarni of Copper
Question 5.
What is Tur? Who collected it?
Answer:
By the eleventh century, ‘Tur’ tax was levied as water tax on boats. The officer realising such tax was known as Tarik.
Question 6.
Describe the important trade routes of the Mauryan period.
Answer:
Three trade routes were there during the Mauryan period:
- The first route was from Patliputra through Kaushambi and Ujjain to Berigoja.
- Second trade route joined Patliputra to Mathura passing through Indus Valley till Bactria.
- The third one started from Patliputra to Nepal, passing through Vaishali and Shravasti.
Question 7.
What was the impact of Indian trade on Babylonia?
Answer:
The commercial intercourse of India and Babylonia left its deep impact to the extent that figures of Indian elephants and apes are inscribed on their currency and buildings.
RBSE Class 11 Business Studies Chapter 1 Essay Type Questions
Question 1.
Throw light on trade conditions during the Mauryan empire.
Answer:
During the Mauryan period, the state was under full control of the king. Panyadhayksh, a government officer, supervised commerce and trade. Paulvadyaksh officers used to inspect weights and measures. Shulkadhyaksh was the main officer for collecting tax on bridges. Kautilya has written that king constructed bridges, roads on land and water routes for developing trade and commerce.
He also wrote that the king took care of businessmen and traders as only they could make a country prosperous. According to Kautilya, silk and pottery produced in China were the best in the world. He has also mentioned a series of Pearl – ‘Kardbhic’. As their origin is from the river ‘Kardhic’ of Iran, they have camped Karachi. At that time, duty on imports was called Nishkranya’. The tariff for imports was generally around 20%, but there is no accurate information about exports.
The sales tax would have been another major source of public revenue. The tax rate for countable merchandise was 9.5%, for those sold by weights, the Sales tax rate was 5%, and the trade goods sold on the basis of their measurement were subject to a sales tax rate of 6.25%. In Mauryan reign, the traders used to travel in large caravans trudging along with long distances. The protection of these carnivals’ from robberies, piracy, etc, was the duty of the state, and in exchange of this, the state charged toll tax from traders.
In Mauryan reign, different separate markets were found for different articles. According to Kautilya, the separate arrangement was there for shops of food items like sweets, meat, rice, chapati, etc. Trade was specialized. Kashmir, Kaushal, Vidarbha and Kalinga were trade centres for diamonds. Himachal Pradesh was known for leather, Bengal for a muslin. Tamraparni Panday and Kerala were well – known places for the pearl.
To simplify and to facilitate trade during Mauryan Period, the king started minting coins. In Kautilya’s Arthashastra, there is a mention of four types of coins. During the Mauryan period. India had a flourishing trade with Egypt. In the end, it can be said that during the Mauryan period, prosperity was at its peak in both trade and commerce, because of which the trade became specialized and foreign trade increased in strength. Foreign trade was at its peak at that time. And that is why, in context to Mauryan reign, it can be called prosperous.
Question 2.
Describe the main routes used in Ancient India.
Answer:
In Ancient India, as trade was increasing, it also resulted in the increment and discovery of new routes and because of this the trade and personal cordial relationships with many countries were established. In Ancient India, the trade was done through land and water route and different major centres were settled at the river coast only. The main reason for this was that the overland – trade route was full of risks and was plundered by the robbers.
The land route was used to conduct trade from Northern India to Afghanistan, Arabia, Iran etc. Chinese silk was sent through India via Bactria to the western countries. That is why this land route is known as the Silk route. During Mauryan reign, there was a network of the overland route in west Magadh. Through the main highway, North India was connected with South India.
This route passed through Ujjain, Vidisha, Kaushambi, Saket to Shravasti. Similarly, the second highway connected the western coast to the east coast. Passing by Braghukuch to Kaushambi to Tamralipti, the third highway joining Eastern India with western India, used to proceed from Patliputra to Iran. The fourth highway was from Champa, reaching Pushkalawati.
People of Andhra Pradesh, Kalinga and Bengal used to trade with Burma, Malaya, Sumatra, Java and Cambodia through water route. Majority of their trading was conducted from the port of Tamralipti. South India had two main trade routes – One starting from Machlipattam and the other from Vincent, going separately for some distance, they both joined at one place, forming the route passing through Hyderabad, Kalyan, Paithan and Daulatabad to Berigoja.
In central Asia, Indian traders caravans travelled across Bactrian trade centres crossing over Hindukush mountains. Bactrian trade centres were the meeting point of the routes for China, India and other western countries. Here, the trade articles were exchanged and then carried in the fleets sailing along ‘Auxis’ to Caspian sea.
Alberini, who came to India in the early eleventh century, has described fifteen road – routes of this time. These routes were connecting Kannauj, Mathura, Baari, Dhan, Anhilpatan to different parts of the country. One of these roads proceeded from Kannauj to Tamralipti, passing by Prayag, and from there, to Kalinga in the South, to Kaanchi down to far south.
The second famous route went from Kannauj, through, Panipat, Katak, and Kabul to Gazni. One of the roads connected Bayana to Kannauj. From Bayana, there was a route linking the Indian desert with present Karachi. Another route connected Delhi to Ahmedabad via Jaipur. Role of State in Trade – State has played a dominant role in developing and flourishing trader since Indus Valley civilization to the Sultanate period.
Building and maintenance of trade routes, provision for rest houses on these trade routes, to ensure safety and security of traders and their cargo, etc. was the responsibility of the chief of the state. Presence of many well – established and developed seaports indicate the keen interest of the kings to facilitate, encourage and to develop favourable trade in the country.
The general sea routes of Ancient India began from Lothal, Sutkganador, Valakot, Sotkakoh etc., which were the major ports of Indus valley. Along with Sumeria, India’s trade through Bahrien was done through sea route. In Mauryan reign, a port named Bernis was made. From here, trade was done until the port of Alexandria in Egypt.
People of Andhra Pradesh, Bengal and Kalinga had a large volume of sea trade with Burma, Malaya, Sumatra, Java and Cambodia. At Kannad coast, Vaijyanthi and at Kerala coast, Muziris and Sindhis were the major ports. Shalimar coast in Pandyan kingdom and Bandar coast in Chera kingdom were the major stations for importing foreign horses.
Question 3.
List the main causes behind the decline in Indian trade.
Answer:
The main reasons for the decline of Indian trade are as follows:
1. The Rise of Feudal System – The rise of the feudal system was one of the main reasons for the decline of Indian trade. In the post – Harsha period, trade and commerce recorded heavy decline. The emergence of small kingdoms with decentralised administration/rule led the way to imperialism and its evils. From the 7th century until the advent of the Turks in the 12th century, Imperialism was at its zenith in the country. In the absence of a Centralised Rule, the well – established and prosperous convention of domestic and foreign trade faced a severe decline.
2. Excessive tax on Merchants – The main source of income of the state was only land revenue since the time of Indus Valley civilization till the Mauryan reign. In Mauryan reign, duty on import was called ‘Praveshay’, while duty on exports was called ‘Nishkramya’. Sales tax was also one of the main sources of Income. In the Gupta period, the tax burden was not high. The tax was imposed on imported goods and domestically – produced goods and was known as ‘Bhutowav Prathayay’. Traders were provided security and protection by the state in exchange of determined fees during the Gupta reign also.
3. Fall of the Roman Empire – India had very good trade links with Romans, but by the end of 5th century AD, along with the decline of the Roman Empire, the flourishing Indian trade also declined. In this situation, the downfall of Sasani Empire of Iran adversely affected Indian trade. Arabians established their control on land routes soon after. Arabian traders extended their control on the Arabian Sea as well as on the Indian Ocean also.
4. The insecurity of the trading Routes – Trade routes were very unsafe in Ancient India. Land robbers on roads and sea pirates on sea routes used to rob the traders. That is why traders used caravans while travelling. In the post Gupta period, the trade routes were not safe. A Chinese traveller YuvanChwing was robbed twice. Not only thieves and dacoits, but even the knights used to plunder the caravan of the traders. Vastupal Charit also mentions the reference of such instances of plundering of a caravan by ‘Gugghul Mandelic’. This increasing political instability had made safe – travelling of caravans doubtful, consequently, this gave a big setback to trade and commerce.
Question 4.
Explain the role of trade in the expansion of Indian Cultures in other countries.
Answer:
The role of trade in the expansion of Indian culture has always been foremost. Due to the increase of the traffic of traders in different countries, the reciprocation of ideas, eating habits, development of literature, the modern Art, the genre of entertainment, dressing, development of religion can be seen even till today. The growth of Indian culture and proliferation and propagation of Buddhism in countries like Indonesia, Cambodia, Siam and China was made possible by this trading only.
Till date, the currency and buildings situated here clearly reflect were made possible the Indian culture. Due to this trade only, the proliferation and propagation of Buddhism in countries like China, Japan, Cambodia, Philippines, etc., took place.
Regular voyages/travels were made by Indian traders to far off south-eastern countries as far back as the fifth-sixth century BC. The residents of such countries were called Agnes and they were from backward civilization. So, all their trade was in the hands of Indians. And because of that, many Indians in large number settled and established their colonies and had their kingdoms at different places in Indonesia and Indo – China and till today, Indian culture can be seen there.
Till today, in Malaya, Indochina and Java, the dramas, dances, plays are inspired by Ramayana, Mahabharata and other Indian mythological scriptures. The commercial intercourse between India and Babylonia left its deep impact to the extent that figures of Indian elephants and apes are inscribed on their currency and buildings. It is said that the Egyptians dyed cloth with indigo and wrapped their mummies in South Indian Muslin to preserve them.
The priests and Buddhists living in Siam in Bangkok and Cambodia wear Janeu (holy thread), worship idols of Buddha and Hindu Gods & Goddesses and perform religious rituals. Till date, the subject of dramas, dances and puppet shows are taken from Ramayana, Mahabharata and Hindu mythology. There are references in Mahabharata of Chinese silk being presented by many kings to Yudhistir during ‘Rajsuyi Yajna’.
Question 5.
Write a note on the major items of import and export from different ports of ancient India.
Answer:
The details of import and export goods to foreign countries through ports:
RBSE Class 11 Business Studies Chapter 1 Additional Questions and Answers
RBSE Class 11 Business Studies Chapter 1 Multiple Choice Questions
Question 1.
The time period from Indus Valley Civilization to Mauryan reign from the viewpoint of historians is known as –
(a) Vedic India
(b) Ancient India
(c) Prehistoric India
(d) Great India
Answer:
(b) Ancient India
Question 2.
World’s first port in Lothal was made in –
(a) 2000
(b) 1500
(c) 2500
(d) 3000
Answer:
(c) 2500
Question 3.
Trading was done in which country from Lothal port to Indus Valley Civilization?
(a) Egypt
(b) China
(c) Mesopotamia
(d) Iran
Answer:
(c) Mesopotamia
Question 4.
At present, Lothal port is known as –
(a) Vishakapatnam Port
(b) Paradeep Port
(c) Mangrol Port
(d) Marmagao Port
Answer:
(c) Mangrol Port
Question 5.
With which country was trading done from Mangrol port during Indus Valley Civilization?
(a) Afghanistan
(b) Egypt
(c) Iran
(d) Mesopotamia
Answer:
(d) Mesopotamia
Question 6.
Name the city which is located at the confluence of Aaksas and Kokcha rivers?
(a) Shoturgaye
(b) Champa
(c) Takshila
(d) Kaushambi
Answer:
(a) Shoturgaye
Question 7.
India exported to China –
(a) Zinc and Copper
(b) Gold and glass
(c) Beads and Spices
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(b) Gold and glass
Question 8.
How many ships of helm were given by the residents of republic named Kshatriya at the time of the attack by Alexander?
(a) 20
(b) 30
(c) 07
(d) 15
Answer:
(b) 30
Question 9.
‘Mauryan Ruler had a monopoly on the craft of making ships’. This is stated by which historian?
(a) Alberuni
(b) Megasthenes
(c) Strabo
(d) Vishnugupt
Answer:
(c) Strabo
Question 10.
According to Periplus, which was the most important port in the 1st century AD, on the western coast?
(a) Bhragukuch
(b) Shubrick
(c) Varberikum
(d) Tamralipti
Answer:
(a) Bhragukuch
Question 11.
The most important port at eastern coast towards winter Solstice –
(a) Tamratipti
(b) Shubrick
(c) Varberikum
(d) Rourk
Answer:
(a) Tamratipti
Question 12.
In 787 AD, the emperor of China asked for help from whom against Tibet –
(a) From Vighuron
(b) Ruler of India
(c) Khalifa of Baghdad
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(d) All of the above
Question 13.
According to the Book ‘Shathpat Brahman’, Chatman was used –
(a) To weigh
(b) To donate
(c) To measure
(d) To offer
Answer:
(d) To offer
Question 14.
The Resident (Traders) of western Punjab, gave the tax in the form of what to the Ruler of Iran, Darius?
(a) 360 Talent Gold
(b) 260
(c) 380
(d) 480
Answer:
(a) 260
Question 15.
According to Kautilya, Bengal was famous for what in the Mauryan period?
(a) for leather
(b) for diamond
(c) for silk
(d) for pearls
Answer:
(c) for silk
Question 16.
In Mauryan reign, Himachal Pradesh was famous for –
(a) Diamond
(b) Silk
(c) Pearl
(d) Leather
Answer:
(d) Leather
Question 17.
Which officer from the following inspected weights and measures during Mauryan reign?
(a) Panyadhyaksh
(b) Pauluyadhyaksh
(c) Shulkadhyaksh
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(b) Pauluyadhyaksh
Question 18.
“Silk and Chinese Pots that are produced in China are termed as superior” – who among the following said this?
(a) Al Idrisi
(b) Strabo
(c) Alberuni
(d) Kautilya
Answer:
(d) Kautilya
Question 19.
According to whom, Bengal’s residents were efficient sailors?
(a) Kalidas
(b) Chanakya
(c) Al Idrisi
(d) Ibnkhurdadba Al Masudi
Answer:
(a) Kalidas
Question 20.
Karvan was –
(a) Trading through sea route
(b) Trading through land route
(c) Trading through wind
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(b) Trading through land route
Question 21.
Kautilya named sea route as –
(a) Sanyan Route
(b) Praveen
(c) Praveshya
(d) Nishkramya
Answer:
(a) Sanyan Route
Question 22.
From Indus valley civilization to Mauryan reign, the source of collecting revenue was:
(a) Income tax
(b) water tax
(c) land tax
(d) all of the above
Answer:
(c) land tax
Question 23.
In Mauryan reign, the main source of income in the state after land tax was –
(a) Import tax
(b) Export tax
(c) Importing and exporting
(d) None of these above
Answer:
(c) Importing and exporting
Question 24.
Exporting in Mauryan reign was known as –
(a) Nick
(b) Nishkramya
(c) Kulkarni
(d) Praveshya
Answer:
(b) Nishkramya
Question 25.
In the eleventh century, Alberuni has mentioned how many land routes?
(a) 15
(b) 20
(c) 30
(d) 25
Answer:
(a) 15
Question 26.
In the Gupta period, a tax was imposed on imported goods from abroad and on the domestically produced goods. The tax was called –
(a) Praveen
(b) Bragukuch
(c) Praveshya
(d) Bhutotav Pratyay
Answer:
(d) Bhutotav Pratyay
Question 27.
Chinese traveller Yuvan Chwang was robbed –
(a) one time
(b) two time
(c) three times
(d) four times
Answer:
(b) two time
Question 28.
Around the eleventh century, which of the following taxes was imposed on boats as water tax?
(a) Tar
(b) Khar
(c) For
(d) Tur
Answer:
(d) Tur
Question 29.
First Indian Religious promotional traveller Dharmratas and Kashyap to go to China were originally from:
(a) Buddhism Preceptorial
(b) Jain Preceptorial
(c) Hindu Sect
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(a) Buddhism Preceptorial
Question 30.
In the 6th century AD, the ruler of Babylonia Nebuchadnezzar’s castle had pillars, which were made of which of the following timber?
(a) Neem
(b) Rosewood
(c) Teakwood
(d) Ordinary wood
Answer:
(c) Teakwood
Question 31.
According to the sail documents, the officers who collected taxes on water and boat are –
(a) Tarik
(b) Nick
(c) Kulkarni
(d) Verani
Answer:
(a) Tarik
RBSE Class 11 Business Studies Chapter 1 Very Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
Name four dynasties of Ancient India.
Answer:
- Maurya Dynasty
- Sunga Dynasty
- Kushan Dynasty
- Gupta Dynasty
Question 2.
When and where was the world’s first port built?
Answer:
World’s first port was made in 2500 AD in Lothal.
Question 3.
In context to craft, what was the position of Harappan culture?
Answer:
In the context of crafts, Harappan culture was altogether well – organized. The uniformity in the handmade craft products is the evidence of this.
Question 4.
In the last several years, from how many places outside the Indus valley have the civilisation’s artefacts been excavated?
Answer:
7 places.
Question 5.
In Northern Afghanistan, which places are located at the confluence of Aaksas and Kokcha river?
Answer:
Shoturgaya.
Question 6.
At the western coast, which valuable jewels were imported by Bhagatray?
Answer:
Gomed and Indragop.
Question 7.
The Parted stones of inverted Q’s size are found in which port of Rajasthan?
Answer:
Near copper mines of Khetri, in Kulhadeka Jihad.
Question 8.
The import of Harappans was done through which routes?
Answer:
Harappan import was done through both sea and land routes.
Question 9.
What was the condition of import and export between India and Mesopotamia?
Answer:
In former days, import of goods was less from Mesopotamia while export was more.
Question 10.
What do the seals of Harappa and Mohanjo Daro portray?
Answer:
Ships.
Question 11.
The ship of paved soil was found in –
Answer:
In Lothal.
Question 12.
Name 4 items that were sent from India to Foreign countries.
Or
Name four items that were exported from India in ancient times.
Answer:
Cotton clothes, Spices, Ivory, Valuable stones.
Question 13.
Name 4 things that were imported from foreign to India in ancient times.
Or
Name 4 items that were imported in ancient India.
Answer:
Gold, Copper, Coral, Silk.
Question 14.
The officers of which country played the role of mediators between China and western countries?
Answer:
Indian officers.
Question 15.
Name two items exported by India to China.
Answer:
- Gold
- Glass.
Question 16.
Name two items that were imported by India from China.
Answer:
- Silk
- Chinese pottery.
Question 17.
Which means of transport was used by Indus valley people to carry the goods via road?
Answer:
Bullock – cart, Oxen, Donkeys.
Question 18.
When did Indus valley people start using sea route the most?
Answer:
Around 60 AD.
Question 19.
Which means of transport was used by Indus valley people to carry the goods via water.
Answer:
Boats and ships.
Question 20.
In context to maritime, Northern India’s most important route through which all routes?
Answer:
Tamralipti to Champa, Varanasi, Kaushambhi, Mathura, Shakl and Takshila to Puspkadawati.
Question 21.
“The residents of North India travelled a lot through rivers”. This has been stated by which philosopher?
Answer:
Baudhayan.
Question 22.
Most important port of Rokuk is situated at which coast?
Answer:
According to the saying, probably, this port is situated at Gulf of Kachchi.
Question 23.
Which was the most important part of the southern region’s northern coast?
Answer:
Tamralipti Port.
Question 24.
Mention the time period, when the rulers of China extended their influence till Iran.
Answer:
7th Century AD.
Question 25.
According to Chinese people, which four powers fell into a conflict to rule over middle Asia?
Answer:
According to Chinese people, in around 650 to 700 BC, the four powers that fell into a conflict to rule over middle Asia were – Turkey, Tibet, Arabia and China.
Question 26.
In which period, Kashmir was under the control of China?
Answer:
In around 650 to 700 BC, Kashmir was subject to Chinese central.
Question 27.
When was the time that the route that went from Kamroop to Northern Burma towards China was mostly used?
Answer:
8th century AD.
Question 28.
Which philosopher has described the route distribution from Tonkin to Kaamroop?
Answer:
A philosopher named Kiyataan.
Question 29.
According to Takata Al Nasiri, which route was taken to bring horses by traders?
Answer:
From Bihar to Tibet via China.
Question 30.
In the Vedic period, which metallic item was used as currency?
Answer:
In the Vedic period, Gold metal minted Nick was used as currency.
Question 31.
What is the vision of historians in context to ‘Nick’ and ‘Shatmaan’?
Answer:
According to historians, these must have been the metals to weigh and measure. These cannot be classified as currency.
Question 32.
Which state was famous for Pearls in the Mauryan period?
Answer:
Kerala.
Question 33.
Which officers were appointed for commerce and trade and collecting tax during the Mauryan period?
Answer:
‘Panyadhakash’ and ‘Shulkad – yaksha’.
Question 34.
‘To promote their business, kings should make bridges on the roads of land and water route’. Who said this?
Answer:
Kautilya.
Question 35.
Kautilya has mentioned a species of Pearl ‘Kardbhic’. Where did they come from?
Answer:
River of Iran, named – Kardbh.
Question 36.
In which time period, India became the foremost centre for international trade?
Answer:
In Gupta reign, India became the foremost centre for international trade. In this time period, both the international and internal trade were at their peak.
Question 37.
How many types of traders were there during Gupta period?
Answer:
Two types of traders were there during Gupta period –
- Shrestha
- Sarthwaha.
Question 38.
“Chanakya has appointed Chandandas as the main trader of Patli Putra”. Where has this been written?
Answer:
In Mudrakshasa.
Question 39.
Why did traders use to travel in caravans?
Answer:
To protect themselves from dacoits.
Question 40.
What was caravan?
Answer:
The caravan was the large group of traders who travelled together to trade through land route.
Question 41.
What is Silk route?
Answer:
The silk of China used to go from India to western countries via Bactria, that is why it was named as ‘Silk Route’.
Question 42.
Name four famous ports of Maritime civilization.
Answer:
Lothal, Sutkaganador, Balakot and Sotkakoh.
Question 43.
What do you understand by ‘Pravahan’?
Answer:
The ships that sail over oceans were called ‘Pravahan’ by Kautilya.
Question 44.
What was the limit of import tax during the Mauryan period?
Answer:
The limit of import tax during the Mauryan period was 20%.
Question 45.
The items that were sold by counting during the Mauryan period, what per cent tax was levied on import of such items?
Answer:
9.50%.
Question 46.
During the Mauryan period, the items that were sold out by weighing and measuring, what per cent tax was levied on such items?
Answer:
5 to 6.25% tax.
Question 47.
What do you understand by earth?
Answer:
During the Mauryan period, traders used to travel in groups, which was called earth.
Question 48.
How many types of currencies are mentioned in Kautilya’s Arthashastra?
Answer:
Four types of currencies are mentioned in Kautilya’s Arthashastra.
- Gold currency (swarn)
- Karshparn (silver)
- Mashk (copper)
- Kulkarni (copper)
Question 49.
What do you understand by Tur and Tarik?
Answer:
As per Pala records, Tur was a kind of water tax that was levied on boats, and the officers realizing such tax were known as ‘Tarik’.
Question 50.
Mention two factors that helped in the expansion of Indian culture.
Answer:
Two main factors which helped in the expansion of Indian culture are –
- Give and take of Business
- Cultural promotion.
Question 51.
To protect the dead bodies which Indian cloth was used to cover the mummies in Egypt?
Answer:
To protect the mummies, Indian cloth ‘Muslin’ was used to wrap the dead bodies in Egypt.
Question 52.
During ‘Rajsuyi Yajna’ which all clothes were presented to Yudhistir by kings?
Answer:
During ‘Rajsuyi Yajna’, Chinese silk dresses were presented to Yudhistir.
RBSE Class 11 Business Studies Chapter 1 Short Answer Type Questions (SA – I)
Question 1.
According to history what is the period of Ancient India?
Answer:
In History, ancient India implies the time period before the Indus Valley Civilization until the establishment of Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal empire (12th century). During this period, many dynasties ruled in India – Maurya dynasty, Shunga dynasty, Satavahana dynasty, Kushan, Gupta, Pallavas, Cholas, Chalukya, Gurjar, Pratihara, Pal, Sen, Rashtrakuta dynasty, etc. Indian traded flourished continuously during the reign of all these rulers.
Question 2.
Which dynasties ruled upon India from the period of Indus Valley civilization to
the sultanate period?
Answer:
Maurya dynasty, Shunga dynasty, Satavahana Dynasty, Kushan, Gupta, Pallavas, Cholas, Chalukya, Gurjar, Pratihara, Pal, Sen, Rashtrakuta dynasty etc. ruled over India from the period of Indus valley civilization to Mauryan period. The history of business and trade of ancient India has been very rich and glorious.
Question 3.
What can be concluded from the homogenous products of Harappan culture?
Answer:
One can conclude on the basis of the degree of homogeneity found in handmade goods in Harappan culture, that art and sculpture were fully organized and goods distribution system was well – managed and systematic. Special stones were imported from one place and the same type of items were made at different places from it, likewise stamps, ‘bathare’, ‘make’, etc, were made in new towns but were distributed throughout all the areas of Harappan civilization.
Question 4.
Throw light on the trading system of Harappan culture.
Answer:
During Harappan culture, India’s trading system was highly developed and organised. In other words, Indian trading system at this time was at its peak. World’s first tidal clock was built in Lothal around 2500 BC, which is present-day Mangrol harbour situated on the Gujarat coast, which proves the prominent state of trade. People of Harappan culture were skilled in foreign trading. Woodcraft articles, various valuable metals and various gems were traded extensively in this time period.
Question 5.
How can you say that trading was done through water route in Indus Valley Civilization?
Answer:
Harappan and Mohenjo Daro seals had the figure of ships inscribed on them. Traces of well, constructed ships are also found in Lothal. The harbour found in Lothal proves the fact that foreign trade was done through sea – route. Also, in the past few years, seven such places have been excavated away from Indus Valley, which reveals many facts about foreign trade in Harappan Culture.
Question 6.
Explain with example, the trade done by the people of Harappan culture.
Or
Explain import and export of Indus Valley Civilization.
Or
Explain in brief the Indus valley civilization in context to import and export.
Answer:
From the various noted evidence, it is proved that at the confluence of the Axis river of North and Kokacha river, a place named Shortugaye is situated. From Shortugaye, Harappan culture people would have possibly imported goods including large-worth, frozen, silver etc, metals from this city to Afghanistan, Central Asia and Northern Iran. It is assumed that through Manda situated at river Chenab in Jammu, Himalayan wood was brought to the west coast. Precious stones like Indragop, Gomed etc. were imported through Bhagatrai. Harappan stones were imported through both land and sea route.
Question 7.
Mention the items that were imported and exported in ancient India.
Or
In ancient India, which all items were traded in foreign countries?
Answer:
In ancient India, the major items that were exported from India were cotton textiles, spices, ivory and ivory made goods, pearls, precious stones, cinnamon, pepper, etc. The import trade of India included silver, copper, coral, wine, datepalms, Arabian horses, slaves etc. India exported ‘glass’ and ‘gold’ to China while importing ‘silk’ and ‘Chinese utensils’ in return and they were sold to the countries of West Asia. The remarkable fact is that Indian traders served as intermediaries between western countries and China.
Question 8.
Explain the role of land and sea routes in trading in ancient India.
Or
Explain the usage of land and sea routes in ancient India for trading purpose.
Answer:
Land and sea routes served as a very important factor while trading with foreign lands in Ancient India. In the beginning, foreign trade was only done through land route, but around 600 BC, the water route was increasingly used to serve the purpose. On the land route, bullock carts, oxen, donkeys, were used to carry the goods. Boats and ships were used for sea travel. The major trader route of North India lay through Tamralipti to Champa, Kaushambi, Mathura, Shake, covering Taxila reaching to Puskalawati and Crossing Puskalawati to reach various foreign towns. Usage of various routes resulted in a prosperous and glorious ancient foreign trade.
Question 9.
In context to the trading business, what was the condition of residents of Northern India in ancient time?
Or
Explain the condition of trade in Northern India from 600 BC to 300 BC.
Answer:
From the evidence of various facts, it has been proved that in ancient India, the trading business in northern India was in a very good condition. Bodhgaya has mentioned many periodical sea voyages in the lives of the citizens of North India. This reference can be used to assert that North Indian merchants used sea routes for trading during that period. At many places in Ramayana, there is ample evidence of sea trade conducted by various merchants which were very well fitted out and able to make long voyages. It is also evident from Jatakas which mentioned that during this period, such big ships were there which could accommodate 1000 passengers along with seven caravans.
Question 10.
Explain the role of ancient Indian ports and ships, according to the various descriptions. According to the trading system, explain the role of ancient Indian Ports and ships.
Answer:
If we analyze the ancient Indian descriptions, it is proved that ports/harbours and ships played a main role in trading. According to a great author, Periplus, mentioned in his guide book that Bragukuch was the most important part of the west coast of south India. Likewise, Shuprick, Barberikum was the famous trade ports in the first century.
From the records of Buddhist literature, it is proved that Ronuk dock, situated at the coast of Kutch bay, held a prominent place. It is mentioned in Milindpajan that Indian voyages to Bengal, Malaya Plateau, China, Gujarat, Kathiawar, Alexandria, Coromandal – coast and eastern parts of Indonesia, Java and many more far-off places were conducted through ships which made the shipowners very rich.
Question 11.
Explain the power conflict between Chinese rulers and other political powers in the first half of the 7th century.
Or
What problems were faced by Chinese Rulers in their expansionist efforts?
Or
Which powers fought to rule over Middle Asia?
Answer:
In the first half of the seventh century, China spread its power till Iran. Many Chinese sources state that from 650 – 750 AD, four major powers fought to exercise their monopoly on middle Asia. These powers were Turkey, Tibet, Arabia and China. Kashmir was under the rule of China during this period, China adopted an aggressive policy. China was scared of the expanding power and strength of Tibet. So, it asked for help from Indian Rulers, Khalifas of Baghdad, etc. in 787 AD.
Question 12.
Mention the important routes and various places that were attached to these routes in the eighth century.
Or
Explain in detail, the sea routes of Ancient India.
Answer:
In the eighth century, the route passing through North Burma which used to go to China via Kamrup was used a lot. This means that many travellers used this route to travel from India to China. One more route was used to reach China from Bihar, passing through Tibet. Tablet – a – Nasiri mentioned the reference of import of horses by many traders through this route. According to Ibkurdolaba, Al – Idri and Alberuni, many merchants and traders travelled to Iran through north-west Indian route. Because of these routes only, Indian business developed a lot.
Question 13.
Explain in detail the unit of measurement of Indus Valley Civilization and unit of exchange in the Vedic period.
Or
Explain in detail the following:
- Unit of measurement of Indus Valley Civilization.
- Unit of exchange of Vedic period.
Answer:
1. Unit of Measurement in Indus Valley civilization, Indus Valley people used weights and balances to weigh the goods. Weights of 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64 were found in Indus Valley Civilization.
2. Unit of Exchange during Vedic period – In the beginning, the barter exchange system was in use. Price of a cow was taken as a unit of exchange. Later on, gold – made NISHK was used as money. Historians are of the view that ‘Nick’ and ‘Shaman’ would be metal pieces for measurement, but these can’t be regarded as money.
Question 14.
According to Kautilya (Chanakya), what was the condition of the market during the Mauryan period? Did elements of refinement exist in Mauryan period trading?
Or
How can you say that Mauryan period trading was refined?
Answer:
According to Kautilya (Chanakya), elements of refinement existed in Mauryan period Trading. In Mauryan reign, different separate markets were found for different articles. According to Kautilya, separate arrangements were there for shops of food items like sweets, meat, rice, chapatti etc. Trade was specialized, Kashmir, Kaushal, Vidarbha and Kalinga were trade centres for diamonds. Himachal Pradesh was known for leather, Bengal for muslin, Jamraparni Pandya and Kerala were well – known centres for Pearl. The state had full control on trade-in Mauryan reign.
Question 15.
Which all officers were present to control trade in the Mauryan period?
Answer:
Many officers were present to control trade in the Mauryan period. Commerce and trade were supervised by ‘Panyadhyaksh’. Paulvadhaksh officers used to inspect weights and measures. Shukadhaksh was the main officer for collecting toll tax on bridges. Other than these, there were many other officers who had full control over trade.
Question 16.
“During Gupta period, India became the most important centre of foreign trade”. Explain the statement.
Or
In the context of international trade, perform an analysis of the Gupta period.
Or
How India was an important centre during Gupta reign?
Answer:
India became the most important centre for international trade. Indian trade and commerce were at the height of their prosperity in Gupta reign. Both foreign as well as domestic trade were well developed. In Gupta Period, Indian trade was extended to far off western countries including Egypt, Greece, Rome, Iran, Arabia, Syria, and in the East, it was spread to Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Siam, Sumatra, Malaydweep and China. All these mentions reflect that during this period India became a major point for international trade.
Question 17.
Explain the two events that harmed foreign trade in ancient India.
Or
Two events were responsible for the decline of foreign trade of ancient India. Explain in brief.
Answer:
There were two events that harmed the flourishing foreign trade in ancient India – By the end of the 5th century AD, a decline of the Roman Empire and the downfall of Sasani Empire took place. This adversely affected India’s foreign trade because India had very good terms with both these countries. After this, Arabians established their control over ‘land routes’ soon. Arabians trade extended their trade to the Arabian Sea as well as the Indian Ocean also.
Question 18.
What were the reasons for the insecurity of traders and the trading routes?
Answer:
In Ancient time, traders felt uncomfortable and insecure while travelling on various routes because they feared dacoits and that is why most of the traders used to move in caravans. In the post Gupta period, A Chinese traveller Yuvan – Chewing was robbed twice. Not only thieves and dacoits, but even the knights used to plunder the caravan of the traders. Virtual Charit also mentions the reference of such instances of plundering of a caravan by ‘Guggul Mandelic’. That was the reason why traders used to sell their articles at the price three or four times higher than the purchased price.
RBSE Class 11 Business Studies Chapter 1 Short Answer Type Questions (SA – II)
Question 1.
How many types of traders were there in Gupta reign? Explain their social status in detail.
Answer:
We find references to two type of traders in the Gupta Period – viz – Saarthwah and Sresthis. Sees this was very renowned persons, so one of their representatives was given place in Zila Parishad – Sresthi used to do trade and also lent funds to traders at a certain rate of interest. Saarthwah would lead the caravans. It was their duty to protect the caravans. They had a very privileged position in society. And that is why one of their representatives would be a member of Zila Parishad. This proves that Shrestha and Saarthwah had a very renowned position at that time. Also, they had a great influence is political matters.
Question 2.
Explain the sea trade route from 600 BC to 300 AD.
Answer:
Bodhgaya has mentioned many periodical sea voyages in the life of citizens of North India. This reference can be used to assert that North Indian merchants used sea routes for trading during that period. At many places in Ramayana, references of loaded ships in the mid of sea are given. Ancient Buddhist literature also contains ample evidence of sea trade by merchants which were very well fitted out and able to make long voyages.
During Alexander’s attack on Khastriya republic, citizens of this state gifted to his army ship having 30 oars. Strabo has written that Mauryans had a monopoly in the art of building ships, Jatakas contain several allusions to masted ships. It is evident from Jatakas, that during this period such big ships were there which could accommodate 1000 passengers/animals along with seven caravans.
It is mentioned in Milindpajah that Indians made voyages to Bengal, Malaya Plateau, China, Gujarat, Kathiawar, Alexandria, Coromandal – Coast and eastern islands of Indonesia, Java and many more faraway places through ships which made the shipowners very rich.
Question 3.
Explain the exchange system of ancient India.
Answer:
Indian trade and commerce were well – developed and flourishing, but in the beginning, people used to exchange items with the items to fulfil their needs. This was called the Barter System. Price of a cow was taken as a unit of exchange. Later on, gold – made NISHK was used as money. That path Brahmin also gives reference to Chatman which was offered to them as a donation. Historians are of the view that ‘NISHK’ and ‘Shaman’ would be metal pieces for measurement, but these can’t be regarded as money.
People of Indus Valley civilization had started using weighing scales. The people of Indus and west Punjab were paying 360 talent gold powder as tax to the emperor of Iran. The Barter system of the ancient state was in its transition state. In other words, along with the exchange of items, the system of currency exchange was also present.
Question 4.
What was the arrangement of the barter system in villages in the Gupta period?
Or
Explain the ‘Haat’ system in the Barter system.
Answer:
In the Gupta period, a Haat market in one of the villages of the group used to be there, every week after every fortnight, where goods produced in these villages were exchanged or sold. The goods which were in excess of their demand were bought by the traders to be sold at far off places where they were in demand. The goods bought from such far off places were also sold in these Haats. Likewise, there was a good network for the selling of items in Haat. This arrangement of Haat during Gupta period proves that it served as a modern way of selling the items in a market the symptoms of which can still be seen in far off places. Therefore, it can be said that trade was at its peak during the Gupta period.
Question 5.
Explain trade and commerce during the post – Harsha period.
Answer:
In the Post – Harsha period, the trade and commerce recorded heavy decline. The emergence of small kingdoms with decentralized administration/rule paved the way to imperialism and its evils. From the 7th century until the advent of the Turkish in the 12th century, Imperialism was at its peak. In the absence of centralized rule, the well – established and prosperous convention of domestic and foreign trade received a severe setback.
Question 6.
There was a huge network of the land route in the Magadh Empire during Mauryan reign. Explain.
Answer:
During Mauryan reign, there was a network of overland routes in West Magadh. Through the main highway, North India was connected with South India. This route passed through Ujjain, Vidisha, Kaushambi, Saket, to Shravasti. Similarly, the second highway connected Western coast to East coast, passing by Braghukuch to Kaushambi to Tamralipti. Third highway joining/linking Eastern India with Western India was used to travel from Patliputra to Iran.
The Fourth highway, was from Champa, reaching Pushkalawati. On this route, the famous cities of Panchal, Kampilya and Shakal were situated. This route reached Taxila. Kautilya has called sea highways as ‘Sanyan Path’. The ships sailing over oceans were named as ‘Pravahn’. This proves that the condition of trade in Mauryan reign was good because the growth of the basic structure of transport increased the trading element. Likewise, it is proved that in Mauryan reign, domestic trade was as good as International trade. Trade routes played a very important role in this.
Question 7.
Which routes were significant in Post – Mauryan India?
Answer:
In the post-Mauryan period, three important trade routes were made. The first route from Patliputra through Kaushambi and Ujjain to Berigaja. The second route joining Patliputra to Mathura passing through Indus Valley till Bactria was similarly important, the third one started from Patliputra to Nepal, passing through Vaishali and Shravasti.
Question 8.
Explain the cultural impact on Indian trade.
Answer:
The impact of culture on ancient Indian trade was very comprehensive. This was the result of commercial and trade exchange with the countries like China, Korea, Philippines, etc. that Buddhism spread rapidly and Buddhist culture was spread rapidly and was comprehensively embraced in such countries. Dharmratna and Kashyap Matang, the two Buddhist monks, were the first missionaries to go to China, who took along Buddhist scriptures and Buddha’s ashes with them.
In the first millennium BC, many Indians in large number settled and established their colonies and had their kingdoms at different places in Indonesia and the entire Indo – China. The priests and Buddhists living in Siam in Bangkok and Cambodia worshipped idols of Buddha and Hindu Gods and Goddesses. Till date, the subject of dramas, dancers, puppet shows, etc. are taken from Ramayana, Mahabharata and Hindu mythology. Impact of trade relation on culture has been so much, that it can be seen even till today.
RBSE Class 11 Business Studies Chapter 1 Essay Type Questions
Question 1.
Explain the trading system during the Gupta period.
Or
The Gupta period had a flourishing trading system. Explain in detail.
Answer:
Trading in the Gupta Period:
During the Gupta period, Indian trade and commerce were at the height of their prosperity. Both foreign as well as domestic trade were well – developed. Indian trade was extended to far off western countries including Egypt, Greece, Rome, Iran, Arabia, Syria, and in the east, it was spread to Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Siam, Sumatra, Malaydweep and China.
All these mentions reflect that during this period, India became a major centre for international trade. We find references to two type of traders in the Gupta period, viz Saarthwah and Shrestha. Due to their influential position, one of their representatives was given place in the Zila Parishad. In the Gupta period, a Haat Market in one of the villages of the group used to be there, every week after every fortnight, where goods produced in these villages were exchanged or sold.
The goods which were in excess of their demand were bought by the traders to be sold at far off places where they were in demand. The goods bought from such far off places were also sold in these Haats. These traders sold their items at the price three or four times higher than the selling price. The goods were taken away at far off places through rivers also.
Various trades during Gupta reign were at their peak. Textile and Iron Industry touched new heights and was continuously flourishing. Iron pillar of Mehrauli is an excellent example of this. India had very good trade links with Romans, but by the end of the 5th century AD, along with the decline of the Roman empire, the flourishing Indian trade also dwindled.
In this situation, the downfall of Sasani empire of Iran adversely affected Indian trade. Arabians established their control of overland routes. Soon, Arabian traders extended their control on the Arabian Sea as well as the Indian Ocean also.
Tax during Gupta reign:
During Gupta reign, traders were provided security and protection by the state in exchange of a determined fee. But, in the Gupta period, the tax burden was not high. The tax was imposed on imported goods and domestically – produced goods and was known as ‘Bhutowav Prathyay’. The trade condition in Gupta reign touched heights and the state-protected traders and the routes they followed.
Even from the international point of view, trading was at its peak. The traders could trade independently. The country was flooded with money. Traders imported gold, silver and other valuable items in a huge quantity from foreign lands into the country. This proves that in Gupta reign, trading was orderly and progressive. And the former state of trading during the Gupta period improved the state of trading at that time.
Question 2.
Explain the propagation of Indian culture in foreign countries and the reasons that resulted in its expansion.
Or
Explain the expansion and Proliferation of Indian culture in foreign countries.
Answer:
There are two main reasons behind the cultural expansion of India:
- Trade Exchange
- The trend of Religious Treatises/Missions
This was the result of commercial and trade exchange with the countries like China, Korea, Philippines, etc. that Buddhism spread rapidly and Buddhist culture was comprehensively embraced in such countries. Due to this, in this first millennium BC, many Indians, in large number, settled and established their colonies and had their kingdoms at different places in Indonesia and entire Indo – China.
Thus, India began to exercise a profound cultural influence on its neighbours to the east as a result of trading and peaceful penetration by missionaries and its result can be seen even today. The priests and Buddhists living in Siam in Bangkok and Cambodia wear ‘Janeu’ and worship idols of Buddha and Hindu Gods and Goddesses and perform religious priestly rituals.
Till date, the subject of dramas, dances, puppet shows, etc. are taken from Ramayana, Mahabharata and Hindu mythology. This spiritual and cultural affinity became an inseparable part of their ethos and way of life. The result of commercial trade exchange with the countries was that Buddhism spread rapidly and Buddhist culture was comprehensively embraced in such countries.
Dharmratna and Kashyap Matang, the two Buddhist monks, were the first missionaries to go to China, who took along Buddhist scriptures and ashes of Lord Buddha along with them. This proves that commercial trade exchange with the countries, and also the spread of cultural exchange was done by India.
Important Question & Answers from chart of textbook
Popular Indian currency from Mauryan period till independence:
3 Feet Cowries = 1 Cowry
2 Dhela = 1 Paisa
10 Cowry = 1 Damri
4 Paisa = 1 Aanna
2 Damri = 1 Dhela
16 Anna = 1 Rupee
Very Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
Name the famous currencies from the Mauryan period till independence.
Answer:
In the Mauryan period, before Independence, the popular currencies were Cowry. Dhela. Paisa, Damri, Aanna, Rupee etc.
Question 2.
The popular currency at present in India is?
Answer:
Rupee.
Question 3.
How many Damri would make 1 Dhela currency before Independence?
Answer:
2 Damri.
Question 4.
How many annas would make 1 rupee in Mauryan reign?
Answer:
16 annas.
Question 5.
Name the popular currencies of Pakistan during Mauryan reign.
Answer:
In Mauryan reign, the famous currencies of Pakistan were Cowrie, Dhela, Paisa. Damri, Aana, Rupee. In Mauryan reign, Pakistan was a part of India only.
Short Answer Questions
Question 1.
Compare the Indian currencies of Mauryan Period before Independence.
Answer:
3 Feet Cowri = 1 Cowri
10 Cowri = 1 Damri
2 Damri = 1 Dhela
2 Dhela = 1 Paisa
4 Paise = 1 Aana
16 Aanna = 1 Rupee