RBSE Solutions for Class 11 Economics Chapter 13 Economic Ideas of Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyay

Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 13 Economic Ideas of Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyay

RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 13 Text book Questions

RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 13 Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
According to Upadhyay, the philosophy of life in Indian culture is :
(a) Capitalist Philosophy
(b) Philosophy of integral humanism
(c) Socialist Philosophy
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Philosophy of integral humanism

Question 2.
The basis of consumerism, competitiveness and class-conflict is :
(a) Uncontrolled consumption
(b) Moderate production
(c) Inequitable distribution
(d) Socialism
Answer:
(a) Uncontrolled consumption

RBSE Solutions for Class 11 Economics Chapter 13 Economic Ideas of Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyay

Question 3.
Upadhyay was against heavy industries, because :
(a) It is against the target of every big achievement
(b) Their production and management systems are very complex
(c) These are capital intensive
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 4.
Out of the following, which principle is not related to capitalism?
(a) Struggle for existence
(b) Survival of the fittest
(c) Exploitation of nature
(d) Happiness for all
Answer:
(d) Happiness for all

Question 5.
Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyay gave special importance to agriculture in his thoughts because :
(a) 60 per cent of our national income is obtained from agriculture
(b) It provides raw materials for industries.
(c) Country can become self-reliant in production
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 6.
According to Upadhyay, which of the following activity does not control economic life?
(a) Production
(b) Distribution
(c) Consumption
(d) Revenue
Answer:
(d) Revenue

Question 7.
This is not the formula for Upadhyay’s economic culture:
(a) Moderate production
(b) Equitable distribution
(c) Balanced consumption
(d) Inequitable distribution
Answer:
(d) Inequitable distribution

RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 13 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which principle did Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyay give to the world, which is the philosophy of entire humankind?
Answer:
Philosophy of integral humanism.

RBSE Solutions for Class 11 Economics Chapter 13 Economic Ideas of Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyay

Question 2.
Explain the meaning of integrated human philosophy.
Answer:
Philosophy of the unitary relationships of the entire nature of human life.

Question 3.
Mention the names of four principles on which capitalism stands.
Answer:
Following are the four principles on which capitalism stand :

  1. Struggle for existence
  2. Survival for existence
  3. Exploitation of nature
  4. Individual rights

Question 4.
Why was Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyay against cooperative agriculture? Give reasons.
Answer:
Pandit ji believed that cooperative farming would be against our need for maximum production. Today’s landowner will become landless, and dictatorship will be stronger than democracy.

Question 5.
What is moderate production?
Answer:
Moderate means, an industrial policy which produced a little more than needed for self-reliance.

Question 6.
Write the formula for Upadhyay’s economic culture.
Answer:
Upadhyay’s economic culture is- Moderate production, distribution and controlled consumption.

RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 13 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Discuss integrated philosophy in context with western and Indian thought.
Answer:
In Western philosophy of life and in Indian philosophy of life, there is a great contrast regarding the relationship between an individual and the entirety of existence. Western thoughts have largely been reactionary. Democracy was born as a reaction to the monopolistic religious seat of Rome, and the capitalism which followed democracy has its reaction in the birth of socialism and communism. The western scholars have thought separately about individual life, holistic life of a family, nation, world and mankind as separate major components.

RBSE Solutions for Class 11 Economics Chapter 13 Economic Ideas of Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyay

Question 2.
Clarify Upadhyay’s thoughts on ownership of property/wealth.
Answer:
Upadhyay considers the conflict of individual and society for property ownership to be wrong. He says that every person is a representative of society, so he is a trustee or guardian of a part of the property of the society. The person himself is a part of the society, so he himself is the heritage of society, therefore, the unfailing authority on the property is of the society itself. Upadhyay neither accepts the person’s unlimited ownership on the property, nor the unlimited state authority over it.

Question 3.
Explain the moderate industrial policy of Pt. Upadhyay.
Answer:
Upadhyay was a supporter of the development of healthy industrialization while he was against the heavy industries. He is in favour of moderate (i.e., an industrial policy which produces a little more than needed for self-reliance) production policy.
The following should be aspects of industrial policy :

  1. Be helpful in giving work to everyone,
  2. Be helpful in decentralization rather than centralization of production,
  3. It would be complementary to the agricultural village system of India,
  4. It should not allow talent migration from the village.

Question 4.
Why did Upadhyay give more importance to small dam projects as compared to large dam projects?
Answer:
Upadhyay ji considered the small dams more suitable instead of the big dam projects. According to him, 95% of the water can be used for irrigation purposes by small projects, whereas only 55% of the water from a big dam project can be used for agriculture. In addition, the big dam project is mainly capital intensive, which relies on imported material technology and foreign resources.

Question 5.
Give, the formula for ‘economic culture’ as propounded by Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyay.
Answer:
According to Upadhyay, production, distribution and consumption, these three human activities regulate its economic life. The formula of Upadhyay’s culture is moderate production, distribution and controlled consumption. Sufficient production is required as a moderate production for the requirement of consumption and expected savings. Distribution should be such that bread, clothes, housing, education and medical care; these requirements could be fulfilled by each person.

RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 13 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyay considered heavy industries to be of inhuman and dictatorial nature. Give reasons.
Answer:
According to Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay, due to the centralization of large industries and production and due to overwhelming influence of mechanization over demand and fulfillment, large industries become of dictatorial tendency and inhuman. Upadhyay was against heavy industries. He considered heavy industries to be inhuman and dictatorial due to the following reasons:

  1. This will reduce equality in-Indian society.
  2. These independent producers are not complementary to the craftsman but are unfavourable.
  3. They are unfavourable to the principle of work to each and increase technological unemployment.
  4. It is capital intensive, which is outside the capacity of the Indian producer.
  5. They have a lot of import dependency which puts a heavy burden on our balance of payments.
  6. A lot of social price has to be paid for them. Due to urbanization, a huge problem of health, housing, water supply, etc arises.
  7. Its production and the management system is complex.
  8. It gives birth to exploitation and brokerage units between agriculture and industries.
  9. Being concentrated in one place, it obstructs the path of universal and comprehensive development.
  10. The lobby of large industries becomes so powerful that they take control of the country’s politics.
  11. Big industries generate disparities, and create class-conflict situations in society. Apart from all this, a dangerous side of the big industries is that the big industrialists forge friendship with their foreign capital investors. He is of the view that our country should not be industrialized on the basis of foreign capital. In addition to the political influence of foreign capital, economic effects are also inauspicious. The use of foreign capital exploits indigenous labour.

RBSE Solutions for Class 11 Economics Chapter 13 Economic Ideas of Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyay

Question 2.
Explain the concept of Upadhyay’s decentralized economy.
Answer:
According to Upadhyay, on the basis of economy we should have a village and a district. Economic planning to destroy the villages, ultimately, would prove to be a disaster to India. It would be difficult to return to the system once the system was caught in the vicious circle of heavy industry and centralization. According to him, the capital goods should be prepared by large industries and consumer goods be made by small industries. Upadhyay does not agree that small industries are not financially viable. The truth is that strength of economy is not due to large-scale production, but due to higher productivity.

If we look at history, even when there was a large textile fabric industry in Britain, India’s textile products would have been cheaper when sold there. The things from Japan that come in cheap markets and removes the rest, are not made in large factories. If the disadvantage of small industries is removed, then the small industries will be much more successful, provided, the extra facilities are not given to big industries. Considering the concept of big industries being economical as delusional, there are the following ideas of Upadhyay.

The economical nature of big industries is not due to fair competition, rather it is derived from compelling robbery. Large industries often exploit the labourers.

Once their market domination is established, the motivation of their industrial efficiency is destroyed. These industries are so large that they cannot be operated economically. In a decentralized economy, small and cottage industries will become the backbone of the economy, but according to him, the big industries cannot be totally ignored. Therefore, he accepts the inevitability of the big industry. But there should not be centralization of economic power in it. He did not agree that small industries are uneconomical. He thinks that the economical nature of large industries is an illusion, real economic progress comes only through small industries.

Question 3.
Explain Upadhyay’s philosophy of integral humanism.
Answer:
Integrated human philosophy implies- the philosophy of integrated relations of human life with the entire nature. This is a philosophy of life which does not only think of dealing with a single perspective of ‘economic man’ but also shows the direction of prosperous, happy life, keeping in mind the holistic aspects of life and the mutually complementary relationship of man with other men and supra-human nature.

Integrated human philosophy is the philosophy of life of Indian culture which is the focal point of the philosophy that practises methods to attain the manly efforts of the four objectives of religion instilled with intellect and spirit, wealth, physical conquest and salvation. The thought of the holistic without the individual is impossible and the value of the individual without the holistic is zero. Like an individual, the society also needs efforts to obtain wealth. If wealth is not available in sufficient quantity, society’s welfare will not exist in a proper way. When the lack or effect of wealth is holistic, then the holistic also faces many problems. In our society the entity of individual and society, their happiness, sorrow, benefits and harm are not only linked with each other but also dependent on each other. Here the ‘Ashrama’ system and the ‘Varna’ system have been built with the objective of harmonizing individual life with holistic life.

RBSE Solutions for Class 11 Economics Chapter 13 Economic Ideas of Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyay

Question 4.
Explain Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyay’s integrated economic policy.
Answer:
The objective of every economic system is to provide the facility of prosperous and comfortable (joyful) life to its citizens. These economic systems are making all-out efforts to achieve economic prosperity. This compulsion has given rise to many inventions, found many sources of economic means and increased production many times over. In the race for economic prosperity, some countries surged ahead while some lagged behind. However the very prosperous ‘ economies and very backward economies have their own specific problems. To resolve these problems, capitalism and communist ideology flourished in the western countries. Capitalism does not exist in its original form anywhere in the world, and communism and socialism changed many forms and has now almost vanished from the world map. Capitalism stands on four principles :

  1. Struggle for existence
  2. Survival of existence
  3. Exploitation of nature
  4. Individual rights

According to Upadhyay, capitalism developed on the basis of these four principles. Adam Smith writes at one place “Never do good for others, and if at all you want to do good to others, do it when by doing this you derive some benefit.” Keynes said, “ If in the coming hundred generations truth is not useful and if falsehood is suitable, then we should accept the truth to be false and falsehood to be the truth. The hunger for earning more and more wealth, the race for earning more and more profit and the skills needed for this are our gods for some time to come.”

The thoughts of Adam Smith and Keynes, due to the propounding of principles like ‘struggle for existence’ and ‘survival for existence’, have made life in capitalist countries very competitive. Every man, for the fear of lagging behind others, began working day and night like a machine, which resulted in ailments like high blood pressure, hypertension, heart problems, etc becoming increasingly common in life.

Question 5.
Describe the main characteristics of Pt, Deen Dayal Upadhyay’s economic policy.
Answer:
Following are the main characteristics of Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyay’s economic policy :

  • Wealth in Indian Culture :
    Religion has always been considered the fundamental manly effort and wealth in Indian culture, and a structure is needed for economic re-construction on the basis of religion.
  • Psychology of Wealth :
    Pt. Deen Dayal is of the view that lack of wealth makes man a thief. The lack of wealth in society or insufficiency of means in society or lack of ethics-oriented planning, turns the wrongs in society into right, and similarly, the influence of wealth also destroys religion. Thus, such standards be made in society that everything should not be bought with money.
  • Questions of Ownership :
    The seminal conflict between individualism and socialism has produced a new dimension, whether the individual should have the right over property/ wealth or should the state have the right over it.
  • Prohibition on Capitalism and Socialism :
    Upadhyay was a strong opponent of centralization of the power of unlimited production in the hands of some people. The tendency of capitalism is the centralized financial power in the hands of some people.
  • Economic Democracy :
    Upadhyay does not consider democracy only to be a dimension of political life. He is of the view that as ‘vote for everyone’ is a conclusion of political democracy, so is ‘work for everyone’ a standard measure of economic democracy.
  • Prohibition on Heavy Industries :
    Because of centralization of production of heavy industries and domination of mechanization on demand and supply, heavy industries assume dictatorial tendencies and become inhuman.
  • Moderate Industrial Policy :
    Upadhyay, inspite of being opposed to heavy industries, supported the development of a healthy industrialization. Thus, he was in favour of a moderate (i.e. an industrial policy which produced a little more than needed for self-reliance) industrial policy.
  • De-centralised Economy :
    According to Upadhyay, the basis of economy should be our villages and districts. Economic planning which depopulates villages will ultimately prove to be the one to depopulate India. Systems which get trapped in the vicious cycle of heavy industries and centralization are hard to be brought back on track.

RBSE Solutions for Class 11 Economics Chapter 13 Economic Ideas of Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyay

RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 13 Other Important Questions

RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 13 Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
‘Jagatguru Shankaracharya’ is a composition of whom?
(a) J. K. Mehta
(b) Mahatma Gandhi
(c) Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyay
(d) Tagore
Answer:
(c) Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyay

Question 2.
Who gave the unitary human philosophy?
(a) Mahatma Gandhi
(b) Madan Mohan Malaviya
(c) Dayanand Swaraswati
(d) Deendayal Upadhyay
Answer:
(d) Deendayal Upadhyay

Question 3.
On how many principles has capitalism been persisting?
(a) 5
(b) 4
(c) 3
(d) 2
Answer:
(b) 4

Question 4.
Which culture gave the idea of human unity?
(a) Western
(b) Indian
(c) Arabian
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Indian

RBSE Solutions for Class 11 Economics Chapter 13 Economic Ideas of Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyay

Question 5.
Who has said, “Integrated economics can become the third option in a philosophy of Indian culture.”
(a) Vivekanand
(b) Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyay
(c) Aristotle
(d) Keynes
Answer:
(b) Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyay

RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 13 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Where was Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyay born?
Answer:
He was born in village Dhankiya on the rail route between Jaipur-Ajmer in Rajasthan.

Question 2.
Where was the upbringing of Pandit Deen Dayal done?
Answer:
His upbringing was done with his maternal uncle Radha Raman Shukla.

Question 3.
Whose book is ‘Jana Sangh’ Principles and Policy’?
Answer:
Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyay

Question 4.
Integrated human philosophy is the life philosophy of which culture?
Answer:
Indian Culture

Question 5.
Which institution is very important in integrated human philosophy?
Answer:
Family Institution

RBSE Solutions for Class 11 Economics Chapter 13 Economic Ideas of Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyay

Question 6.
Without what, the value of the person is zero?
Answer:
Without Collectivism, the value of the person is zero.

Question 7.
In which culture is the idea of human unity found?
Answer:
The idea of human unity is found in the Indian culture.

Question 8.
How is Indian culture?
Answer:
Indian culture is integrated.

Question 9.
State one of the principles of capitalism.
Answer:
Struggle for existence

Question 10.
Whose ideas contributed in the development of capitalism?
Answer:
Adam Smith and Keynes

Question 11.
In Indian culture, what has always been regarded as a basic manly effort?
Answer:
Religion

Question 12.
How many characteristics of religion have been explained in the interpretation of the Vedas?
Answer:
There are 12 characteristics of religion as explained in the Vedas.

Question 13.
What kind of right is the right to work for humans?
Answer:
The right to work is a constitutional right for humans.

RBSE Solutions for Class 11 Economics Chapter 13 Economic Ideas of Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyay

Question 14.
In what, is it impossible to measure labour?
Answer:
It is impossible to measure labour in rupees and paise.

Question 15.
Socialism prohibits the extremism of what?
Answer:
Socialism prohibits the extremism of individualism.

Question 16.
The tendency of centralization kills which sentiments of man?
Answer:
It kills the sentiments of responsibility.

Question 17.
What kind of sentiment is the sense of labour?
Answer:
Sentiment of labour is a compelled sentiment.

Question 18.
What is the criteria for economic democracy?
Answer:
Work for Everyone.

Question 19.
According to Upadhyay, what should be the basis of the economy?
Answer:
Our Villages and Districts.

Question 20.
What percentage of the national income comes from agriculture?
Answer:
Approx 60%.

Question 21.
What percentage of people earn their livelihood from agriculture?
Answer:
Approx 70%.

RBSE Solutions for Class 11 Economics Chapter 13 Economic Ideas of Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyay

Question 22.
According to Upadhyay, without the strengthening of what, the country’s industrialization cannot be possible?
Answer:
Agricultural Development.

Question 23.
How was Pandit Upadhyay’s life?
Answer:
Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyay was an epitome of simple living , high thinking, humble behaviour and dedication.

Question 24.
From where did Upadhyaya do his high school?
Answer:
He gave his high school examination at Kalyan High School, Sikar.

Question 25.
Where did Panditji did his B.A. from?
Answer:
Pandit ji did his B.A. with first division from Birla College in Rajasthan.

Question 26.
What principle did he give to the world suffering from capitalist and communist systems?
Answer:
He has given the principle of integral humanism.

Question 27.
Write the names of four books of Pandit ji.
Answer:

  1. Chandragupta Maurya
  2. Indivisible India
  3. Tax or Robbery
  4. Betrayal

Question 28.
Who is the focal point of integrated human philosophy?
Answer:
The.person who fulfils ‘Chaturvidh Purushartha’ is the focal point of integrated human philosophy.

RBSE Solutions for Class 11 Economics Chapter 13 Economic Ideas of Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyay

Question 29.
When do many problems arise in front of collectivism?
Answer:
When the absence of the wealth or the impact of the wealth is collective, many problems arise in front of collectivism.

Question 30.
What is the name given to Indian culture?
Answer:
Indian culture is integrated, which has been termed as a spiral or an orbicular structure.

Question 31.
What is the main purpose of every economy?
Answer:
The main purpose of every economy is to provide a prosperous and happy life to its citizens.

Question 32.
“Never do good for others, and if at all you want to do good to others, do it when by doing this you derive some benefit”. Who said this?
Answer:
Adam Smith said this.

Question 33.
Which scientific line of thought emerged in response to the adverse effects of capitalist economy?
Answer:
Marxist line of thought

Question 34.
What is the meaning of dimension of wealth?
Answer:
Elimination of lack and influence of wealth from society and ensuring its holistic management, is called dimension of wealth.

Question 35.
What is the state’s first duty?
Answer:
The state’s first duty is to give each citizen an opportunity to work according to his ability and efficiency.

Question 36.
What is the dignity of labour?
Answer:
The dignity of labour is derived from its religosity.

RBSE Solutions for Class 11 Economics Chapter 13 Economic Ideas of Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyay

Question 37.
What has the ‘machine’ been made instead of a human associate?
Answer:
Instead of the the machine becoming man’s ally, man has been made a part of the machine.

Question 38.
Without what the country cannot be industrialized?
Answer:
Without agricultural development, the country cannot be industrialized.

Question 39.
Self-reliance can be achieved by giving priority to what?
Answer:
Self-reliance’ can only be achieved by giving priority to agriculture.

Question 40.
Which sector has the ability to give employment through little investment?
Answer:
Agricultural sector has the ability to give employment through little investment.

Question 41.
Pandit Deendayal was against what?
Answer:
Pandit Deendayal was against cooperative farming.

Question 42.
Who create the situation of class struggle by creating inequality in the society?
Answer:
Big industries generate disparity in the society and create a situation of class struggle.

RBSE Solutions for Class 11 Economics Chapter 13 Economic Ideas of Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyay

RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 13 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write a brief note on the life of Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay.
Answer:
Panditji was bom in Rajasthan, in the house of his grandfather Shri Chunnilal Shukla at Dhankia village on the Jaipur-Ajmer rail route. His grandfather was a station master in Dhankia. His parents had died in childhood. Therefore, he was brought up by his maternal uncle, Shri Radharaman Shukla. Panditji gave his high school examination from Kalyan High School, Sikar and got the gold medal after standing first in first division from Ajmer Board. After this, Pandit ji passed BA in first class from Birla College in Rajasthan.

Question 2.
Write the name of books that Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyay authored.
Answer:
Following are the main creations :

  1. Chandragupta Maurya
  2. Jagatguru Shankracharya
  3. Jana Sangha : Principles and Policies
  4. Indivisible India
  5. American Foodgrain P.L. 480
  6. Indian Economic Policy
  7. The Problem of unemployment and its solution
  8. Unitary Humanism
  9. Tax or Loot
  10. Problems of National Life
  11. Breach of Trust (Vishwasghaat)

Question 3.
On which topic Pt. Deen Dayal expressed his views?
Answer:
He expressed his views on integrated Human Philosophy, Integrated Economic Policy, Socialism, Decentralization, Economy, Prohibition of Mechanisation, Prohibition of cooperative Farms., Foreign Capital, Wealth Culture, etc.

RBSE Solutions for Class 11 Economics Chapter 13 Economic Ideas of Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyay

Question 4.
Explain the meaning of economic policy in Indian culture.
Answer:
Indian culture is always believed to be the basic manly effort of religion, and on the basis of religion, there is a need for a framework for economic reform. In the interpretation of the Vedas, the 12 characteristics of religion are said to be the first signs of religion. Giving the right to work is the basic duty of the state. The right to labour is the constitutional right of a person. The state’s first duty is to give every citizen the right to work according to his ability and efficiency.

Question 5.
Write the views of Upadhyay ji on the prohibition of capitalism and socialism.
Answer:
Upadhyay ji was strongly opposed to the centralization of the power of unlimited production in the hands of some individuals. The trend of landowning is to give financial power in the hands of a few people. Consumption and capitalist fantasies of economic human has divided economic life and human beings. Socialism prohibits the extremism of individualism.

Question 6.
Write a brief comment on the prohibition of heavy industrialization.
Answer:
Due to the centralization of the production of large industries and due to the domination of mechanisation over demand and fulfillment, large industries become dictatorial and inhuman. Upadhyay was against heavy industries. He considered heavy industries to be inhuman and dictatorial.

Question 7.
Explain the economic democracy of Upadhyay ji.
Answer:
Upadhyay does not consider democracy as a dimension of political life. He believes that as each vote is a connotation of political democracy, so is the principle of work for everyone a proof of economic democracy. Work firstly is to earn a living and every person has the freedom to choose his line of work. If the justified part of the national income is not received in return for work, then the work will be counted as useless. Economic democracy is necessary to develop the self-employment sector. For this, the decentralization of economy is essential.

Question 8.
Explain De-Centralised Economy.
Answer:
According to Upadhyay, the basis of economy should be our villages and districts. Economic planning which depopulates villages will ultimately prove to be the one to depopulate India.

RBSE Solutions for Class 11 Economics Chapter 13 Economic Ideas of Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyay

Question 9.
Explain the views of Upadhyay ji regarding economic culture.
Answer:
According to Upadhyay ji, three activities of production, distribution and consumption control man’s economic life. Uncontrolled and incontinent consumption encourages disparity and loot in distribution. Production has no dignity and this results in an uncultured life. The formula for Upadhyay’s economic culture is – moderate production, equitable distribution and controlled/ balanced consumption.

Question 10.
Write the name of four principles of capitalism.
Answer:
Following are the four principles of capitalism:

  1. Struggle for existence
  2. Survival for existence
  3. Exploitation of nature
  4. Individual rights

RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 13 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Comment on prohibition on heavy industrialization.
Answer:
Because of centralization of production of heavy industries and domination of mechanization on demand and supply, heavy industries assume dictatorial tendencies and become inhuman Upadhyay was against heavy industries. He considered heavy industries to be of dictatorial tendency and inhuman because of the following reasons :

  1. It destroys the harmony and uniformity of Indian society.
  2. It does not complement the independent producer- craftsman, but opposes entrepreneurship.
  3. It is against the target of ‘work for all’ and promotes technological unemployment.
  4. Heavy industries are capital intensive which is beyond the capacity of Indian producers.
  5. Their import dependence is much more which heavily burdens our balance of payments status.
  6. A very heavy social cost has to be borne for them. The acute problems of health, housing, water supply, etc. arise because of urbanization.
  7. Their production and management systems are very complex.
  8. Exploitative and middlemen systems are born between agriculture and industries.
  9. Since these are concentrated at one location, extensive and pan-national development is obstructed.
  10. The lobby of large industries becomes so powerful that it begins to control the politics of the country.
  11. Heavy industries create inequality in society and cause situations of class-conflict to arise. Apart from all this, a dangerous aspect of heavy industries is that big industrialists strike a friendship with foreign capital investors. Upadhyay’s view is that our country should not be industrialized on the strength of foreign capital.

RBSE Solutions for Class 11 Economics