RBSE Solutions for Class 11 Economics Chapter 17 Agricultural Development

Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 17 Agricultural Development

RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 17 Text book Questions

RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 17 Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
The main food grain crop of India, is
(a) Rice
(b) Wheat
(c) Barley
(d) Maize
Answer:
(a) Rice

Question 2.
In which five year plan was National Food Security mission launched?
(a) Eighth
(b) Tenth
(c) Eleventh
(d) Twelfth
Answer:
(c) Eleventh

Question 3.
Green Revolution was adopted in India through
(a) Rabi crop of 1965
(b) Rabi crop of 1966
(c) Kharif crop of 1966
(d) Kharif crop of 1965
Answer:
(c) Kharif crop of 1966

Question 4.
Which of the following is not a commercial crop
(a) Jute
(b) Cotton
(c) Sugarcane
(d) Rice
Answer:
(d) Rice

Question 5.
NABARD was established in
(a) July, 1988
(b) July, 1982
(c) July, 1984
(d) July, 1986
Answer:
(b) July, 1982

Question 6.
The state to use the most fertilizers per hectare is
(a) Haryana
(b) Punjab
(c) Uttar Pradesh
(d) Madhya Pradesh
Answer:
(b) Punjab

Question 7.
Which of the following is not a non-institutional source of agricultural finance?
(a) Merchant
(b) Relative
(c) Moneylender
(d) Cooperative Societies
Answer:
(d) Cooperative Societies

Question 8.
When were regional rural banks established?
(a) October 2,1975
(b) October 2,1976
(c) October 2,1977
(d) October 2,1978
Answer:
(a) October 2,1975

RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 17 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What percentage of India’s population is dependent on agriculture?
Answer:
65%.

Question 2.
What was per hectare productivity of food grains in 2013-14?
Answer:
2101 kg per hectare.

Question 3.
What should be the ideal proportion of Nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and Potash (K)?
Answer:
4 : 2 : 1.

Question 4.
How much is the irrigtated and non-irrigated area in India?
Answer:
Irrigated- 44.9%, non- irrigated- 53.1%.

Question 5.
In which states irrigation is done through ponds?
Answer:
In the states of south India, such as Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka etc.

Question 6.
Who is known as Father of Green Revolution in India?
Answer:
Dr. M.S. Swaminathan.

Question 7.
What is “Local Banker”?
Answer:
Merchants, money lenders, relatives, landlords, etc.

Question 8.
Write the full form of NABARD.
Answer:
National Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development.

Question 9.
What is called as “rainbow revolution”?
Answer:
Second Green Revolution.

Question 10.
What was the main theme of the conference that was held in 2006 for discussion on second green revolution?
Answer:
Knowledge Agriculture.

RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 17 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the three-tier cooperative system for agriculture credit.
Answer:
Government credit institutions have been divided into the following types under three-tier cooperative system :

• Primary Credit Societies :
  These have been set up at the village level. At least 10 persons can establish it in a village or region. They provide loan for productive works.
• Central Co-operative Banks :
  These are set up at a district level and their main function is to make loans available to primary credit Societies. They function as intermediaries between state cooperative banks and primary credit societies. The period of loan extended by them ranges from 1-3 years.
• State Co-operative Banks :
  These have been set up at the state level. Long term loans are provided by them to district cooperative banks, and in addition to this, they also exercise control over their functioning. These are financed by the Reserve Bank.

Question 2.
Give a brief description of NABARD.
Answer:
National Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development- NABARD was established in July, 1982 on the recommendations of the CRAFICARD committee, whose chairman was B. Shivaraman. The Agricultural Refinance Corporation established in 1963 by the Reserve Bank of India was renamed as Agricultural Refinance and Development Corporation (ARDC) in 1975. NABARD provides two types of financial assistance :

1. It provides long term loans to state cooperative banks, regional rural banks, and commercial banks.
2. NABARD provides long term loans to the state government for cooperating towards cooperative credit institutions.

Question 3.
Explain the reforms done under land reforms.
Answer:
Reforms done under land reforms are as follows :

• Abolition of Intermediaries :
  The chief weapon for stagnancy in agricultural sector were the Zamindars or intermediaries. It was not difficult to provide permanent system in states where land records and administrative machinery were already present. But in such states where land records were not available, implementing these in those states countered difficulties ie. Bihar, Odisha, West Bengal, Rajasthan, Saurashtra etc. The Zamindari, Ryotwari and Mahalwari systems were abolished, and laws were made for this. This created a direct contact between the farmers and the government.
• Tenancy Reforms :
  It was proposed that in the first five year plan the maximum lagaan should not exceed 1/5 to 1/4 of the total production. Ownership rights were given to the tenants. Laws were enacted in many states in this regard. More success was achieved in West Bengal, Karnataka and Kerala, as compared to other states.
• Consolidation of Holdings :
  The maximum limit of agricultural land kept by an individual or a family was fixed. The sub-division and fragmentation of holdings in the country took place due to various legal, social, economic and demographic reasons.
• Reorganisation of Agriculture :
  To resolve the problem of sub-division and fragmentation, the consolidation of holdings was done. Consolidation implied providing farmland at one place to the farmer instead of fields scattered around places in the village. The laws implemented by the government under land reforms could achieve partial success only. The Zamindars took advantage of the flaws in the laws and declared themselves to be farmers.

Question 4.
Comment briefly on agricultural productivity.
Answer:
Agricultural production and productivity depend upon the Agricultural Inputs. The main food grain of India is rice, and wheat is on the second place. Different tendencies were found in the productivity of various crops. Between 1950-51 and 2013-14, wheat production increased the most and it increased 15 times (from 64 lakh tons to 959 tons). In non-food grains, oilseed production recorded an approximate increase of almost 5 times, while in the same period, cotton production increased 12 times. For all the food grains, per hectare productivity increased from 552 kg per hectare in 1950-51 to 2101 kg per hectare in 2013-14 which was a result of the new agricultural policy adopted in the decade of 70s.

Question 5.
On what basis and into how many categories have irrigation projects been divided?
Answer:
After 1978-79, irrigation projects were divided into 3 parts-

• Minor irrigation :
  Agricultural command area is less than 2000 hectares.
• Medium irrigation project :
  Agricultural command area is from 2000 hectres to 10000 hectares.
• Major irrigation project :
  Agricultural command area is more than 10000 hectares.

Question 6.
Clarify the reasons for low productivity in India.
Answer:
Causes for low productivity in India are :

1. The role of law of succession, excessive pressure of increasing population, disintegration of joint families, leasing practice and the role of moneylenders is main in this regard.
2. The agricultural productivity is low in India on account of social atmosphere of villages that includes traditional orthodoxy, fatalism, superstition, ignorance etc.
3. The size of holdings in India is small, because of which the agricultural investment is more, making the productivity low.
4. Even today, zamindars, influential people, moneylenders are on entity.
5. Farmers are using backward agricultural technology even today.
6. Even today, people are dependent upon rainfall and irrigation facilities have not developed significantly.
7. The crop value provided to farmers is not motivating.

Question 7.
Explain the categorization of agricultural credit system on the basis of loan period.
Answer:
On the basis of loan period, the agricultural credit system is divided into 3 parts :

• Short- term loans :
  Farmers need short term loans to fulfill their requirement of fertilizers, seeds and other domestic needs. Their tenure is less than 15 months. These are supplied by cooperative societies, moneylenders etc.
• Medium term loans :
  Farmers need medium term loans for making improvement in land, buying agricultural implements, buying bullocks, etc. Their tenure varies from 15 months to 5 years.
• Long term loans :
  The tenure of these loans is more than 5 years. These are needed to make the land leveled, dig wells, buy new land, pay old debts, buy heavy machinery-tractors, develop minor irrigation system etc.

Question 8.
Write a note on pollution- free agricultural development.
Answer:
Agricultural Development without Pollution or Second Green Revolution- Using pollution free resources in agricultural development or using eco-friendly technology is known as the second green revolution. Former President of India, APJ Abdul Kalam, advocated the adoption of second green revolution.
Following steps have been taken under this :

1. Use of bio- Fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers.
2. Use of bio- pesticides instead of chemical pesticides.
3. Adopting balanced and appropriate patterns of water conservation and crops.

RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 17 Long Answer type Questions

Question 1.
Write an article on the importance of agriculture in Indian economy.
Answer:
65% of India’s population is dependent on agriculture. Importance of agriculture in Indian economy is as follows:

• Importance of Agriculture in National Income :
  The data for National income is provided by the Central Statistical Organization. According to the Central Statistical Organization, the contribution of agriculture in gross domestic product was 56.6 per cent in 1950-51, which decreased to 15.2 per cent during the eleventh five year plan. The contribution of agriculture in National Income is gradually decreasing. This is an indicator of a developing economy.
• Contribution of Agriculture in Employment :
  Almost 65% of India’s working population is directly or indirectly dependent on agriculture. The major means of livelihood for most of the population is agriculture. As there are more employment opportunities in agriculture and its allied activities, such as- fish farming, poultry, animal husbandry, etc. most part of the population is dependent on it.
• Importance of Agriculture in Industrial Development :
  Agriculture has been important in India also because of industrial development. Our major industries are supplied raw materials from agriculture, i.e. tea industry, cotton textile industry, jute industry, sugar industry, floriculture and horticulture industry are directly dependent on agriculture.
• Importance of Agriculture in Foreign trade :
  Agricultural products have been the major items of Indian exports, i.e., tea, tobacco, hot spices, dry fruits, oil seeds, etc. This earns us foreign currency and foreign exchange reserves increase.
• Importance of Agriculture in Economic Planning- Agriculture is the main basis of transportation system, since mostly, agricultural products are transported by rail and road transport. In addition to this, when agricultural yield is good, the purchasing power of farmers increases which make them demand for industrial products, and as a result, the progress of industries is encouraged.

Question 2.
What is Green Revolution?
Answer:
Special emphasis was laid on high-yielding varieties (HYV) of seeds during the green revolution. The success in this field was achieved in the Kharif crop of 1966, when high yielding seeds varieties were adopted. High yielding seeds varieties were imported from Mexico for wheat. Greater success was achieved in wheat crop through the use of high yielding seeds. The Father of Green Revolution in India is considered to be Dr. M.S.Swaminathan, while in the global context, this credit goes to Norman E. Borlaug.

Thus, the new strategy was related to HYV seeds and as a collective package which was related to the total economy.The strategy for green revolution in India has been divided into two stages:

• First stage is called the stage of centralization :
  It was limited to the crop of wheat and rice. In this stage, the productivity of wheat increased rapidly, and so it is also called the stage centralized on wheat crop.
• Second stage :
  A group of 5 crops was included in this stage. This included wheat, rice, millets, barley and maize.The programme was implemented in other parts of the country, and so it is also called the ‘stage of decentralisation’.The emphasis was given on ‘dry farming’.

Success or Impact of Green Revolution :

1. The productivity of wheat per hectare increased from 851 kg to 3075 kg. For this, it was called “Wheat Revolution”.
2. Increase in use of fertilizers.
3. Irrigation facilities expanded rapidly.
4. The use of machines and equipment in agriculture received a major and extensive boost, which transformed the traditional form of agriculture to a modem form.
5. Use of pesticides and high-yielding varieties of seeds also increased extensively.

Setbacks of Green Revolution :

1. The greatest effect of green revolution was on wheat, but the green revolution was ineffective on crude grains, pulses and oil seeds.
2. The effect of green revolution remained limited to some regions only, which started the process of unbalanced development in agricultural development.
3. The problem of agricultural finance persisted mainly in Indian economy.
4. Only educated and prosperous farmers could reap the benefits of the new agricultural strategy.
5. Green Revolution has ecological effects too, i.e. increase in salinity, soil erosion, problem of waterlogging, lowering of ground level etc.
6. Only big farmers could benefit from agricultural subsidies given by the government.

Thus, we can infer that the effect of green revolution was limited to certain regions and big farmers only.

Question 3.
What are agricultural inputs? Discuss the major agricultural inputs.
Answer:
Agricultural inputs :
Agricultural production and productivity depend upon the Agricultural Inputs. If they are used in a proper way, then agricultural productivity and production can be increased rapidly.

Major Agricultural inputs are :

i. Fertilizers :
When these fertilizers are used along with organic fertilizers, the crop production increases rapidly. Only Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorous (P) are produced in India. For Potash(K), we are totally depend upon imports. The Standard ratio of consumption of these fertilizers is 4:2:1. But in India, in 2013-14 the ratio of consumption of N:P:K is 8.2:3.2:1. That shows the imbalance. The government is providing fertilizers to the farmers at a rate lower than the actual amount. Due to which, burden of subsidy is continuous increasing on the government.

ii. Irrigation :
Only 44.9% land has been provided the facility of irrigation. Remaining 53.1% depends upon the rain. In 1950-51, India’s irrigational area was 22.6 million hectare which increased to 113.2 million hectare in 2011-12.

iii. High Yielding Variety of Seeds :
Special emphasis was laid on the use of high yielding variety of seeds during the green revolution. The government had been trying to concentrate on the high yielding variety of seeds right from the commencement of the plan period, but this was achieved in the kharif crop of 1966, when high yielding variety of seeds were adopted. This programme was adopted as a package programme, since sufficient irrigation facilities, use of fertilizers and insecticides was necessary at places where the programme was to be implemented.

High yielding seeds varieties were imported from Mexico for wheat. Greater success was achieved in wheat crop theough the use of high yielding seeds, while success in rice, barley, millets, maize etc. was negligible. This programme failed to touch some important crops like- pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, fruit, etc.

iv. Pesticides and Insecticides :
10-15 per cent of crops are destroyed every year in India due to insufficient crop protection, therefore it is necessary to protect these from crop- diseases. Maximum use of pesticides and insecticides in India is done for paddy and cotton crops. Use of pesticides has increased since the green revolution. In 1970-71, this use was 24.3 thousand tons which increased to 50.58 thousand tons in 2011-12.

v. Mechanization of Agriculture :
The use of machines and equipment in agriculture received a major and extensive boost, which changed the traditional form of agriculture into a modem form.

vi. Conclusion :
Therefore, it can be said that with proper utilization and care, the desired achievement can be made in the field of agriculture.

Question 4.
Describe the sources of agricultural finance.
Answer:
Sources of agricultural finance are divided into two parts :

i. Non-Institutional Sources :
Moneylenders, relatives, zamindars, brokers and traders are included under this. They are also known as “local bankers”. They easily provide loans to the farmers, but on a high rate of interest. In case the farmer is unable to pay the debts, then they are forced to work or are forced to dispossess their land. This is a major policy of zamindars and money lendrs.

ii. Institutional Sources-It includes the following :
(a) Cooperative Credit Societies :
The establishment of Cooperative Credit Institutions began in India in 1904.
Cooperative Credit Institutes are divided into a 3 tier system :

• Primary Credit Societies :
  They have been set up at the village level. A minimum of 10 persons can establish it in a village or region. They provide loan for the production works.
• Central Co-operative Banks :
  These are set up at a district level and their main function is to provide loans to Primary Credit Societies. They function as intermediaries between state cooperative banks and Primary Credit Societies. The tenure of loan ranges from 1-3 years.
• State Co-operative Banks :
  These have been set up at the state level. Long term loans are provided by them to district cooperative banks, and in addition of this, they also exercise control over their functioning. These are financed by the Reserve Bank.

iii. Land development bank :
It provides services such as accepting deposits, providing business loans, and offering basic investment products. The main objective of the LDBs is to promote the development of land, agriculture and increase the agricultural production. In India it was firstly established in 1929.

iv. Regional rural banks :
These loans to the small and marginal farmers, agricultural labourers, artisans etc. RRBs were started along with the establishment of 5 banks on 2nd October 1975. After a few years,, their number increased to 196, and after their merger in 2005, their number has declined to 56. Their total contribution in institutional credit in 2013-14 was 11.6%.

v. Commercial Bank :
A commercial bank is an institution that provides services such as accepting deposits, providing business loans, and offering basic investment products. 14 major banks were nationalised in July 1969 in order to increase the contribution of commercial banks in agricultural credit. After this, 6 more commercial banks were nationalised in 1980. Their contribution in agricultural institutional credit in 2013-14 was 71.50%.

vi. National Bank For Agricultural and Rural Development :
This provides long term loans to state cooperative banks, regional rural banks, and commercial banks. NABARD was established in July 1982 on the basis of the recommendation of CRAFICARD. This is regarded as the supreme institution of rural credit. NABARD has taken all the works of ARDC and agricultural credit department of RBI in its hands.

Question 5.
Elucidate the role of NABARD in rural credit system.
Answer:
National Bank For Agricultural and Rural Development- NABARD was established in July 1982 on the recommendations of the CRAFICARD committee, whose chairman was B. Shivaraman. The Agricultural Refinance Corporation established in 1963 by the Reserve Bank of India was renamed as Agricultural Refinance and Development Corporation (ARDC) in 1975.

Role of NABARD in rural credit system :

1. NABARD is the highest institution for rural credit.
2. It provides long term loans to state cooperative banks, regional rural banks, and commercial banks.
3. This bank is responsible for coordination, integration and control of all functions related to agricultural and rural sector.
4. NABARD provides short term loans for seasonal agricultural activities.
5. NABARD provides medium term loans to cooperative banks and regional rural banks.
6. NABARD provides long term loans to the state government for cooperating towards cooperative credit institutes.
7. NABARD maintains a research and development fund in order to encourage agricultural and rural development programmes.

RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 17 Other Important Questions

RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 17 Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
The contribution of agriculture in National Income of the United States of America is
(a) 2-3 per cent
(b) 3-4 per cent
(c) 5-6 per cent
(d) 7 per cent
Answer:
(a) 2-3 per cent

Question 2.
Which industry is fully dependent upon agriculture?
(a) Rice beating
(b) Processing of fertilizers
(c) Making of soaps
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Processing of fertilizers

Question 3.
How much was the maximum lagaan proposed in the first five year plan in context to total production?
(a) 1/5 or 1/4
(b) 1/6 or 1/7
(c) 1/3 or 1/4
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) 1/5 or 1/4

Question 4.
In 2010-11, what was the percentage of marginal holdings in total holdings?
(a) 28%
(b) 40%
(c) 62%
(d) 67%
Answer:
(d) 67%

Question 5.
How much was the production of wheat in kilogram per hectare in 2013-14?
(a) 2020
(b)2136
(c)2424
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c)2424

RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 17 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which industries are directly dependent upon agriculture?
Answer:
Tea industry, cotton textile industry, jute industry, sugar industry, floriculture and horticulture industry are directly dependent on agriculture.

Question 2.
What are the major items exported to foreign countries?
Answer:
Tea, tobacco, hot spices, dry fruits, oil seeds, etc.

Question 3.
What measures were taken under land reforms?
Answer:

1. Abolition of Intermediaries,
2. Tenancy Reforms,
3. Consolidation of Holdings,
4. Reorganisation of Agriculture.

Question 4.
What is the full form of NFSM?
Answer:
National Food Security Mission.

Question 5.
Irrigation by canals is done in which states?
Answer:
Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and western India.

Question 6.
What was the contribution of ponds in the net irrigated area in 2010-20.11?
Answer:
3.1 per cent.

Question 7.
Write the name of high yielding variety of kharif in India in 1966.
Answer:
Taichung Native.

Question 8.
Who is regarded as the father of green Revolution in context to the world?
Answer:
Agricultural scientist Dr. Norman E. Borlaug.

Question 9.
Which country firstly adopted the concept of micro finance institutions?
Answer:
Bangladesh.

Question 10.
Where were the high yielding seeds varieties firstly used?
Answer:
In Mexico and Taiwan.

Question 11.
India was famous for the export of which agricultural products during ancient time?
Answer:
Muslin from Dhaka, Indian spices, jute, clothes, etc. were famous across the world for their quality.

Question 12.
Why the agricultural sector could not develop before independence?
Answer:
Due to the colonial policies initiated by the British Government, development of agricultural sector did not take place and India was made the exporter of raw materials and the importer of goods produced in England.

Question 13.
State the contribution of agriculture in national income.
Answer:
According to Central Statistical Organization, the contribution of agriculture in gross domestic product was 56.6 per cent in 1950-51, which decreased to 15.2 per cent during the eleventh five year plan.

Question 14.
What is the importance of agriculture in foreign trade?
Answer:
Agricultural products have been the major items of Indian exports, i.e., tea, tobacco, hot spices, dry fruits, oil seeds, etc. This earns us foreign currency and thus foreign exchange reserves increase.

Question 15.
What were the reasons of backwardness of agriculture?
Answer:
The land revenue collection policies adopted by the British Government such as Zamindari, Ryotwari and Mahalwari systems forced the farmers toward poverty, and his became the reason for the backwardness of the agricultural sector.

Question 16.
What do you mean by Tenancy System?
Answer:
Tenant farming is an agricultural production system in which landowners contribute their land and often a measure of operating capital and management and lease their land to the tenants.

Question 17.
What were the objectives behind protection of rights of tenants?
Answer:
The objectives behind protection of rights of tenants are-

1. To stop the interference of tenants.
2. To give the farmers the ownership of land.
3. While giving back the ownership rights to the farmers, leaving some part of land for tenants.

Question 18.
What do you mean by consolidation?
Answer:
Under consolidation, the farmers are provided land at a single place in their villages in place of land scattered as various places.

Question 19.
What is the relationship of growing population with low agriculture production?
Answer:
With the continuous and rapidly growing burden of population on agricultural sector, even today, the production of agriculture on is low, and even today, 3/4^th of the population is still dependent upon agriculture and its allied activities in rural regions.

Question 20.
What is the structure of holdings in India and what is its effect on the agriculture?
Answer:
The structure of he ‘dings in India is small, due to which expense is more but production is less. Almost 8% holdings are present in the form of marginal holdings.

Question 21.
How is irrigation responsible for lower productivity of agriculture in India?
Answer:
Even after so many years of Independence, only 44.9% land has been provided with irrigation facilities, and the remaining 53.1% depends upon rainfall. This shows that India still lacks in irrigation facilities, due to which agricultural productivity is still low.

Question 22.
What measures were taken to Improve the agriculture production in the eleventh five year plan?
Answer:
National Food Security Mission was initiated in the eleventh five year plan in order to increase the agricultural productivity.

Question 23.
What measures should be taken by the government?
Answer:
The government should implement land reforms, make appropriate use of agricultural inputs, provide credit and distribution facilities and implement appropriate price policy for crops.

Question 24.
What do you mean by agricultural inputs?
Answer:
Use of irrigation, fertilizers, high yielding seeds and pesticides in agriculture.

Question 25.
What do you mean by small irrigation projects?
Answer:
The projects where agriculture command area is less than 2000 hectares are called small irrigation projects.

Question 26.
What do you mean by medium irrigation projects?
Answer:
The projects under which agricultural command area is between 2000 hectares and 10,000 hectares are called small irrigation projects.

Question 27.
What do you mean by large irrigation projects?
Answer:
The projects under which agricultural command area is greater than 10,000 hectares are called small irrigation projects.

Question 28.
In which states is irrigation done through ponds?
Answer:
In Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka, etc.

Question 29.
Which modes extend the highest contribution in net irrigated area?
Answer:
The highest contribution in net irrigated area is that of wells and tube wells. In 2010-11, their contribution rose to 783.50 lakh hectares from 61.4 per cent in 2010-11.

Question 30.
Provide data regarding the use of high yielding variety of seeds.
Answer:
The use of high yielding variety of seeds was done on 18.90 lakh hectares of land in 1966-67, that increased to 783.50 lakh hectares in 1998-99.

Question 31.
What was the growth recorded in use of pesticides after the green revolution?
Answer:
The use of pesticides was 24.3 thousand tons in 1970-71, which increased to 50.58 thousand tons in 2011-12.

Question 32.
How traditional agriculture done in India in earlier times?
Answer:
In India, was traditional agriculture was done through bullock carts, oxen, horses, ponds etc., due to which both production and productivity were less.

Question 33.
What is mechanization?
Answer:
The use of machines and equipment in agriculture, which changes the traditional form of agriculture into a modem form.

Question 34.
When was the green revolution started?
Answer:
The green revolution in India began with the Kharif crop of 1966, when the Prime Minister of India Mrs. Indira Gandhi and agricultural minister Mr. C. Subramaniam spoke about the adoption of a new strategy.

Question 35.
Who founded the high yielding variety of seeds and what was its effect?
Answer:
High yielding variety of wheat seeds were discovered by the agricultural scientist Dr. Norman E. Borlaug while performing research in Mexico, which could increase wheat productivity by 200-250 times.

Question 36.
Agricultural scientist Dr. M.S. Swaminathan developed which new wheat varieties?
Answer:
Agricultural scientist Dr. M.S. Swaminathan developed new wheat varieties of Sharbati Sona and Pusa Larma while removing the faults in the seeds of Mexican wheat.

Question 37.
Who was awarded the Nobel Prize for peace in 1970?
Answer:
Norman E. Borlaug was awarded the Nobel Prize for peace in 1970.

Question 38.
The regional expansion of green revolution during the first phase was limited to which states?
Answer:
Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh.

Question 39.
Why is the first phase of green revolution called the “centralized phase”?
Answer:
First stage of green revolution is called the stage of centralization. It was limited to crop of wheat and rice. In this stage, the productivity of wheat increased rapidly, and so it is also called the stage centralized on wheat crop.

Question 40.
Why is green revolution called the ‘wheat revolution’?
Answer:
The productivity of wheat per hectare increased from 851 kg to 3075 kg. for this, it was called the “wheat Revolution”.

Question 41.
How much growth was recorded in use of fertilizers during the green revolution?
Answer:
During the green revolution, there was a huge growth in use of fertilizers. Their use was 66000 tons in 1952-53, which increased to 239.6 lakh tons in 2013-14.

Question 42.
What changes took place in irrigation facilities during the green revolution?
Answer:
During 1950-51, Irrigation potential was 2.26 crore hectares, that increased to 11.32 crore hectares in 2011-12.

Question 43.
Explain the division of agricultural finance.
Answer:

RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 17 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the role of employment in agriculture.
Answer:
65% of India’s population is directly or indirectly dependent on agriculture. The major means of livelihood for most of the population is agriculture and its allied activities, such as- fish farming, poultry, animal husbandry, etc. as significant employment opportunities exist there. But their average income is quite low as compared to non-agricultural sectors.

Question 2.
Explain the role of agriculture in industrial development.
Answer:
Agriculture has been important in India in context to industrial development. Our major industries are supplied raw materials from agriculture, i.e. tea industry, cotton textile industry, jute industry, sugar industry, floriculture and horticulture industry are directly dependent on agriculture. Other than this, rice beating, processing of fertilizers, making of soaps are such industries, which are also indirectly dependent upon agriculture.

Question 3.
Explain the role of agriculture in economic planning.
Answer:
Agriculture is the main basis of transportation system, since mostly, agricultural products are transported by rail and road transport. In addition to this, when agricultural yield is good, the purchasing power of fanners increases, which make them demand industrial products, and as a result, the progress of industry is encouraged.

Question 4.
What do you understand by tenancy reforms?
Answer:
Tenancy reforms :

• Regulation of Land Revenue :
  It was proposed in the first five year plan that the maximum land revenue should not exceed 1/5 to 3/4 of the total production.
• Protection of Tenant Rights :
  Various plans were made for the protection of rights of tenants to stop the interference of tenants, to give the farmers the ownership of land and while giving back the ownership rights to the farmers, leaving some part of land for the tenants.
• Ownership rights were given to the farmers :
  Laws were enacted in many states in this regard. More success was achieved in West Bengal, Karnataka and Kerala, as compared to other states.

Question 5.
Explain the limit of fixation of holdings.
Answer:
The maximum limit of holding was fixed by the government. The sub-division and fragmentation of holdings in the country took place due to various legal, social, economic and demographic reasons. To resolve the problem of sub-division and fragmentation, the consolidation of holdings was done. Consolidation implied providing farmland at one place to the farmer instead of fields scattered around places in the village. In 2010-11, fixation of holdings and their percentage was done according to the following table:

Holding	Fixation	Percentage of total Holdings (2010-11)
Marginal Holding	Less than 1 hectare	67.0
Small Holding	Between 1 hectare-2 hectare	17.9
Semi- Medium Holding	2 hectare-4 hectare	10.1
Medium Holding	4 hectare-10 hectare	4.3
Large Holding	More than 10 hectare	0.8

Question 6.
Why did the sub-division and fragmantation of holdings take place in the country?
Answer:
The sub division and fragmentation of holdings in the country took place due to various legal, social, economic and demographic reasons. The role of law of succession, excessive pressure of increasing population, disintegration of joint families, leasing practice and the role of moneylenders is main in this regard. Therefore, the land was divided into smaller parts.

Question 7.
Explain the reorganization of agriculture.
Answer:
To resolve the problem of sub-division and fragmentation, the consolidation of holdings was done. Consolidation implied providing farmland at one place to the farmer instead of fields scattered around places in the village. That is how agriculture could be reorganized.

Question 8.
What effects were witnessed due to land reforms?
Answer:
Consolidation implied providing farmland at one place to the farmer instead of fields scattered around places in the village. The laws implemented by the government under land reforms could achieve partial success only. The Zamindars took advantage of the flaws in the laws and declared themselves to be farmers and challenged land reforms in court, and taking advantage of the delay in their implementation, got land leases issued in the name of their relatives. These reforms could not be equally implemented in all the regions of the country.

Question 9.
Explain the trends of agricultural production and productivity with the help of data.
Answer:
Agricultural production refers to the production through per hectare. We can understand about the trends in agricultural productivity with the help of the following table:

Crop	Year 1950-51		Year 2013-14
	Production	Productivity	Production	Productivity
Rice	206	668	1065	2424
Wheat	64	665	959	3075
Barley	55	353	54	925
Millets	26	288	92	1164
Pulses	84	441	193	764
Food Grains	508	552	2648	2101
Oilseeds	62	481	329	1153
Cotton	30	88	376	532
Jute	33	1043	110	2561

Remarks :

1. Production is in lakh tonnes, while production for cotton and jute is in lac bales. One bale of cotton = 170 kg and 1 bale of jute =180 kg.
   [Source: 6th EYP, Govt, of india, Economic Survey 2014-15, Vol. II, Govt, of India, Economic Survey 1980-81]
2. Productivity is in kilogram per hectare.

It is clear form the above table that in context to production, maximum increase took place in the production of wheat, which increased from 64 lakh tons to 959 lakh tons. While the total food grain production increased from 588 lakh tons to 2648 lakh tons. In non-food grain crops, maximum increase took place in the production of cotton (almost 12 times). In context to productivity, total food grains productivity increased from 552 kg per hectare in 1950-51 to 2101 kg per hectare in 2013-14 and maximum increase took place in wheat productivity, followed by rice productivity at the second place. In non-food grain crops, cotton productivity increased from 88 kg per hectare to 532 kg per hectare. An annual average increase of 1% was seen in the productivity of pulses.

Question 10.
State four reasons for lower agricultural productivity.
Answer:

1. The continuously growing population. Also till today, 3/4^th of the population still depends upon agriculture for its livelihood.
2. The agricultural productivity is low in India on account of social atmosphere of villages that includes traditional orthodoxy, fatalism, superstition, ignorance etc.
3. The size of holdings in India is small because of which the agricultural investment is more, keeping the productivity low.
4. Farmers are using primitive agricultural technology even today.

Question 11.
State the various modes of irrigation.
Answer:
We divide modes of irrigation into three main categories :

• Irrigation through canals :
  24.6 per cent of net irrigated land area was irrigated by canals in the year 2010-11. Canal irrigation is mainly done in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and states of south India.
• Irrigation through ponds :
  Irrigation through ponds is done in southern states of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka, etc. Ponds contribution in the irrigation of 3.1 % of the net irrigated area in 2011 -12.
• Irrigation through wells :
  Wells include surface wells and tube wells. Irrigation is done through wells mainly in Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Haryana. Their contribution in net irrigated area was 61.4% in 2011 -12, which in the maximum.

Question 12.
Explain the first phase of green revolution.
Answer:
First stage of green revolution is called the stage of centralization. It was limited to crop of wheat and rice. In this stage, the productivity of wheat increased rapidly, and so it is also called the stage centralized on wheat crop, and it remained centralised to Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and western India. In this stage, the productivity of wheat increased rapidly, and so it is also called the stage centralized on wheat crop.

Question 13.
Explain the second phase of green revolution.
Answer:
Second stage :
A group of 5 crops was included in this stage. This included wheat, rice, millets, barley and maize. The programme was implemented in other parts of the country, and so it is also called the ‘stage of decentralisation’. The emphasis was given on ‘dry farming’ in this.

Question 14.
Explain four effects of green revolution.
Answer:

1. The productivity of wheat per hectare increased from 851 kg to 3075 kg. for this, it was called “wheat Revolution”.
2. The use of machines and equipment (mechanisation) in agriculture received a major and extensive boost.
3. Use of fertilizers increased.
4. Use of irrigation facilities increased.

Question 15.
State four setbacks of green revolution.
Answer:

1. The greatest effect of green revolution was on wheat, but the green revolution was ineffective for crude grains, pulses and oil seeds.
2. The effect of green revolution remained restricted to some regions only, which started the process of unbalanced development in agricultural development.
3. The use of commercial crops increased.
4. Only educated and prosperous farmers could reap the benefits of new agricultural strategy.

Question 16.
Explain the concept of productive and unproductive loans.
Answer:

• Productive Loans :
  Those loans taken and used for productive activities like buying fertilizers, seeds, agricultural implements, bullocks, making permanent improvement in land.
• Unproductive Loans :
  Those loans taken and used for unproductive activities like- for marriage, death-feast, other social customs, litigation etc.

Question 17.
How were farmers exploited by non- Institutional sources?
Answer:
Farmers were exploited in many ways- like- fixing of huge interest, no written accounts for loans, fiddling in loans, getting fake signs on blank papers by the farmers. When farmers were not able to pay off the debt, they were forced to worked as “haali” or they were abolished from the ownership of land. This was the major policy of zamindars and moneylenders. .

Question 18.
State various boundations that were imposed on moneylenders in various states.
Answer:
Various boundations that were imposed on moneylenders in various states were :

1. Putting boundation on compound interest.
2. Lenders can only recover those expenditures that are mentioned in the law.
3. Putting boundation on false promises other than basics.
4. Putting boundation on the provisions that were related to other states.

Question 19.
Explain the Institutional sources of agricultural credit.
Answer:
The institutional finance facility gradually developed after independence. The contribution of institutional finance increased to 60% in 2013 since 1951. In order to increase institutional agricultural finance, Reserve Bank of India set up an advisory committee on the flow of credit to agriculture and related activities from the banking system under the chairmanship of Prof. B.S. Vyas. The committee submitted its report in 2004 with its 99 suggestions, out of which 32 suggestions were accepted by the Reserve Bank. The establishment of Cooperative Credit Institutes began in India in 1904. Institutional sources include- Cooperative Societies, Land Development Banks, Regional Rural banks, NABARD.

Question 20.
Explain the cooperative credit institutes.
Answer:
Cooperative Societies :
The establishement of Cooperative Credit Institutes began in India in 1904. Their contribution in total institutional credit 2013-14 was 16.9 per cent. Cooperative Credit Institutes are divided into a 3 tier system :

• Primary Credit Societies :
  They have been set up at the village level. A minimum of 10 persons can establish it in a village or region. It provides loans for production work.
• Central Co-operative Banks :
  These are set up at a district level and their main function is to provide loans to Primary Credit Societies. They function as intermediaries between state cooperative banks and Primary Credit Societies. The tenure of loan ranges from 1-3 years.
• State Co-operative Banks :
  These have been set up at the state level. Long term loans are provided by them to district cooperative banks, and in addition to this, they also exercise control over their functioning. These are financed by the Reserve Bank.

Question 21.
Explain Land Development Bank.
Answer:
Land Development Bank :
It provides services such as accepting deposits, providing business loans, and offering basic investment products. The main objective of the LDBs is to promote the development of land, agriculture and increase the agricultural production.

Question 22.
Throw light on Regional Rural Banks.
Answer:
The Regional Rural Banks were set up along with the establishment of 5 banks on October 2,1975. They provide loans to small and marginal farmers, agricultural labourers, artisans etc.After a few years, their number increased to 196, and after their merger in 2005, their number has declined to 56 at present. Their contribution in total institutional credit was 11.6 per cent in 2013-14. Out of the total loans, 90% were provided to the weaker sections of rural area.

Question 23.
Explain the role of commercial banks in agriculture.
Answer:
At the time of Independence, the share of commercial banks in agricultural credit was very less. It was only 0.9 per cent in 1950^51. In order to increase the contribution of commercial banks in agricultural credit, 14 major banks were nationalized in 1969. In 1980,6 more commercial Banks were nationalized. Along with this, these banks were directed that they would provide 40% of their total loans to primary sectors, such as-Agriculture, small scale industries, small businesses, etc. In the year 2013-14, their contribution in agricultural credit was 71.50%.

Question 24.
Explain the function of refinance performed by NABARD.
Answer:
NABARD provides two types of refinance assistance :

1. It provides long term loans to state cooperative banks, regional rural banks, and commercial banks.
2. NABARD provides long term loans to state government for cooperating towards cooperative credit institutes.

Question 25.
Explain the term Rural Infrastructure Development Fund.
Answer:
The RIDF was set up by the Government in 1995-96 for financing ongoing rural infrastructure projects. The Fund is maintained by the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD). In 2015-16 under RIDF-XIX, the assistance of ₹ 25000 crore was provided. It provides loans for various activities like-watershed facility and for the construction of village roads and bridges.

Question 26.
What do you mean by micro finance?
Answer:
The institutes that provide financial help to the poor people of the village areas are called micro finance Institutions. Initially, this scheme was started in Bangladesh. This financial help is being provided to Non-Governmental Institutions and Self Help Groups. With this, the finance is able to reach the “roots” of villages.

Question 27.
What is Kisan Credit Card?
Answer:
The Kisan Credit Card (KCC) programme was launched by the NDA government in 1998. With this scheme, the government aimed to fulfill timely and short-term credit needs of the farmers of India during the planting and harvesting season. It was also introduced to reduce the dependence of Indian farmers on the informal banking sector like moneylenders. Kisan Credit Cards are offered by cooperative banks, public sector banks, and regional rural banks. They can be availed by any farmer in India.

Question 28.
What is Cooperative Development Fund?
Answer:
These provide financial assistance to the structural organizations by collecting the resources and human manpower and for their development. Its loans and grants are advanced to State Governments for financing primary and secondary level cooperative societies and direct to the national level and other societies having objectives extending beyond one State. Now, the corporation can also go in for direct funding of projects under its various schemes of assistance on fulfillment of stipulated conditions.

Question 29.
How does NABARD fulfill its finance-related requirements?
Answer:
To fulfill its finance-related requirements, NABARD takes loans from Indian Government, World Bank, Reserve Bank of India and from various national and inter national institutions. Other than this, by issuing guaranteed bond and debentures, the resources of finance can be succumbed. And when there is requirement, it can also take help of RIDF.

RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 17 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the conference held in context to the second green revolution and various efforts made by this revolution.
Answer:
Second Green Revolution/Agricultural Development without Pollution :
A conference was held in December 2006 in New Delhi for deliberation on second green revolution whose theme was “Knowledge Agriculture”. This revolution was believed to be capable of facing the challenges of continuous agricultural development and world trade organization. The following attempts were taken under this revolution :

1. In order to achieve growth in agricultural production, it has been linked to all agricultural products like food grains, animal husbandary, pisiculture etc. and has been implemented for all of these. This is why, it is termed as “Rainbow Revolution”.
2. Processing of agricultural produce for value addition and to develop them as drinking beverage industries was emphasized.
3. Emphasis was laid on strengthening the agricultural infrastructure. Improvement of availability of agricultural finance, arranging cold storage and dry storage facility for storage of agricultural produce, arrangement for marketing of agricultural produce by rapidly strengthening them through improvement in transportation facilities, developing wholesale markets, improving communication facilities etc.
4. In order to provide crop protection to the farmers, all the crops and agricultural processes were included in National Crop Insurance scheme.
5. The eleventh five year plan laid more emphasis on second green revolution so that the trageted growth rate of agricultural development (4%) could be achieved, whereas actually, 3.3% growth rate was attained.

Question 2.
What do you understand by land reform? Explain the pattern of land reform in India. What measures do you suggest for its success?
Answer:
Land reform :
Land reform refers to the redistribution of land ownership for the benefit of small and marginal farmers and agricultural labourers. According to Prof. Mirdal, “Land reform refers to planning and institutional reconstitution in context to individuals and land.”

Programmes for land reform

i. Abolition of Intermediaries :
The Zamindari, Ryotwari and Mahalwari systems were abolished, and laws were made for this. This created a direct contact between the farmers and the government.

ii. Tenancy Reforms :

• Regulation of land Revenue :
  It was proposed that in the first five year plan the maximum land revenue should not exceed 1/5 to 1/4 of the total production.
• Protection of the rights of tenants :
  Various plans were made for the protection of the rights of tenants, to stop the interference of tenants, to give the farmers the ownership of land and while giving back the ownership rights to the farmers, leaving some part of land for the tenants.
• Ownership rights were given to the tenants :
  Laws were enacted in many states in this regard. More success was achieved in West Bengal, Karnataka and Kerala, as compared to other states.
• Resumption of land in self tenancy :
  States have been divided into four categories under the resumption laws.

iii. Consolidation of Holdings :
The maximum limit of agricultural land kept by an individual or a family was fixed. The sub-division and fragmentation of holdings in the country took place due to various legal, social, economic and demographic reasons.

iv. Reorganisation of Agriculture :

• Consolidation :
  To resolve the problem of sub-division and fragmentation, the consolidation of holdings was done. Consolidation implied providing farmland at one place to the farmer instead of fields scattered around places in the village.
• Betterment in arrangement of land :
  Under this, during the 1st and 2nd planning phase, priority was given to the development of land, i.e., to make the land leveled, to transform barren land suitable for agriculture, use of high yielding seed varieties, good quality fertilizers, modem equipments, etc.
• Cooperative farming :
  At the end of first five year plan, India had only 1000 cooperative societies. In the Nagpur session in 1959, the Congress provided momentum to the development of cooperative farming as it declared joint cooperative development as the ultimate target of agricultural reforms.

Stability to Landless Farmers and Land- Donation and Village Donation :
Under this scheme, landless farmers were to be provided land for living. But still, 19% of the farmers are landless till today. The scheme was made in first five year plan, but still till today this problem is present.

It was started in 1951 by Vinoba Bhave. According to him, “The aim behind this movement is to remove social and economical disturbances without any struggle”. The mission of the movement was to persuade wealthy landowners to voluntarily give some percentage of their land to the landless people.

Critical Evaluation :
This is as given below :

1. Till today, the records related to land are incomplete in many states.
2. This outlook of the government was not successful in context to land reforms.
3. Unwanted lawsuits gained strength.
4. This programme was not coordinated properly.
5. Till today, high rate of land revenue is been raised in some areas.

Suggestions to improve land reform programme :

1. Development of Irrigation facilities.
2. Stopping people from using other’s land.
3. Lawful suits must be field against the people’s performing wrong transferring and wrong allocation.
4. Former soldiers should be given priority while distributing land in bordering areas.
5. Minimum wages of farmers should be fixed in agriculture.
6. Land should be provided to the landless in the villages.
7. Government should itself identify the persons who are engaged in wrongful nomination of property.
8. Strict action should be taken against those who are depriving the farmers from the land.

Question 3.
State the condition of Indian agriculture between the years 1950 and 1990.
Answer:
The growth in the use of high yielding seeds and programmes for land development increased
between 1950 and 1990. This infused a revolution in the Indian agriculture, which can be described under the following heads:

• Land development :
  After Independence, to make the farmers owners of land, two important steps were taken- The Zamindari, Ryotwari and Mahalwari systems were abolished, and laws were made for this and the maximum limit of holding was fixed by the government. This resulted in abolition of intermediaries and the productivity increased.
• Green Revolution :
  Special emphasis was laid on use of high-yielding varieties of seeds during the green revolution, and significant increase in crop production was achieved due to the use of artificial fertilizers, pesticides, and high-yield crop varieties.

Agricultural subsidary :
The government is providing fertilizers to the farmers at a price lower than the actual amount. Due to which, subsidy burden is continuous increasing on the government. To help the farmers in adopting new procedures, agricultural subsidiary was provided to them. But this has become a matter of debate today.

This shows that agriculture has developed a lot since independence, and productivity and production both have increased vividly, but problems related to agriculture are still present and they need to be worked upon.

RBSE Solutions for Class 11 Economics