Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 21 Unemployment
RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 21 Text book Questions
RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 21 Objective Type Questions
Question 1.
Data related to unemployment is collected by
(a) RBI
(b) SBI
(c) NABARD
(d) National Sample Survey Organization
Answer:
(d) National Sample Survey Organization
Question 2.
Which is the most prevalent measure of unemployment among the following?
(a) Usual status unemployment
(b) Weekly status unemployment
(c) Daily status unemployment
(d) Open unemployment
Answer:
(c) Daily status unemployment
Question 3.
In a standard employment year, there are
(a) Daily 6 hours, 275 days in a year
(b) Daily 8 hours, 273 days in a year
(c) Daily 8 hours, 275 days in a year
(d) Daily 8 hours, 280 days in a year
Answer:
(b) Daily 8 hours, 273 days in a year
Question 4.
According to CDS (Current Daily Situation), how many people in India were included in the labour force in 2011-12?
(a) 483.5 million
(b) 440.2 million
(c) 472.9 million
(d) 415.7 million
Answer:
(b) 440.2 million
Question 5.
According to CDS, in 2011-12, what was the percentage of unemployment in India?
(a) 2.2 per cent
(b) 5.6 per cent
(c) 7.2 per cent
(d) 1.2 per cent
Answer:
(b) 5.6 per cent
Question 6.
Among the following, which had the highest share in total employment in India in 2011-12?
(a) Wage employment
(b) Self employment
(c) Salaried employment
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Self employment
Question 7.
More than the required labour is engaged in agriculture. Due to this, the productivity of labour is less. If this surplus labour is removed from agriculture, the production will not decrease. What type of unemployment is this?
(a) Structural unemployment
(b) Disguised unemployment
(c) Cyclic unemployment
(d) Seasonal unemployment
Answer:
(b) Disguised unemployment
Question 8.
During recession in the trade cycle, production decreases and labour has to be laid off. Which kind of unemployment is this?
(a) Seasonal unemployment
(b) Cyclic unemployment
(c) Disguised unemployment
(d) Structural unemployment
Answer:
(b) Cyclic unemployment
Question 9.
In which of the following sections was the unemployment rate (principle + ancilliary) highest in 2011-12 in the educated youth section (15-29 age group and higher than secondary education level) the highest?
(a) In rural men
(b) In rural women
(c) In urban men
(d) In urban women
Answer:
(d) In urban women
Question 10.
Which solution should be adopted for resolving the problem of unemployment?
(a) Increase in investment and change in composition of investment.
(b) Establishment of small scale and cottage industries and their expansion.
(c) Organization of manpower.
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these
RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 21 Very Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
What is standard human year?
Answer:
If a person gets employment for 273 days in a year at a rate of 8 hours per day, it is called standard human year.
Question 2.
Write the meaning of Usual status unemployment.
Answer:
Usual status unemployment is the number of persons who were not in any kind of employment for a period of 1 year before the survey.
Question 3.
Write the meaning of weekly status unemployment.
Answer:
In weekly status unemployment, status of the person in the period of one week before the survey is considered.
Question 4.
Write the meaning of daily status unemployment.
Answer:
In daily status unemployment, status of the person for each day in the seven days previous to the survey is Considered.
Question 5.
What was the rate of unemployment according to usual status and current daily status in the year 2011-12?
Answer:
According to CDS, in 2011 -12, the percentage of unemployment in India was 2.2 per cent, and according to daily status unemployment, the percentage of unemployment in India was 5.6%.
Question 6.
Mention the size of employed persons and human day, according to usual status and current daily status in the year 2011-12?
Answer:
According to the usual status, 472.9 million people in India were included in the labour force and according to current daily status, 415.7 million people in India were included in the labour force.
Question 7.
Write the names of any two selfremployment programmes adopted for eradication of unemployment in India.
Answer:
- Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP).
- Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana.
Question 8.
Write the names of any two wage employment programmes adopted for eradication of unemployment.
Answer:
- Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme.
- Employment Assurance Scheme.
Question 9.
Write any two reasons responsible for the problem of unemployment in India.
Answer:
- Population growth
- Inappropriate education system.
Question 10.
Write the names of any two kinds of unemployment prevalent in rural areas.
Answer:
- Disguised unemployment
- Seasonal unemployment.
RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 21 Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
Write the meaning of unemployment.
Answer:
Unemployment is that situation in which a person capable and desirous of doing work does not get employment. It i$ the situation of actively looking for employment but not being currently employed. The unemployment rate is a measure of the prevalence of unemployment and it is calculated as a percentage by dividing the number of unemployed individuals by all individuals currently in the labour force.
Question 2.
What is meant by disguised unemployment?
Answer:
Disguised unemployment is a situation, wherein, a person does not clearly seem to be unemployed. In developing countries, more people are engaged in household agriculture than needed. They seem to be employed, but do not contribute to production according to their capacity.
Question 3.
Write the meaning of seasonal unemployment.
Answer:
Due to the seasonal nature of agricultural activities and dependence upon monsoon, work is not available throughout the year or work is available for some months in a year and unemployment exists in the remaining period. This unemployment is also seen among workers working in seasonal and festive season related industries. This kind of unemployment can be eliminated by the development and expansion of non-agricultural activities in rural areas.
Question 4.
Write the three standards of measuring unemployment in India.
Answer:
- Usual status unemployment
- Weekly status unemployment 3. Daily status unemployment.
Question 5.
Mention the level of educated unemployment in India.
Answer:
- In rural and urban areas, the people with secondary education level are less employed than people with higher than secondary education level.
- In rural and urban areas, the unemployment rate of educated women is higher than that of educated men. This difference is more in educational levels above secondary.
Question 6.
Write the sectors of main employment activities in the urban areas of India.
Answer:
Industrial units, Hotel, Motel, Companies etc. are considered as the sectors of main employment activities in the urban areas of India.
Question 7.
Mention the structural change in employment in various sectors of the economy (i.e. primary, secondary and tertiary sector).
Answer:
The share of primary sector reduced from 58.5 per cent in 2004-05 to 48.9 per cent in 2011-12. Whereas share of secondary and tertiary sector increased from 18.2 per cent and 23.4 per cent in 2004-05 to 24.3 per cent and 26.4 per cent respectively in 2011-12.
Question 8.
What kind of changes are needed in the education system to eliminate educated unemployment?
Answer:
The education system should be developed in accordance with the local employment needs. The employers and labour force should make such collective efforts for such education and training, so that unemployment should not be faced inspite of higher education and the valuable labour force of the country does not lie useless.
RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 21 Long Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
Write the names of different types of unemployment and explain how the problem of unemployment in developing countries is different from the problem of unemployment in developed countries.
Answer:
Different types of unemployment are :
- Structural Unemployment :
It is a form of unemployment caused by a mismatch between the skills that workers in the economy can offer, and the skills demanded of workers by the employers. When the rate of capital formation is slower in comparison to labour, it is called structural unemployment. - Disguised Unemployment :
Disguised unemployment is a situation, wherein a person does not seem to be employed clearly. In developing countries, more people are engaged in household agriculture than needed. They seem to be employed, but do not contribute to production according to their capacity. - Seasonal Unemployment :
Due to the seasonal nature of agricultural activities and dependence upon monsoon, work is not available throughout the year or work is available for some months in a year and unemployment exists in the remaining period. This unemployment is also seen among workers working in seasonal and festive season related industries. This kind of unemployment can be eliminated by the development and expansion of non-agricultural activities in rural areas. - Open Unemployment :
Open employment is that state of unemployment wherein a person desirous and capable of doing work does not get any work. It is a situation wherein a large section of the labour force does not get a job that may yield them regular income. This type of unemployment can be seen and counted in terms of the number of unemployed persons. The labour force expands at a faster rate than the growth rate of economy. - Cyclical. Unemployment :
The problem of cyclical unemployment occurs due to trade cycle in capitalist or market system economy. Cyclical unemployment is a factor of overall unemployment that relates to the cyclical trends in growth and production that occur within the business cycle. When business cycles are at their peak, cyclical unemployment will be low because total economic output is maximized.
Developing countries are dependent upon agriculture, where even with the lesser demand, more people are engaged in it. In developed countries, people are mostly dependent upon industries for employment with agriculture at a side, which results in more employment and people do not have to roam around for the employment. The economy of developing countries still lags behind the economy of developed countries which states that developing countries still face the problem of unemployment.
Question 2.
Comment on the status of employment and unemployment in India.
Answer:
There are four sources of data for unemployment in India. Census report of India, National Sample Survey Organization’s report related to the state of employment and unemployment data registered in the employment office of directorate of employment and training and family employment. Unemployment related survey is done by labour bureau On a regular basis. There is a difference in the data of these sources because their objectives and working systems are different. Industrial and educated unemployment exists mainly in urban areas, while in rural areas, there is under employment and open unemployment.
According to NSSO, CDS, in the year 1999-2000, 336.9 million persons and human days were in the condition of employment, which increased to 382.8 million in the year 2004-05, and 415.7 million in the year 2011 -12.
The long term usual unemployment in India has remained around 2 per cent. Whereas, CDS unemployment was 7.3 per cent in 1999-2000 and 5.6 per cent in 2011-12. This grew from 7.3 per cent in 1999-2000 to 8.2 per cent in 2004-05 and it again reduced to 5.6 per cent in 2011-12. Between 2004-05 and 2011-12, despite less growth in employment, a decrease in unemployment was observed.
While looking at the regional distribution of unemployment in India, it is seen that in the year 2011-12, according to the general situation, unemployment was only 9.1 % in Kerala, while it was 4.4 per cent in West Bengal. The share of self employment in total employment is 52.2%.
Question 3.
Outline the major conclusions of the National Regional Survey Organization with regard to the status of labour and unemployment.
Answer:
As per usual status, 407 million people were included in the labour force in the year 1999-2000, which increased to 469 million in the year 2004-05 and to 483.7 million in 2011 -12. According to CDS, 363.3 million people were included in the labour force in 1999-2000, which increased to 417 million in 2004-05 and 440.2 million in 2011-12. That is, according to both standards, the number of persons included in the labour force increased continuously between 1999-2000 to 2011 -12.
In the same way, according to various studies done by NSSO under usual status, in the year 1999-2000, according to the Usual Status (U.S.), 368 million people and human days were employed, which increased to 457.9 million in 2004-05, and in the year 2011-12,472.9 million people in India were included in the labour force. According to current daily status, 336.9 million people and human days were in the condition of employment in 1999-2000, which increased to 382.2 million in 2004-05 and to 415.7 million in 2011 -12.
There is a drop in the annual increase in employment. From 2.8 per cent between 1999-2000 and 2004-05, it dropped to 0.5 per cent between 2004-05 and 2011 -12, whereas in the same period, the annual growth rate in labour force was 2.9 per cent and 0.4 per cent respectively. This growth rate of employment is not in conformity with the increased labour force.
Question 4.
Outline the main factors responsible for the problem of unemployment in India.
Answer:
Main factors responsible for the problem of unemployment in India are :
i. Disharmony between the format of development and employment growth :
Structural change occurs along with development and labour force gets fired from agriculture and it shifts on to the non- agriculture sector. Sufficient employment has not been created in the non-agricultural sector of India, so that the additional labour engaged in agriculture is freed and it could be employed in non- agriculture sector. Due to this, hidden unemployment is present in the agricultural sector and when the rural population migrates towards the cities in season of employment, then there also it is forced to face the problems of unemployment and inferior standard of living.
ii. Increase in population and labour supply :
Due to sharp decrease in death rate after independence and with the birth rate rising high, the population growth was very rapid. The population increased from 36 crore in 1951 to 121 crore in 2011. The labour force expands along with the growth in population. The spread of education and the desire in women to get employment caused a greater increase in the work force. The growth rate was not sufficient enough to provide profitable employment to this increasing labour force.
iii. Faulty planning :
The problem of unemployment was linked to development efforts. Industrial unemployment is on account of growing migration from villages to cities, lack of industrial development and its slow speed of development, while educational unemployment is due to faulty educational system and lack of employment oriented education. Development through planning could not create sufficient employment in the rural areas and this could not make a living in villages attractive for people.
iv. Inappropriate education system :
Education is the main tool of human development. The education system should be developed in accordance with the local employment needs. The employers and labour force should make such collective efforts for such education and training, so that unemployment should not be faced inspite of higher education and the valuable labour force of the country does not lie useless.
Question 5.
Describe the policies adopted by the Government for eradicating employment.
Answer:
It was thought at the beginning of planning that development will result in creation of employment in sufficient measure which would provide employment to existing and increasing labour force. However, it was perceived in the 5th plan that dependence only on development rate for employment growth is not sufficient. For employment growth, it is necessary to provide employment in government and private sector and additionally adopt separate programmes.
In the 6th five year plan, reducing under employment and solving the problem of unemployment had been accepted as an objective. Opportunities of self employment were sought to be increased in agriculture, small scale and cottage industries and allied activities. In the seventh five year plan, priority was given to create productive employment through strategy of developmental planning.
The target for growth in the 8th five year plan was kept at 2.6 to 2.8 per cent, so that unemployment could be completely eliminated in the next 10 years. Emphasis was laid on development of agriculture, development of use less land, expansion of non-agricultural activities in rural areas, rapid development of unorganized and service sector and development of small scale industries. Targets were set to lay emphasis on labour intensive sectors and those regions in the ninth five year plan where unemployment was more acute.
In the 10th five year plan, sectors creating greater employment opportunities (agriculture, small and medium enterprises, education and health, construction, tourism, Information technology etc.) were sought to be developed. In the 11th plan, various labour intensive sectors (construction, tourism, handloom, handicrafts, jewels) were earmarked for increased employment generation.
Question 6.
Give suggestions for resolving the problem of unemployment in India.
Answer:
- Increase in investment and structural change in investment :
It is necessary that the level of investment or capital creation in the economy should remain high so that the production remains high and the employment opportunities also remain high accordingly. The production increases along with growth in investment and employment opportunities also increase. Investment composition should be more in labour intensive projects. - Expansion of small and village industries :
Expansion of handicrafts, craftsmanship, and other small industries in rural areas and increase in their efficiency should be facilitated. This requires less capital and employment elasticity is more. By establishing these in rural areas, the migration of people from rural to urban areas for employment could be stopped, and in the event of underemployment and seasonal employment in rural areas, employment opportunities could be increased. - Manpower planning :
There is need for suitable conformity between the labour force available in the country and the required of labour force in production. On the one hand, the labour force is employed and on the other had skilled and efficient labour is deficient. Both, the problem of unemployment and lack of skilled labour can be solved by making the labour force skilled and efficient and creating skills in labour force as needed. - Change in education system :
The education system should be developed in accordance with the local employment needs. The employers and labour force should make collective efforts for such education and training, so that unemployment should not be faced in spite of higher education and the valuable labour force of the country does not lie useless. Educational pattern should be completely changed. Students who have liking for higher studies should be admitted in colleges and universities. Emphasis should be given on vocational education. Qualified engineers should start their own small units. - Population control :
The growth of population should be checked in order to solve the problem of unemployment. Family planning programmes should be implemented widely and effectively. The population growth of today adds to the labour force after some years and if economic activities are not expanded accordingly than the problem of unemployment is faced.
RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 21 Other Important Questions
RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 21 Objective Type Questions
Question 1.
How many methods of measurement of unemployment have been provided by the National Sample Survey Organisation?
(a) 2
(b) 4
(c) 3
(d) 5
Answer:
(c) 3
Question 2.
How many persons were included in labour force in 1999-2000 (in million) according to current status?
(a) 407.0
(b) 469.0
(c) 483.7
(d) 501.10
Answer:
(a) 407.0
Question 3.
How many persons were included in labour force in 2011-12 (in million) as per current daily status?
(a) 363.3
(b) 417.2
(c) 440.2
(d) 483.7
Answer:
(c) 440.2
Question 4.
On the basis of U.S, persons and human days employed in 2011-12 (in million) were-
(a) 398.0
(b) 457.9
(c) 472.9
(d) 415.7
Answer:
(c) 472.9
Question 5.
What was the share of employment in primary sector in 2004-05?
(a) 58.4
(b) 18.2
(c)23.4
(d)24.3
Answer:
(a) 58.4
Question 6.
What is the share of self employment in total employment?
(a) 52.2%
(b) 50.0%
(c) 48.3%
(d) 45.1%
Answer:
(a) 52.2%
Question 7.
What was the percentage of unemployment in 2011-12 as per general status?
(a) 0.10
(b) 1.10
(c) 0.7
(d) 0
Answer:
(c) 0.7
RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 21 Very Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
What is unemployment according to Keynes?
Answer:
According to Keynes, due to lack of absolute demand, the production is less than capacity.
Question 2.
Which unemployment is called long term unemployment?
Answer:
Structural unemployment.
Question 3.
Which type of unemployment occurs due to lack of structural coordination in the economy?
Answer:
Structural unemployment.
Question 4.
In which type of unemployment, a person does not seem to be unemployed clearly?
Answer:
Disguised unemployment.
Question 5.
Which unemployment occurs in the condition of meager employment?
Answer:
Disguised unemployment and seasonal unemployment.
Question 6.
What is measured by CDS?
Answer:
CDS measures human days.
Question 7.
Who collects the data of unemployment and employment in India?
Answer:
NSSO.
Question 8.
What was the share of primary sector in employment percentage in 2011-12?
Answer:
48.9 per cent.
Question 9.
How much was the share of secondary sector in employment percentage in 2004-05?
Answer:
18.2 per cent.
Question 10.
How much was the share of secondary;sector in employment percentage in 2011-12?
Answer:
24.3 per cent.
Question 11.
How much was the share of tertiary sector in employment percentage in 2011-12?
Answer:
26.8 per cent.
Question 12.
In context to employment, which is the largest sector?
Answer:
Primary sector.
Question 13.
In context to employment, which is the second largest sector?
Answer:
Tertiary sector.
Question 14.
What is the contribution of tertiary sector in GDP?
Answer:
61%.
Question 15.
At present, how much population is involved in labour employment?
Answer:
52%.
Question 16.
How much population is involved in salaried employment?
Answer:
18%.
Question 17.
What is CWS?
Answer:
Current Weekly Status.
Question 18.
What is CDS?
Answer:
Current Daily Status.
Question 19.
How much was the unemployment as per the general status in Kerala in 2011-12?
Answer:
9.1%.
Question 20.
How much was the unemployment as per the general status in West Bengal in 2011-12?
Answer:
4.4 per cent.
Question 21.
What was the population of India in 1951?
Answer:
36 crore.
Question 22.
How much was the population of India in 2011?
Answer:
121 crore.
Question 23.
State the types of unemployment.
Answer:
Types of unemployment are :
- Structural unemployment.
- Disguised unemployment
- Seasonal unemployment
- Open unemployment
- Cyclical unemployment.
Question 24.
State threes concepts of measuring the unemployment.
Answer:
- General Status Unemployment
- Daily Status Unemployment
- Weekly Status Unemployment.
Question 25.
When does educated unemployment occur?
Answer:
Educated unemployment occurs due to two reasons :
- Defective education system.
- Lack of proper educational facilities.
Question 26.
In which plan, reducing underemployment and solving the problem of unemployment had been accepted as an objective?
Answer:
In the 6th five year plan.
Question 27.
Why did labour force size kept increasing annually?
Answer:
Due to the higher rate of labour force as compared to the rate of employment, labour force size kept increasing annually.
Question 28.
What was the targeted growth rate fixed in the 8th five year plan?
Answer:
From 2.6 to 2.8 per cent.
Question 29.
In which plan, sectors creating greater employment opportunities were sought to be developed?
Answer:
In the 10th five year plan.
Question 30.
What was the objective of the 11th five year plan?
Answer:
In the 11th plan, emphasis was laid on adopting such an employment scheme, which could make rapid increase in employment and bring improvement in the quality of employment.
Question 31.
What was the impact on educated unemployment in the year 2011-12 as compared to 1999-2000?
Answer:
In comparison to 1999-2000, the educated unemployment rate has decreased in 2011-12, and this decline has been more in case of women than men.
Question 32.
States two reasons of unemployment.
Answer:
- Disharmony between developmental format and employment growth.
- Increase in population and labour supply.
Question 33.
When was the Farmer Labour Employment Guarantee Programme started?
Answer:
In the year 1983.
Question 34.
When was TRYSEM started?
Answer:
In 1979.
Question 35.
How many people were trained under TRYSEM between 1991 and 1999?
Answer:
23.3 lakh people.
Question 36.
With which programme was TRYSEM merged in 1999?
Answer:
In 1999, TRYSEM was merged with Swama Jayanati Gram Swarozgar Yojana.
Question 37.
When was the Jawahar Employment Scheme initiated?
Answer:
In 1989-90.
Question 38.
With which scheme was Jawahar Employment Scheme merged in 1999?
Answer:
With Jawahar Gram Samriddhi Scheme.
Question 39.
When was NREGA programme started?
Answer:
In 2006.
Question 40.
Give two suggestions to eradicate the problem of unemployment.
Answer:
- Increase in investment and structural change in investment.
- Change in the education system.
RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 21 Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
What is structural unemployment?
Answer:
It is a form of unemployment caused by a mismatch between the skills that workers in the economy can offer, and the skills demanded of workers by employers. When the rate of capital formation is slower in comparison to labour, it is called structural unemployment.
Question 2.
What is open unemployment?
Answer:
Open unemployment is that state of unemployment where a person desirous and capable of doing work does not get any work. It is a situation wherein a large section of the labour force does not get a job that may yield them regular income. This type of unemployment can be seen and counted in terms of the number of unemployed persons. The labour force expands at a faster rate than the growth rate of the economy.
Question 3.
What is cyclic unemployment?
Answer:
This problem of unemployment occurs due to trade cycle in capitalist or market system economy. Cyclical unemployment is a factor of overall unemployment that relates to the cyclical trends in growth and production that occur within the business cycle. When business cycles are at their peak, cyclical unemployment will be low because total economic output is maximized.
Question 4.
What is Frictional unemployment?
Answer:
Frictional unemployment occurs when workers are jobless and looking for work in a healthy economy. It doesn’t matter if they leave voluntarily or are fired. Others may be returning to the labour force. It is differentiated from other types of unemployment because it is a part of normal labour turnover.
Question 5.
What is usual status unemployment?
Answer:
This is the number of those persons who are not engaged in any type of employment in one year prior to the survey period. This depicts long term or open unemployment. It is seen in this, that a person is in usual employment, is unemployed or is out of the labour force.
Question 6.
What is weekly Status unemployment?
Answer:
The Weekly Status approach to measuring unemployment uses seven days preceding the date of survey as the reference period. A person is considered to be employed if he or she pursues any one or more of the gainful activities for at least one-hour on any day of the reference week.
Question 7.
What is Daily Status unemployment?
Answer:
The current daily status approach to measuring unemployment seeks to ascertain the activity status of an individual for each day of the reference week. It reports time disposition of an individual on each day of the reference week.
Question 8.
State the sources of unemployment in India.
Answer:
Census report of India, National Sample Survey Organization’s report related to the state of employment and unemployment data registered in the employment office of directorate of employment and training and family employment, unemployment related survey done by labour bureau on a regular basis.
Question 9.
What is the share of self employment in total employment?
Answer:
The share of self employment in total employment is 52.2% but a large part of workers in this regard is still engaged in low income creation activities. Classification is done in two ways according to composition of employment. Self employment regular wage employment and casual employment.
Question 10.
Explain National Rural Employment scheme.
Answer:
This was basically a labour employment programme. Productive Social assets were built in rural regions through this. In 1980, this programme was started in rural regions for people who were dependant upon labour employment so that labour employment opportunities could be created in rural regions. Under this programme, the centre provided financial assistance to the states on the basis of the number of marginal farmers, cultivators and labourers.
Question 11.
What is TRYSEM?
Answer:
Training for Rural Self Employment Programme (TRYSEM) began in 1974 with a target of training 2 lakh people every year. Inclusion of one-third rural girls was mandatory in training. In the 7th plan, 8.8 lakh rural people were provided training for self employment under this programme.
Question 12.
What is Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS)?
Answer:
Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS) was launched in 1993 in 772 backward development blocks of the country and it was basically a rural wage employment programme. Mainly, it was focused on tribal, hilly, desert and drought prone regions. In 2001, it was merged into Jawahar Gram Samriddhi Yojana, and later, it was merged into Sampoorna Gramin Rozgar Yojana.
Question 13.
What is IRDP?
Answer:
The Integrated Rural Development Program (IRDP) was launched by the Government of India during 1978-79. The aim of the program is to provide employment opportunities to the poor as well as opportunities to develop their skill sets so as to improve their living conditions. The program is considered one of the best schemes to do away with poverty related problems, by offering those who fall below the poverty line, the necessary subsidies in tandem with employment opportunities.
Question 14.
State three suggestions to resolve the problem of unemployment.
Answer:
Three suggestions to resolve the problem of unemployment are :
- Increase in investment and structural change in investment.
- Expansion of handicrafts, craftsmanship, and other small industries in rural areas and increase in their efficiency should be facilitated.
- There is a need for suitable coordination between the labour force available in the country and the required labour force in production.
RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 21 Long Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
Explain the NREGA programme.
Answer:
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) was launched in 2006 in 200 most backward districts of the country. On October 2, 2009, the scheme was named Mahatama Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA). In this scheme, each rural family was provided a guaranteed 100 days of unskilled wage employment. Employment creation of 230 crore human-days was achieved in 2012-13 and 39661 crore rupees were spent on this programme.
It aims to enhance livelihood security in rural areas by providing at least 100 days of wage employment in a financial year to every household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work. NREGA was scoped up to covered all the districts of India from 1 April 2008.The statute is hailed by the government as “the largest and most ambitious social security and public works programme in the world’. More districts were covered across the country, later from 1st April, 2008.
This scheme has been implemented on a very large scale and the World Bank even mentioned the NREGA as an excellent example of rural development in the World Development Report of 2014. Every Indian rural citizen is entitled to receive employment within 15 days of registering under this scheme. Once the registration has been done, the worker is eligible for an unemployment allowance from the Government as well, if employment has not been found within the stipulated period.
Question 2.
State the social and economic harmful impacts of unemployment, and explain the common weekly status and daily status of employment and unemployment. Also explain the measures initiated by the government for employment creation.
Answer:
Economic harmful effects of unemployment :
- Due to unemployment, labourers are exploited. They have to accept low wages and work under unfavourable conditions.
- Production is impaired.
- Production becomes less.
- The capital formation becomes less.
Social harmful effects of unemployment :
- The life span of people gets reduced.
- The social level of people declines.
- Conflicts may occur between the people of a community.
The Usual, Weekly and Daily levels of Unemployment :
- Usual level of unemployment :
Those people who invest a lot of their time in doing the work are included in this. In our country, usual level work or work for 183 days is considered as median. The person who works for 183 or more days is called employed worker. - Weekly level of unemployment :
In weekly status unemployment, status of the person in the period of one week before the survey is considered, and if a person becomes the part of this work force, then he is considered as employed on weekly level, otherwise he is considered unemployed. - Daily level of unemployment :
In daily status unemployment, status of the person for each day in the seven days prior to the survey is considered. The daily status un-employment is the ratio of the labour days of weekly unemployment to per week total labour days.
Efforts by the government to create employment opportunities :
Central and State government are regularly forming new programmes to create employment in the country. These are divided into 2 parts, i.e., Direct and Indirect:
- Direct programmes :
New programmes are being formed regularly by the government in direct manner. Steps are taken to provide security to the sectors like industries, hotels and transport. Government provides employment in these sectors in a direct way. For example: Government is trying its best to increase growth in the industries and thus it increases employment. - Indirect Method :
New programmes are being regularly formed by the government in an Indirect manner. The indirect methods not only improve the employment opportunities, but also place a positive effect on health services, primary education, water supply, housing facilities, construction of village roads, development of barren land, sanitation, etc. In this way, with employment at a side, full development takes place at rapid pace.