RBSE Solutions for Class 11 Economics Chapter 5 Collection of Data

Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 5 Collection of Data

RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 5 Text book Questions

RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 5 Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Primary data is :
(a) Original data
(b) Data which has been collected for the first time
(c) Data which does not already exist
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 2.
Secondary data is collected
(a) By filling up schedules
(b) By filling up questionnaires
(c) Through published and unpublished sources
(d) All of these
Answer:
(c) Through published and unpublished sources

RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 5 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How many types of data are there from the viewpoint of collection?
Answer:
From the viewpoint of collection, data is of the following two types :

Primary data
Secondary data

Question 2.
What is primary data?
Answer:
Data which is collected for the first time in a new form for use of investigator himself is known or primary data.

Question 3.
What is secondary data?
Answer:
Secondary data is that which has been collected earlier by an individual or institution and which has been published.

Question 4.
Why is primary data called original data?
Answer:
Primary data is called original data because the investigator collects this data is a new form right from the begining till the end.

Question 5.
What is direct personal investigation?
Answer:
It is the method which is suitable for such investigation, where the scope is limited or of local nature. In this method, the investigator himself goes in the region of investigation and establishes personal and direct contact with the person who provides information, and collects data.

Question 6.
Write the meaning of questionnaire.
Answer:
Questionnaire is the list of those questions which is filled by the person providing the information.

Question 7.
What is random sampling?
Answer:
Random sampling is that method in which each unit of the population has equal chance of being selected.

RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 5 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the difference between published and unpublished source?
Answer:

Published Source :
Various investigation organisations, research organizations, government departments, corporations, collect data on various subjects and publish them from time to time. Example : Govt, publications, Reports of Committes and commssions, etc.
Unpublished Source :
Sometimes, the government or other institutions or individuals (especially investigators) collect material associated with important subjects, but these remain unpublished. Such unpublished data can be found from the papers, documents, registers of the offices, diaries of investigators, etc.

Question 2.
Mention any three differences between primary and secondary data.
Answer:
Following are the differences between primary and secondary data :

Nature :
Primary data is original data and is like raw material for statistical methods, while secondary data is like finished product, as it has already gone through statistical procedures.
Collectors :
Primary data is collected by the investigator or his representative, while secondary data is collected by other individuals or institutions earlier and is already published.
Plan :
A new plan is made for collecting of primary data from the begining while no plan is needed for secondary data as this data is already available and published as data available in some publication, report and document is secondary data himself.

Question 3.
Give the meaning of primary data along with an example.
Answer:
The data which is collected first time as a fresh data by the researchers is called primary data. This means, data which is collected by an investigator in a new form right from the begining till the end is called Primary data. Data which is collected physically from the playground to get information about the playing habits of the students will be called primary data.

Question 4.
Write the meaning of secondary data along with an example.
Answer:
Data that has been compiled by another person or organization in the past and those which have already been published are called secondary data. Investigators use such data as it is. For example, if an investigator uses data which has been collected and published by the government in context to agriculture, labour, employment, etc. then such data will be considered as secondary data for him.

Question 5.
What are the qualities of an ideal questionnaire? Mention any three qualities.
Answer:
Following are the qualities of an ideal questionnaire :

The size of the questionnaire should be small and the number of questions should be less.
The questions should be easy and in understandable language.
Questions should be such that they should be correctly answered by the respondent. They can also be multiple-choice or simple-choice type.

Question 6.
Write any three differences between a questionnaire and a schedule.
Answer:
Following are the three differences between a questionnaire and a schedule :

A questionnaire is filled up by the informant, while a schedule is filled by the enumerator after making enquiry from the informant.
A questionnaire is filled up by the informant through post, while an enumerator personally goes to the information provider along with the schedule.
In a questionnaire, the investigator is not in personal contact with the information provider, while there is personal contact in case of a schedule.

Question 7.
Write about the sources of secondary data in brief.
Answer:
There are two major sources of secondary data :

Published Source :
Various investigation organisations, research organizations, government departments, corporations, collect oral data on various subjects and publish them from time to time.
Unpublished Source :
Sometimes, the government or other institutions or individuals (especially investigators) collect material associated with important subjects, but they remain unpublished. Such data can be obtained from the papers, documents, registers of the offices or diaries of the investigators.

RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 5 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Differentiate between primary and secondary data and explain the methods of collecting primary data.
Answer:
Following are the differences between primary and secondary data :

Nature :
Primary data is original data and is like raw material for statistical methods, while secondary data is like finished product, as it has already been through statistical procedures.
Collectors :
Primary data is collected by the investigator or his representative, while secondary data is collected by other individuals or institutions earlier and are already published.
Objective :
Primary data is always collected in accordance with the objective of the investigation while secondary data has to be modified according to the objective of investigation.
Plan :
Primary data is collected in a new form by making an independent plan, while secondary data is already available data, i.e. data available in some publication, report and documents is secondary data.
Time and Money :
More time and money is spent in collecting primary data. While less time and money is spent in collecting secondary data.
Availability :
Primary data is collected from the statistical units in the area of investigation while secondary data is collected by other individuals or institutions.

Following are the methods of collecting primary data :

Direct personal investigation method :
This method is suitable for such investigation, where the scope is limited or of local nature and in which more importance is given to accuracy, purity and confidentiality of data. In this method, the investigator himself goes in the area of investigation and establishes personal and direct contact with the person who provides information and collects data on the basis of examination and experience. In a limited area, investigations in context to income-expenditure, conditions of living of workers, educated unemployment, etc. are usually done through this method.
Indirect oral investigation method :
Under this method, information is not obtained from persons who have direct relationship with the problem, rather data is collected by oral questioning of a third parties. This data is indirectly associated with the root problem under investigation. Direct contact is not established with the persons from whom the information has to be obtained. This method is used when the area of investigation is broader.
Information through local residents and correspondents :
Information through local residents and correspondents is the method in which the investigator appoints local residents and special correspondents who send information on the basis of their experience time to time.
Information through schedules to be filled by the informant method :
In this method, the investigator prepares a list of questions associated with the enquiry. These questionnaire are printed and sent by post to those persons from whom the information is to be obtained. Along with these, he also sends a letter of request in which request is made to send them back by a fixed date and to maintain confidentiality.
Filling of schedules by the enumerators :
In this method, a list of questions associated with enquiry is prepared and it is handed over to the enumerators. The enumerators ask related questions from the information providers and write their answers in the list. Enumerators are trained in this work and they are also familiar with the regional language. This method is suitable for places where labour, time and money is available in abundance.

Question 2.
What do you mean by secondary data? Describe the various sources of secondary data.
Answer:
Secondary Data :
Secondary data is that which has been collected earlier by an individual or institution and which have been published. The investigator just uses such data. If a investigator has collected some data earlier and another investigator uses the same data for investigation purpose, then this data will be secondary data for the second investigator, rather than being primary data. For example, if an investigator uses data which has been collected and published by the government in context to agriculture, labour, employment, etc. then such data will be considered as secondary data for him.

There are two main sources of secondary data :
I. Published source :
From time-to-time government and non-government organisations collect the data on various topics and get them published. These published data is used by other people for their investigations. Following are the sources of published data:

International Publications :
Various international, government and private organisations get information published on various topics from time-to-time, like- International labour organisation, international monetary fund, etc.
Government Publications :
Various ministries and departments of central government and state government get the data published on various topics from time to time. Such data is very trustworthy and important, for example : bulletin of reserve bank, annual reports of industries, etc.
Semi-Government Publications :
Varoious semi-government organisations like municipalities, district council, panchayats, etc. gets the data published from time-to-time.
Reports of committees and commissions :
Reports are presented and published by various committees and commissions formed by government.
Publications of commerical organisations :
Big commericial organistions also get their data published which has been collected by their investigators and statistical departments. Example : Tata, Birla, Reliance, Unilever, etc.
Publications of Research Organistions :
Various universities and research organisations get the result of their researches published like: Indian Statistical Institute, Indian Standards Institution, etc.
Papers and Magazines :
Newspapers and magazines are also an important source of secondary data. From time-to-time important information on various topics gets published in newspapers and magazines. For example : Economic Times, Business standards, etc. publish important data frequently.

II. Unpublished Source :
Universities, private institutions and individual researchers collect data for their own personal objective, but due to some reason, these data remain unpublished. These unpublished data can also be used as secondary data.

Question 3.
Critically analyse various methods of collecting primary data.
Answer:
A critical analysis of various methods of collecting primary data is as follows :

Direct personal investigation method :
Though the information collected thought this methods is original, authentic, homogeneous and inelastic, Yet this method suffers from some flaws like the researchers can get personally biased which can affect the results. As a result of working in a specific and limited area, the results can become biased.
Indirect oral investigation method :
Here, the data is not directly associated with the researchers. It is collected indirectly, and thus, witnesses from whom the information is obtained may be careless also.
Information through local residents and correspondents :
In this method, the information is sent by experience. If the experience of a source is lacking, or the researcher is new, then correct data is not received. There are many impurities in this method.
Information through filling of questionnaires by informant :
In this method, if the informant is not literate then he cannot correctly fill the questionnaire. With the fear of indirect and incomplete information, it also contains possibility of incomplete purity and negligence.
Information through enumerators :
This method is very expensive, it creates the problem of training and delay in contact. Incorrect information can also be given by the information provider to the enumerator, due to which the schedule may be filled incorrectly.

Question 4.
Describe the methods of statistical investigation.
Answer:
Any statistical investigation tries to obtain information about the data. This information can be obtained in two ways, which are known as the methods of statistical investigation. The methods are of two types – Census Method and Sample Method.

Census Method :
When the investigator collects information from all the units and elements, then it is called census method. Under this, information about each and every unit of the aggregate is collected. Population census is an example of census method. Under population census, information is obtained about every household and every person. This information is expansive. The results derived from this method are authentic and reliable. This method is costly and labour and time involved is also more.
Sample Method :
Under this, some representative units are selected from the aggregate and conclusions are derived through study of those selected units. In daily life, while purchasing things for household such as wheat, rice, etc. we do not inspect each and every piece of wheat or rice in the packet, rather we take sample of some pieces and decide to purchase wheat or rice on this basis. Time and money is saved through this method. It is important to maintain extreme caution in this method, otherwise the possibility of deriving incorrect conclusions may arise. Sample or paradigm policy is based on three principles which are known as sampling principles. The major three principles are Principle of Probability, Principle of Statistical Regularity and Principle of Inertia of Large Numbers.

RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 5 Other Important Questions

RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 5 Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
From where does statistical procedure start?
(a) From Census
(b) From Sampling
(c) From Collection of data
(d) All of these
Answer:
(c) From Collection of data

Question 2.
Which method is the best for choosing sample from the population :
(a) Ideal Sampling
(b) Random Sampling
(c) Stratified Sampling
(d) Quota Sampling
Answer:
(b) Random Sampling

Question 3.
The data which is collected by the researchers for first time, is called-
(a) Primary data
(b) Secondary data
(c) Mixed data
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Primary data

Question 4.
When the researcher selects some of the units from the whole population according to his will, it is called-
(a) Random Sampling
(b) Ideal Sampling
(c) Stratified Sampling
(d) Multistage Sampling
Answer:
(b) Ideal Sampling

Question 5.
Qualities of a good questionnaire are:
(a) Clear and small questions
(b) Correct Order
(c) Limited number Of questions
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 6.
Primary data is collected
(a) When high precision is required
(b) When the area of research is elaborated
(c) When purchase expense is to be done
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) When high precision is required

Question 7.
Before using the secondary data, you should decide-
(a) Is the data .reliable?
(b) Is the data consistent with the purpose?
(c) It the data sufficient?
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 8.
Number of methods of statistical research are-
(a) Two
(b) Four
(c) Three
(d) One
Answer:
(a) Two

Question 9.
When some representative units are selected from the population, the method is called
(a) Census Method
(b) Sampling Method
(c) Multi-Stage Method
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Sampling Method

Question 10.
The reports of committees and commissions are
(a) Published source
(b) Unpublished source
(c) Both
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Published source

RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 5 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Define population.
Answer:
In the area of investigation, the group of all units is called population.

Question 2.
Define sample.
Answer:
Group of a few selected units that represent the whole population is called sample.

Question 3.
Name the two methods of collecting primary data.
Answer:
Following are the two methods of collecting primary data:

Direct personal investigation
Indirect oral investigation

Question 4.
What do you mean by schedule?
Answer:
Schedule is a list of questions which is filled by the interviewer after asking questions from the informant.

Question 5.
What is the basic process of statistical investigation?
Answer:
Collection of data

Question 6.
What is the cornerstone of statistics?
Answer:
Data

Question 7.
Write one difference between primary and secondary data.
Answer:
Primary data are original and are live raw material for statistical methods, whereas secondary data has already gone through the statistical procedure and therefore, is like finished product.

Question 8.
How many methods are there to collect primary data?
Answer:
There are five methods to collect primary data.

Question 9.
Which method did Arthur Young use in the study of agricultural production?
Answer:
Direct personal investigation method

Question 10.
For which area is the method of collecting information through filling the questionnaire from the informant suitable?
Answer:
For the broad area of investigation.

Question 11.
By which method is the data related to the family budget, voting behaviour, unemployment collected?
Answer:
By the method of filling questionnaire by the informants for collecting information.

Question 12.
What is used to collect data by conducting a survey?
Answer:
Schedules and questionnaires.

Question 13.
Questionnaire is filled by whom?
Answer:
By the person who gives information.

Question 14.
Schedule is filled by whom?
Answer:
By the enumerators.

Question 15.
How many sources of secondary data are there?
Answer:
Two

Question 16.
Name the two sources of secondary data?
Answer:

Published source
Unpublished source

Question 17.
Publications of international organizations is which source of secondary data?
Answer:
Published source.

Question 18.
How many methods are there for statistical investigation?
Answer:
Two.

Question 19.
What is the meaning of census investigation?
Answer:
When a statistical investigation is conducted by the investigator, in which the data is collected from each element of the population, is studied properly, then the process is called census investigation.

Question 20.
Among the methods of sampling and census, which method is more costly?
Answer:
Census method is more expensive than the sampling method.

Question 21.
How many methods of sample selection are there?
Answer:
Three

Question 22.
Write the names of sample selection methods.
Answer:

Ideal sampling
Random sampling
Stratified sampling

Question 23.
When is the process of collecting data started?
Answer:
After making a plan for statistical research the collection of data is started.

Question 24.
The data which is collected from the students in playground regarding their playing habits is which type of data?
Answer:
The data originally collected from the students in playground regarding their playing habits is called primary data.

Question 25.
If the researcher uses collected and published data on agriculture, labour, employment, by the government, then what is this data called?
Answer:
If the researcher uses collected and published data on agriculture, labour, employment by the government, this data is called secondary data.

Question 26.
Write any four methods of collecting primary data.
Answer:
The four methods for collection of primary data are

Direct personal investigation
Indirect oral investigation
Information through correspondents
Information through enumerators

Question 27.
Give two examples of filling of schedules through enumerators.
Answer:

Census
Economic and social survey

Question 28.
Write two merits of a good questionnaire.
Answer:
Following are the two merits of a good questionnaire

Questions should be easy and understandable.
Questions should be such that their correct answers can be given. They can be multiple choice or simple choice type questions.

Question 29.
Write any two differences between a questionnaire and a schedule.
Answer:
Following are the two differences between questionnaire and schedule

A questionnaire is filled by the informer, while a schedule is filled by the enumerator after making enquiry from the informer.
Questionnaire is a cost saving method while schedule is a costly method.

Question 30.
What precautions should be taken in the use of secondary data? Tell any two.
Answer:

The extent of usuability of the method which has been adopted to collect data should also be understood.
If secondary data is colllected from different sources on a single topic, then they should be compared to examine their accuracy.

Question 31.
Give two qualities of census investigation method.
Answer:
Following are the two qualities of census investigation method :

Detailed information is collected thought this method.
Data collected through this method has high level of accuracy.

Question 32.
Write two merits of random sampling method.
Answer:
Following are the two merits of random sampling method :

This is a simple method.
It is the less expensive method.

Question 33.
Define ideal sampling method.
Answer:
When the investigator selects samples on the basis of his intelligence and experience, then it is known as ideal sampling.

Question 34.
What is lottery method?
Answer:
All the units from aggregates are selected and assigned a unique number which is written on separate cards balls and an unbiased person picks them one by one.

Question 35.
What is stratified sampling method?
Answer:
This method is a mixed form of ideal sampling and random sampling. In this method, firstly, the aggregate is divided into various parts through ideal sampling and after that, some units are selected from each part through random sampling.

RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 5 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the difference between primary and secondary data.
Answer:
Following are the differences between primary and secondary data:

Objective :
Primary data is collected according to the objective of the research, whereas, secondary data can be used for other purposes also.
Originality :
Primary data is original data as they are collected by the researcher himself for the first time while secondary data is not original. They have already been collected by some researcher and are being used by some other researchers.
New Planning :
Primary data are collected according to a newly drafted plan while the plan for collection of secondary data is not new.
Consumption of time and money :
Collection of primary data consumes more money, time and labour whereas less time, money and labour is consumed in the collection of secondary data.
Acquistion :
Primary data is collected from the statistical units of the research area whereas secondary data has already been collected by some other individuals and organisations.
Use and amendment :
Great caution is not required while using primary data as it is collected by the researcher himself according to his purpose. But great caution is required while using secondary data. Without making necessary enquiries the use of secondary data may be harmful.

Question 2.
What are the main methods of collecting primary data?
Answer:
Following are the main methods of collecting primary data :

Direct personal investigation
Indirect oral investigation
Information through local residents and correspondents.
Information through schedules to be filled by the informants.
Information through enumerators.

Question 3.
What do you mean by Direct Personal Investigation method and what are its merits and demerits?
Answer:
This is one of the methods of collecting primary data. In this method the investigator himself goes to the investigation area and personality gets in contact with the individuals and organizations and collects data from them on the basis of examination and experience. This method is best suitable when the area of investigation is limited or the data needed should be very accurate..

Merits:

Data is original and authentic.
Quality of uniformity and homogeneity is found in the data.
This method is flexible.
Additional information is also collected from this method.
In this method, testing of the collected data can also be done simultaneously.

Demerits :

This method is unsuitable when the area of investigation is large.
It is very expensive.
This is more time consuming.
The chances of personal bias is there.

Question 4.
What precautions should be taken while using secondary data?
Answer:
Following precautions should be taken While using secondary data :

Information should be gathered regarding the qualification, honesty, biasness and experience of the previous investigator.
It should kept is mind whether the objective and area of the previous investigation was same as current investigation or not.
The method of collecting data by the previous investigators should be trustworthy.
Each unit of previous investigation should be equivalent to each unit of current investigation.
The published data should be highly accurate.
Time taken for previous investigation should be normal.
The shape of sample should be proper.
The sources of published data should be trustworthy.
There should be homogeniety among the published data.
Time of published data should be tentatively checked.

Question 5.
What do you mean by questionnaire? What is the difference between questionnaire and schedule?
Answer:
Meaning of questionnaire :
List of questions related to the subject of statistical research is called a questionnaire. Questionnaire is sent through post to the informants. Informants themselves answer the questions. Both questionnaire and schedule contain many questions. The main difference between the two is that informants themselves have to answer the questions given in the questionnaire, whereas in case of schedule, enunerators fill the schedule after asking questions from the informants.

Differences between questionnaire and schedule are as follows :

Questionnaire is used in broad area whereas schedule is used in a limited area.
Questionnaire is suitable only for the literate informers whereas schedules are suitable for both the literate and illiterate informers.
In questionnaire, answers of the questions are filled by the informers whereas in schedules they are filled by the enumerators.
The questionnaire is sent by post to the informants whereas the enumerators take the schedules to the informants.
In case of questionnaire less time and money is consumed in collection of data, whereas in case of schedule, the time and money consumed are more.
In questionnaire, informant gives the answer according to his own discrection while in schedule informant takes the help of enumerator.

Question 6.
What are the main qualities of a good questionnaire?
Answer:
The main qualities of a good questionnaire are as follows

In questionnaire investigator should give his introduction, objective of the investigation and an assurance that the information provided by the informant should be kept a secret.
Number of questions should be less.
The questions should be easy and in an understandable language.
The sequence of the questions should be proper.
Questions should be such that can be answered is brief.
Questions should not hurt the self-esteem and religious sentiment of any person.
Only questions associated with the investigation should be asked.
Questionnaire should be framed in a proper manner so that there is a proper place for answering the questions.
Questions should be such which are answerable by the responder.
Such questions should be asked whose accuracy of answers may be examined.
There should be clear directions in context to filling up the questionnaire.

Question 7.
What is the meaning of census and sample investigation?
Answer:
Census Investigation :
When a statistical investigation is conducted wherein, the data is collected from each and every element of the population, the procedure is known as ‘Census’. For example, there are 500 students in a school and we want to obtain data about their family income by the census method, then all the 500 students would constitute the population. In India census of population is an example of census investigation.

Sample Investigation :
In this method, all the units of the population are not studied, instead, few representative units are selected randomly from the whole data. The result obtained from the study of these selected units is made applicable on the whole data. The selected units from \ the whole population is called sample. For example : If we have to know the average income of 10,000 families of a city, and out of these 10,000 families we select 1,000 representative families and collect their income information and according to this information we calculate the average income and this average income is made applicable on those 10,000 families, then this investigation is called sample investigation.

Question 8.
What is the difference between the census and sampling methods?
Answer:

S.No	Basis	Census Method	Sampling Method
1.	Region	It is used in the limited area of investigation.	It can also be used for a wide area of investigation.
2.	Contact	Each unit of the population is contacted and information is received.	The information is collected from the selected sample units.
3.	Expenses	It involves lot of money, time and labour.	There is relatively less expenditure in this.
4.	Utility	This method is more useful where units of the population is heterogenous.	This method is useful where all the units are homogeneous.
5.	Level of Purity	In this the level of purity is high.	There is relatively low level of purity.
6.	Uses	When it is required to get information from all the units of the population, this method should be used.	When the population is infinite and large, it is more beneficial to use the sample method.

Question 9.
Explain the merits and demerits of Random Sampling.
Answer:
Following are the merits of random sampling :

There are no chances for personal prejudice.
It is economical and saves time, money and labour.
This method is based on the law of statistical Regularity and law of Inertia. Due to this
reason the selected sample contains quality of the whole population.
It is an easy method.
Sample collected through this method can be tested by comparison with other samples also.

Following are the demerits of random sampling :

If some special units are to be included in the sample due to their importance then this method is not suitable.
If the population size is small or the heterogeniety is high, then the samples taken by this method cannot fully represent the population.
This method is suitable only when all units of the population are independent.

Question 10.
Explain any two methods of random sampling.
Answer:
Following are the two methods of random sampling :

Lottery Method :
Under this method, all the units from aggregates are selected and assigned a unique number which is written on separate cards or balls and an unbiased person picks them one by one.
By rotating a drum :
In this method, circular pieces of iron or wood on which indications or numbers of the units of aggregate are written are put into a drum of circular shape and then this drum is rotated vigorously. An unbiased person takes out that number of pieces which is equal to the number of units for which sampling is to be done.

Question 11.
Describe the indirect oral investigation method of primary data collection.
Answer:
When the sphere of investigation is broader and collection of data by direct contact with informants is not possible, then the indirect oral investigation method is used in such research. Information for investigation under this method is not obtained from those persons who have a direct connection with the problem,but the information is collected by oral inquiries from such persons or parties which are indirectly related to the fact or situation. For example : For information about the income of the workers, the investigator directly asks from the mill owner, and not from workers.

Uses of this Method :
This is useful in the following situations :

Where the area of investigation is broader.
Where it is impossible to directly contact the informant.
The concerned person is reluctant to give information or is unable to provide information due to ignorance.
There is a possibility of biased behaviour while getting information from related people.
When investigation is to be kept secret.

Merits :

This method is less expensive.
This method is easy and suitable.
It is the most suitable method for a wide area.
Secret information is received by this method.
Under this method help from experts can be obtained.

Demerits :

This method does not give high level of purity in the investigation.
There is lack of homogeneity in the data collected.
The informants are likely to have biased behaviour.
Ignorance is found on the part of informants.

Question 12.
Comment on the method of collecting data from correspondents.
Answer:
Under this method the investigators appoints correspondents in various areas. These correspondents collect important information and send it to the investigator, from time to time. Generally, the information is collected by the informants themselves. Information sent through this method is generally not very accurate. This method is used for newspapers, magazines, market research, etc.

Uses of this Method :

When there is no need of high level of purity.
When information is to be received for a longer duration.

Merits of Method:

This method is suitable for a wide area of investigation.
This method saves time, money and labour.
This method is easy.

Demerits :

In this method a high level of purity is not obtained.
This method does not have originality in the collected data.
Lack of uniformity in data is found.
The data are affected by the biasness of correspondents.
It takes more time in data collection.

Question 13.
Describe the method of collection of information through filling of questionnaires by the informants.
Answer:
In this method, the investigator for the purpose of collecting data makes a questionnaire, gets it published and sends it to the informants either through post or either personally delivers them. Informants are ensured that the information given by them will be kept as a secret. Informants fill the questionnaire and by a sepecified date send them back to the investigators.

Use of Method :

This method is suitable for that wide area where the informants are literate.
This method is suitable for opinion polls and information about consumers’ interests.

Merits of Method :

This method is useful for a large area.
There is less expenditure of money, time, and labour.
The information is original.

Demerits of Method :

Mostly the results are impure.
Informants do not take interest in giving information.
Information is incomplete and improper.

Question 14.
Comment on the method of filling of schedules by enumerators.
Answer:
Under this method, the task of filling the schedule is done by trained enumerators. Enumerators go door-to-door and make enquiries from the informants and fill the schedules. For the success of this method it is important that the enumerator should be faithful, experienced, having a good nature and hard working and must also know the language, customs, etc. of the area under investigation.

Uses of Method :
This method is suitable for an extremely wide area. Mostly, this method is used by the government to collect data. This method is used in the population census.

Merits :

Information can be collected for a wide area.
In this method the trained enumerators receive the correct information by making personal contact with the informants.
The data collected by this method is original and unbiased.
The level of accuracy in collected data is high.

Demerits :

More time is consumed in carrying out the investigation.
It is an expensive method.
It is diffcult to appoint and train the enumerators.
This method is less flexible.

RBSE Class 11 Economics Chapter 5 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the main sources of secondary data. What precautions should be taken in the use of secondary data?
Answer:
Sources of secondary data can be divided into two parts.
I. Published Source :
Various govemmet and non-government organisations collect data on different topics and get them published from time-to-time. Other investigators use this published data for their investigation.
Following are the sources of published data :

International Publications :
Foreign governments and international agencies publish
regular and occasional reports on various subjects, like – Report published by the International Labour Organization, International Monetary Fund and United Nations Organization, etc.
Government Publication :
The Central Government and the State Governments and their different departments publish reports on various topics. For example : Reserve Bank of India Bulletins, Annual Survey of Industries, Journal of Indian Business, Five Year Plans and Indian Agricultural Data, etc. This data is very reliable and authentic.
Semi-government Publications :
Semi-government institutions like municipalities, corporations, district boards, Block and Panchayat Samitis, etc. publish reports and data regarding birth and death, health and sanitation and other related subjects.
Reports of Committees and Commissions :
The committees and commissions formed by the government also publish their reports. The published data provided by them are also very important. Main examples of these are Various Finance Commission, Minority Commission, Monopoly Commission, Planning Commission, etc.
Publications of Trade Associations :
Large trading associations also publish data collected by their research and statistical department; Like -Tata, Birla, Reliance, Indian Commercial Industries Associations, etc.
Publication of Research Institutions :
Various universities and research institutes also publish their research results, such as the Indian Statistical Institute, Indian Standards Institute, National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER), etc.
Newspapers – Magazines :
Newspapers and magazines are also an important source of secondary data. From time-to-time useful data is published in them on various topics. Economic Times, Business Standard, Planning, Industry Trade Magazine, Commerce, Capital, Industrial Times, etc. have been publishing important data.
Publications of Individual Researchers :
Some individual researchers also collect and publish data related to their topic.

II. Unpublished Source :
Sometimes, the government or other institutions or individuals (especially investigators) collect material associated with important subjects, but they remain unpublished due to some issues. Such unpublished material can be obtained from papers, documents, registers of offices or diaries of the investigators.

Precautions while using secondary data :
Secondary data should be used very carefully because they are full of shortcomings. Use of this data without thinking or without critically analysing it can be very dangerous. Bowley has rightly said-“Accepting primary data without knowing their meaning and limitations can be very dangerous and it is very important to critically analyse those logics which can be based on them.” From this it is clear that secondary data should be used after properly considering them. Following are the precautions to be taken at the time of using them:

Objective and area of previous investigation :
Firstly, it should be checked for what purpose was the data earlier collected. The data can be used if the objective for
the collection of data and the current objective is same. If the purpose and area of earlier investigation differs from the current purpose and area, then the data should not be used.
Eligibility of the previous investigator :
It should be seen whether we can rely on the eligibility, honesty, unbiasedness and experience of the previous investigator, If he can be relied upon then the data collected by him can also be relied upon.
Method of collection :
It should also be checked which methods were used while collecting primary data. The method which was used earlier can be trusted upon or not. After taking these things into consideration, it should be decided whether to use that data in the investigation or not.
Meaning of Unit :
It should also be made clear whether the meaning of each unit used in previous investigation is same as each unit in the present investigation. If these both differ, then the data should not be used.
Level of purity :
While using secondary data the question of the level of purity of published data should also be considered. If the level of purity was high then their use is possible. If the level of purity is low then it would be better not to use that data.
Time of testing :
It should also be checked what was the time of the primary investigation. If the investigation was done at the time of some emergency or some abnormal time, then in the normal time such data should not be used for investigation.
Sufficiency of the data :
Investigator, while using secondary data, should check whether it is sufficient for the current investigation or not.
Sources of collection of data :
It should be properly checked what were the sources of primary data. Whether those sources can be relied upon or not.
Homogeniety :
Was there homogeniety in the published data or not? If homogeniety is not present in the data, then they are not useful.
Tentatively testing :
The present investigator should tentatively test the published data so that their purity and trustworthiness can be estimated.

From the above analysis it is clear that published or secondary data should not be used without proper investigation, otherwise the results can be misleading.

Question 2.
What is the meaning of census investigation? Also write its merits and demerits.
Answer:
Meaning of Census Investigation :
When for a particular problem important statistical details are collected from each unit of the related data, then it is called census investigation. For example : If in any educational institution the data regarding the monthly income of 500 students is collected, then it is called census investigation. In India population census is an example of cencus investigation.

Uses of Census Investigation :
This method of investigation is useful in the following cases:

When detailed study of each unit is necessary.
High level of accuracy is necessary.
Area of investigation is limited.
Investigator has sufficient sources of finance.

Merits :

High level of accuracy :
Data collected through this method is reliable and accurate. For this reason the investigation done through this method has high level of accuracy.
More reliablity :
In this method, information is collected from each unit of the data, therefore the available data is more reliable.
Detailed information :
In this method because each unit of data is contacted, therefore it becomes possible to collect more and more information. For example : In population census, only census information relating to number of males and females in the country is not collected, but the information related to their financial position, health situation, qualification, marital status, etc. is also collected.
Used when diversity exists among the units :
This method is suitable where diversity exists between the units of data and where the use of sampling method is not possible.

Demerits :

More expensive :
This method consumes more time, money and labour. The results of investigation done by this method are received after a long delay, therefore, this method is mainly used by the government.
Lack of trained enumerators :
If the enumerators are not properly trained, then the results obtained are not satisfactory.
Not possible in some situations :
When the area of investigation is large and it is not possible to collect information from each unit of the population, then the use of this method is not possible.

Question 3.
What is the meaning of sampling investigation method. Write its merits and demerits.
Answer:
Sample Investigation method :
Under this, only some representatives from the entire population are selected and conclusions are made without any biasnesrs. Conclusions are applied on the whole from these units. Units selected from the overall are called ‘model’. Model is the subtle picture of the population, for example- If we want to calculate the average income of 10,000 families of a particular city, and for that we collect the Income statistics of 1000 families as representative and with the help of the result of their statistics, we calculate the income statistics of 10,000 families. It is called sample investigation method.

The basis of this method is that the representative unit contains the same qualities as of the whole population. Therefore, every unit need not be studied. Example- In daily life, while purchasing wheat from the market, we do not inspect each and every piece of wheat, rather we take samples of some varieties and decide to purchase it.

At present, Sampling system has become a very important and popular system of statistical research. It has been successfully used in many areas of research. Describing the importance of this method, the famous statistician ‘Snedecar’ has written- “Only some coal is cleared or rejected on the basis of the investigation of the carriage of coal. Likewise, the doctor takes the conclusions about his patients’ blood on the basis of the investigation of some of his blood drops.”

Merits of Sampling Method :

Less Expensive :
This method is less expensive. The use of it saves time, money and labour.
Intensive Research Possible :
This method can be used for intensive research.
More Scientific :
This method is more scientific because the data can be examined by comparison with other samples.
Identifying errors :
Only marginal terms are studied in this method. For this reason, it is easy to identify the errors
Results are reliable :
More reliable and pure results can be obtained because there are fewer chances of statistical sampling errors. If there are sampling errors , it is possible to estimate and control the results.
Suitability :
This method is more suitable in some special condition like time, constraint, lack of money, etc. Demonstration or model questions are better.

Demerits of Sampling Method :

Difficulty in selection of appropriate samples :
To get the correct conclusions from statistical research it is necessary that the sample be such that includes all the features of the population. Taking such a sampling in practice is not easy.
Biased :
In this method the likelihood of biased behaviour high. The researcher can choose such units as a sample that he likes.
Illusory findings :
If there is some slight negligence in the selection of samples then the conclusions can be illusory.
Lack of simplicity :
This method is not as simple as it seems to be. If the researcher does not have full knowledge of sampling selection, then the results taken on the basis of the samples taken by him will not be pure and reliable.
Inappropriate in heterogeneous and unstable population :
The sampling method is not considered suitable in heterogeneous and unstable population because the nature and properties of the units continuously change. For this reason, samples cannot accurately represent the entire population.

Question 4.
Describe the sample selection method with its merits and demerits.
Answer:
Following are the sample selection methods :

Random sampling
Purposive sampling
Stratified sampling

I. Random sampling :
This method is considered the best method of taking samples because the sample researcher is not affected by biased behaviour. Under this method, every unit of the population has the same opportunity to be chosen as sample. The reason for this is that in this method, the selection of units is done at random. Each unit of the aggregate has an equal probability to be chosen as a sample by the researcher. According to Prof. Yates, Researchers do not select the unit according to their wish, but this task is fortune based. Therefore, in this method, every unit has an equal chance to be either selected in display or as a model.

Following are the main methods of selection of sample through random sampling method :

Lottery Method
Rotating the Drum
Selecting while keeping the eyes closed
Organized method of fixed order
Selection from tables of random numbers

Merits:

There is no possibility of being biased in this method.
This method saves time, money and labour.
It is a more scientific method of taking a sample from a population. There are fewer possibilities for personal prejudice. There is equal opportunity for every item to be selected in the population.
The sampling check of this method can be done by comparison with other models
It is economical and saves time, money and labour in investigating a problem.

Demerits:

If some special units are to be included in the sample due to their importance then this method is not suitable.
If the population size is small or its heterogeniety is high, the samples taken by this method cannot fully represent the population.
This method is suitable only when all units of the population are independent.

II. Purposive Sampling :
In this method, the researcher selects such units in the form of a sample according to their wishes, which represent the population in their opinion. Which units are to be included in the sample depends entirely upon the wishes of the researcher. This method should be used only if it is necessary to include some special units in the sample. The random sampling method can also be used to select such units. For example, if we have to conduct a survey in the textile industry, the study of Raymond Company and Reliance Company is necessary.

Merits:

This method is so easy.
This method is less expensive.
This method is suitable when it is essential to include some special units in sample.
The selection of sample will be correct if the standard of sample is decided previously.

Demerits:

It influences the researcher’s biased approach.
This is not a scientific method.
There are many misleading findings in this method.
The authenticity of the samples taken by this method is not guaranteed.

III. Stratified Sampling :
In this method, firstly the aggregate is divided into various parts through ideal sampling, and after that, some units are selected from each part through random sampling. Therefore, this method is a mixture of Ideal Sampling Method and Random Sampling method. For Example- If a school has 400 students, 40 need to be selected for study of their intellectual level, than these 400 students would be divided into 4 strata first category, second category, third category and unsuccessful. If first category contains 100 students, 2nd category has 150, third category has 100, and 50 students failed, So to select 40 students, 10%. from each category must be selected. Therefore, 10, 15, 10 and 5 students respectively from each category would be selected.

Merits :

This method is suitable for the heterogeneous and diversified population.
The benefits of both random sampling and ideal sampling are found in this method.
Samples represent the population perfectly.

Demerits :

It is a complex method.
There is a possibility of impureness in this method.
It needs more knowledge and expertise.
If there is an error in the creation of classes for some reason, then the drawn conclusions can also be faulty.

Question 5.
What is a questionnaire? What is the difference between questionnaires and schedules? What should be kept in mind while making a questionnaire?
Or
Explain the characteristics of a questionnaire?
Answer:
Meaning of questionnaire :
The list of questions related to the subject that are selected for the statistical research is called a questionnaire. It is sent through post to the respondents, and the questions are answered by themselves.
Both questionnaire and schedules have lots of questions but the main difference between the two is that in questionnaire, informers themselves give the answer of the questions, whereas in a schedule the enumerator asks the questions from informers.

The difference between questionnaire and schedule are the following :

Questionnaire is used in broad areas whereas schedules are used in limited areas.
Questionnaire are used by only literate persons whereas schedules are used by both literate and illiterate respondents.
In questionnaire, the answers of the questions written by the informants are present whereas schedules are written by enumerators.
The questionnaire is sent by post to the respondents, while the enumerator’s carry the schedules for filling to the respondents.
Money and time are saved in the questionnaire, method, while the schedule takes more time and money.
In the questionnaire, the answer is given by respondents at their own discretion. In schedules in order to understand the questions, the help of the enumerator is obtained.

The main qualities of a good questionnaire are the following :

Introduction :
In this questionnaire the investigator should introduce himself and make the objective of the survey clear to the informant. The informant should be assured that the information provided by him will be kept secret.
No. of Questions should be less :
The number of questions in the questionnaire should be as few as possible keeping in view the nature of information desired. It also does not mean that the questions are so few that the purpose of research cannot be achieved.
Questions should be easy and clear :
The questions should be straightforward and clear, so that the person giving the information can easily understand them and answer the questions correctly. Do not ask equivocal questions.
Questions should be in logical sequence :
The questions given in the questionnaire should be in the proper order so that there is no unnecessary delay in answering.
Questions should elicit brief answers :
The questions should be such that can answered briefly. If it is so that the answer is yes or no, it is very good.
Nature of the questions :
Following are the nature of the questions
1. Questions of one choice :
  Those questions whose answer are in yes/no or right/ wrong woman/men, etc.
2. Multiple-choice questions :
  These questions are multiple choice, which may have many possible answers. All possible answers are given in the questionnaire. The informants marks the correct answer from them.
3. Specified questions :
  These questions are meant to get specific information about the informants. For example. What is your income? What is your educational qualification? How many boys and girls do you have? etc.
4. Open questions :
  There are such questions whose pointer has to express their thoughts in relation to any problem. E.g. In your opinion, is census appropriate on ethnic basis? Is it right to give MP / MLA funds in your opinion?
Taboo question :
The questionnaire should not ask such questions, which hurt the informant’s self-esteem, religious sentiments. Such as: dark sickness, husband-wife relationship. The question should not be such that the informer has doubts, provocation or resistance in the mind.
Question should be related to investigations :
The questions asked in the questionnaire should be directly related to the investigation.
Format of questionnaire :
The format of the questionnaire should also be done in a proper manner so that enough space is available for the informants to write the answers.
Verification of truth :
There should also be questions in the questionnaire which can verify the truth of the answers.
Necessary instructions :
In order to answer the questions given in the questionnaire, necessary instructions should be given at the beginning or end of the questionnaire, which will help the informants in answering questions correctly.
Questions according to ability :
The question should be as per the ability of the informants so that the informants do not have any difficulty in answering the questions.