Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 11 Indian Geography Chapter 6 Climate of India
RBSE Class 11 Indian Geography Chapter 6 Text Book Questions
RBSE Class 11 Indian Geography Chapter 6 Multiple Choice Questions
Question 1.
If equator would pass through the center of India, the climate would be:
(a) hot and humid
(b) hot and arid
(c) cold and humid
(d) cold and arid
Answer:
(a) hot and humid
Question 2.
If there would not be the Western Ghats, the rainfall in the western coastal region would be:
(a) surplus
(b) less
(c) not at all
(d) irregular
Answer:
(b) less
Question 3.
In which group of states, the annual rainfall is found to be more than 200 cm?
(a) Nagaland, Meghalaya, Manipur, and Arunachal Predesh
(b) Meghalaya, Manipur, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh
(c) Nagaland, Manipur, Tamil Nadu, Arunachal Pradesh and West Bengal
(d) Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Uttar Pradesh and Meghalaya
Answer:
(a) Nagaland, Meghalaya, Manipur, and Arunachal Predesh
RBSE Class 11 Indian Geography Chapter 6 Very Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
In which region of India is the lowest air pressure found in summer?
Answer:
The lowest air pressure in summer is found in the Thar desert of India.
Question 2.
Due to which winds does the Mavath take place?
Answer:
Mavath takes place due to Mediterranean cyclonic winds that blow from surface to sea in India.
Question 3.
What do you understand by the term Loo?
Answer:
Dusty, hot and dry winds that blow in north – western India during summer season are known as Loo.
RBSE Class 11 Indian Geography Chapter 6 Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
Describe the factors that affect the climate of India.
Answer:
The Indian climate shows diversities. The controlling and effecting factors of Indian climate are:
- Height from the sea level.
- Distance from sea.
- Distance from equator line.
- Location of mountains.
- Direction of mountains.
- Direction of winds.
- High level air transmission.
- Amount of cloudiness.
- Coverage of vegetation.
- Oceanic currents.
Question 2.
How do the Mediterranean cyclones originate?
Answer:
During the winter season, due to movement of the belt of west winds towards the equator, a specific front region develops in the Mediterranean region. In this, the strong, cold and dry winds of Europe and central – Asia combine with the humid and warm winds on the northern border of the Mediterranean belt and near the Persian Gulf. The conjunction of these two winds with different nature results into the origination of the Mediterranean cyclones.
Question 3.
How does Tamil Nadu receive winter rainfall?
Answer:
Due to north – eastern monsoon, less rainfall occurs in the mountainous regions of North-Eastern India. As the winds move forward, they become dry. But while blowing over the Bay of Bengal, these winds regain humidity. When these humid winds reach Tamil Nadu, they cause rainfall. Due to these winds, Tamil Nadu receives its maximum annual rainfall.
RBSE Class 11 Indian Geography Chapter 6 Essay Type Questions
Question 1.
Compare the summer and winter season found in India on the basis of temperature, air – pressure, winds and rainfall.
Answer:
The seasons found in India are the result of the rotational movement of the earth around the sun. These seasons can be compared on the basis of the following points:
| Basis of Comparison | Summer season | Winter season |
| Temperature | During this season, high temperature is found in India. The temperature is more in north – western India, while it is lesser along the south coastal regions. During the month of June, the temperature is usually found to be more than 45°C in north-western India. | In this season, temperature in Northern India is found to be less, while in southern coastal regions it is higher. Due to rapid rate of thermal decline at night, it falls down below the freezing point many times. |
| Air pressure | Due to high temperature in North India, there develops a center of low air pressure. In the desert of Thar, air pressure is found to be low, and in southern coastal regions it is higher due to the natural feature of water. | In this season, due to low temperature, high air pressure develops in the plains of North India, while, due to natural feature of water, it is low in the southern coastal areas. |
| Winds | Rapid decline in air pressure developed in Northern India invites the winds from all around. Warm, dusty and strong winds blow during this period in Rajasthan, Haryana and Punjab. | During this season, the winds blow from land to sea. The direction of winds is from north – west towards the plains of Ganga. After crossing this region, winds turn towards north-eastern direction. |
| Rainfall | Rainfall in this season is found only in Southern India. Rainfall occurring in Kerala and Karnataka in this season is known as Mango Shower or Cherry Blossoms. | Due to the dryness of winds, there is low rainfall in this season. The rainfall in this season is caused by cyclones. Tamil Nadu receives the highest rainfall only through Mediterranean cyclones during this period due to north – eastern monsoon. |
Question 2.
Explaining the distribution of rainfall in India, describe its characteristics.
Answer:
India is a country with vast geographical area, so an uneven distribution of rainfall is found in entire India. The average annual rainfall in India is 110 cm. Regional variation in distribution of rainfall is mainly because of differences in relief of the country. On the basis of rainfall received, the distribution of rain can be divided into the following parts:
- Areas of Heavy Rainfall
- Areas of Moderate Rainfall
- Areas of Low Rainfall
- Areas of Scanty Rainfall
1. Areas of Heavy Rainfall:
Those areas which receive more than 200 cm of annual rainfall are included in this category. These include western coast and Western Ghats, Sub Himalayas and the North – Eastern parts, i.e. internal areas of Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh.
2. Areas of Moderate Rainfall:
These regions receive annual rainfall of 100 – 200 cm. These include West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and the coastal Plains of Tamil Nadu and eastern part of Western Ghats.
3. Areas of Low Rainfall:
These regions receive less than 50 cm of annual rainfall. The areas like Ladakh, western Punjab, southern Haryana, western Rajasthan, Kutch and the Desert of Thar are included in these regions.
4. Areas of Inadequate Rainfall:
Where annual rainfall is found between 50 – 100 cm, such areas are included in this group. In this group. Madhya Pradesh, North – Western Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Eastern Rajasthan, Southern Punjab, Haryana and South – Western Uttar Pradesh are included.
The characteristics of Indian Rainfall:
- Immense variation is seen in Indian rainfall. It is in excess in some areas, while in other areas, it is scanty.
- The rainy season is also uncertain. Sometime it starts very soon and sometime with delay.
- The nature of rainfall is irregular. It occurs at intervals, due to which the crops get dried up.
- Indian rainfall influences Indian economy at large.
Map Based Questions
Question 1.
Show the distribution of Indian Rainfall on the outline map of India.
Answer:
RBSE Class 11 Indian Geography Chapter 6 Other Important Questions
RBSE Class 11 Indian Geography Chapter 6 Multiple Choice Questions
Question 1.
Indian climate is called as:
(a) Tropical climate
(b) Monsoon climate
(c) Subtropical climate
(d) Temperate climate
Answer:
(b) Monsoon climate
Question 2.
How much is the Normal Lapse rate?
(a) One centigrade per 100 meters
(b) One centigrade per 150 meters
(c) One centigrade per 165 meters
(d) One centigrade per 195 meters
Answer:
(c) One centigrade per 165 meters
Question 3.
The minimum range of temperature is found in the:
(a) Deserted areas
(b) Plains
(c) Plateau regions
(d) Coastal regions
Answer:
(d) Coastal regions
Question 4.
The line that passes through the center of India is:
(a) Tropic of Cancer
(b) Tropic of Capricorn
(c) Equator
(d) Greenwich Meridian
Answer:
(a) Tropic of Cancer
Question 5.
The time period of summer season is:
(a) December to February
(b) March to mid June
(c) June to mid September
(d) Mid – September to December
Answer:
(b) March to mid June
Question 6.
Winds blow in winter season:
(a) From sea to land
(b) From land to sea
(c) From sea to sea
(d) From land to land
Answer:
(b) From land to sea
Question 7.
Loo blows:
(a) In the winter season
(b) In autumn
(c) In the summer
(d) In rainy season
Answer:
(c) In the summer
Question 8.
Where does the Mango Shower take place?
(a) In Northern India
(b) In Eastern India
(c) In Southern India
(d) In Western India
Answer:
(c) In Southern India
Question 9.
The area that receives the highest rainfall in India is:
(a) Ladakh
(b) Dehradun
(c) Mawsynram
(d) Kochi
Answer:
(c) Mawsynram
Question 10.
Monsoon returning period begins from:
(a) Mid – June
(b) Mid – September
(c) Mid – October
(d) Mid – December
Answer:
(b) Mid – September
Matching Type Questions
Question A.
Match column A with Column B:
| Column A (Name of Areas) | Column B (Specific Characteristics) |
| (i) Western part of Western Ghats | (a) area of winter rainfall |
| (ii) Eastern part of Western Ghats | (b) area of maximum rainfall |
| (iii) Desert of Thar | (c) area of excessive rainfall |
| (iv) Mawsynram | (d) area of scanty rainfall |
| (v) Tamil Nadu | (e) area of drought |
Answers:
- (c)
- (e)
- (d)
- (b)
- (a)
Question B.
Match column A with column B:
| Column A (Name of State) | Column B (Rainfall category) |
| (i) Meghalaya | (a) Moderate rainfall |
| (ii) Chhattisgarh | (b) Inadequate rainfall |
| (iii) Haryana | (c) Excessive rainfall |
| (iv) Western Rajasthan | (d) low rainfall |
Answers:
- (c)
- (a)
- (d)
- (b)
RBSE Class 11 Indian Geography Chapter 6 Very Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
Why is Indian climate called monsoon type?
Answer:
Most of the rainfall in India occurs due to the monsoon winds, therefore Indian climate is called monsoon type.
Question 2.
What is meant by Normal Lapse rate?
Answer:
On an increase in height of 165 meters from the sea level, temperature decreases by 1°. This fall of temperature is called the Normal Lapse rate.
Question 3.
Why are the high Himalayan slopes always covered with ice?
Answer:
These slopes of Himalayas are located at an excessive height from the sea level. The temperature of these areas is always found to be less than the freezing point (0°C) due to the Normal Lapse rate. That’s why the high slopes of Himalayas are always covered with snow.
Question 4.
The temperature of two places located on the same latitude my be different, why? explain.
Answer:
Temperature of two places located on the same latitude my be different due to difference in their heights.
Question 5.
Why is temperature in coastal areas found to be less?
Answer:
A large amount of humidity is found in the atmosphere of coastal region due to high rate of evaporation. That is why the temperature in coastal region is found to be lesser.
Question 6.
What is meant by Range of Temperature?
Answer:
The difference between maximum and the minimum temperature of a region is called Range of Temperature and it is expressed as daily, monthly or seasonal.
Question 7.
What is meant by insolation?
Answer:
The energy that the sun provides is called the insolation. It is always received in the form of waves through radiation.
Question 8.
Why the height of snowline is found to be less on the northern slopes of Himalayas than that on the southern slopes?
Answer:
The slanting sun rays controls the snow line. The sun rays fall slanting on the southern slopes of Himalayas, while they fall straight on the northern slopes. Thus, the process of snow melting on the northern slopes is faster than that on the southern slopes and thereby this difference is found.
Question 9.
Into which regions does the Tropic of Cancer divide India?
Answer:
The Tropic of Cancer divides India into two parts:
- Temperate region in the north.
- Tropical region in the South.
Question 10.
Where is high level air transmission found?
Answer:
The high level air transmission is found mainly in the troposphere.
Question 11.
Into how may periods does the Indian Meteorological Department divide Indian Monsoon period?
Answer:
The Indian Meteorological Department divides Indian monsoon period into two parts:
- North – Eastern or Winter Monsoon.
- South – Western or Summer Monsoon.
Question 12.
Name the Indian seasons along with their time – period.
Answer:
The Indian seasons can be divided into four parts:
- Winter season (December to February)
- Summer season (March to mid – June)
- Rainy season (mid – June to mid – September)
- Autumn (mid – September to mid – December)
Question 13.
What is meant by freezing point? OR Define freezing point.
Answer:
When the temperature of any place declines to 0°C or below 0°C then liquid changes into a solid form. This condition of temperature is called as the freezing point.
Question 14.
What is Northern – Eastern Monsoon?
Or
What is meant by Winter Monsoon?
Answer;
During winter,, winds blow towards sea from the land. These winds enter the Great Plains of Ganga from north-west. After crossing the plains, these winds turn to the north-eastern direction. So, these are known as North – Eastern.Monsoon. This system develops in winter. This is why it is also called Winter Monsoon.
Question 15.
What is ‘Mavath’?
Answer:
Rainfall caused by the Mediterranean cyclones in winter is known as Mavath in regional language.
Question 16.
What is Kal Baisakhi?
Answer:
The dusty squalls that are followed by thunderstorms and heavy rains during the summer season in West Bfengal are known as Kal Baisakhi.
Question 17.
Where does “Mango Shower” take place?
Answer:
Rainfall occurring hear the Malabar Coast in Southern India is called Mango Shower.
Question 18.
What do you meant by the term ‘Cherry Blossoms’ ?
Answer:
Rainfall occurring ih coffee producing regions of Kerala and Karnataka during summer season is known as ‘Cherry Blossoms’.
Question 19.
What is air – pressure?
Answer:
Air pressure is the force exerted on the surface by the weight of air.
Question 20.
Why does Desert of Thar becomes the center of low air pressure in summer season?
Answer:
The temperature and air pressure are inversely related. The highest temperature of India is found in the Thar Desert during summer, due to this high temperature, Thar Desert becomes the center of low air pressure.
Question 21.
What does the Burst of Monsoon imply?
Or
What is meant by the term‘Burst of Monsoon” ?
Answer:
Burst of Monsoon refers to the heavy rainfall in the western part of Western Ghats.
Question 22.
Why does the highest rainfall occur in Mawsynram?
Answer:
Mawsynram is located in hilly areas and perched on the edge of a ridge in the slopes of East Khasi Hills district Meghalaya. It is surrounded with the funnel – shaped hills of Garo, Jayantiya and Khasi by three sides. The Monsoon originates in Bay of Bengal and enters into Mawsynram and so there is no way for it to go out, it strikes the hills and causes rainfall in Mawsynram. That is why Mawsynram receives the highest amount of rainfall.
Question 23.
What do you understand by the term‘Retreating Monsoon’?
Or
What does Monsoon Reversal Period mean ?
Answer:
Monsoon winds in India begin to reverse according to the condition of heat and pressure when the sun gradually starts moving towards the south. This period from mid September to December is called Monsoon Reversal Period.
Question 24.
Into how many parts has India been divided on the basis of rainfall distribution?
Answer:
On the basis of rainfall distribution, India has been classified into four parts:
- Areas of heavy rainfall
- Areas of moderate rainfall
- Areas of low rainfall
- Areas of scanty rainfall
RBSE Class 11 Indian Geography Chapter 6 Short Answer Type Questions (SA-I)
Question 1.
How does the location of mountains affect the climate?
Answer:
Mountains play an important role in controlling the climate. The location of mountains at a place controls the temperature, direction of winds along with precipitation like, due to the location of Western Ghats in India, there is more rainfall on its western slopes. On the other hand, due to the expulsion of moisture from the clouds till it reaches its eastern part, the lack of rainfall is visible.
This condition of rainfall gives rise to humid climate on the western part of the Western Ghats and dry climate on the eastern part of the Western Ghats. Similarly, the parallel and blocking location of the mountains play a key role in determining the climate.
Question 2.
Distinguish between flooded and drought areas.
Or
Flood and droughts are the result of location of mountains. How?
Answer:
Flood and drought are the areas of heavy and scanty conditions of rain respectively.
Flooded Areas:
These are the areas that face the monsoon humid air directly. These are found as the front slopes opposite to winds direction. Due to the location, these areas receive heavy rainfall during rainy season. So these areas are called the’areas of heavy rainfall.
For example: western slopes of Western Ghats in India.
Drought Areas:
The areas which receive inadequate or no rainfall for a long time are called the drought areas. There is very little or no water available during a drought. Most vegetation in such areas gets dried up due to lack of water in the region.
For example: Eastern slopes of Western Ghats in India.
Question 3.
How does the direction of mountains affect the climate of India?
Answer:
The impacts of the direction of mountains on the climate of India are as follows:
- Due to the location of Great Himalayas in the North of India, the climate is gentle and cool.
- Due to the direction of Himalayas, icy polar winds from Siberian region can not enter into India. So, Indian climate presents the monsoon type conditions.
- Due to the location of mountains, they are helpful in causing the rainfall by blocking the Summer Monsoon.
- The Aravallis lie parallel to the direction of Monsoon winds, so they are unable to block the humid winds and so there are areas of scanty rainfall found in Rajasthan and climate is arid or semi – arid there.
- The location of Western Ghats is responsible for humid climate on their western slope, as well as for dry climate on their eastern slope.
Question 4.
What is the affect of the direction of winds on the climate.
Or
How do the winds control the climate?
Answer:
The direction of winds is a significant controller of climate of an area. Winds carry the features of their place of origin and of the routes from which they blow. The direction of winds plays an important role in the formation of climate. For example, due to the origin of Summer Monsoon from Indian Ocean, it is hot and full of humidity. While the Winter Monsoon blows from land to sea so it has coolness and aridity. In the summer season, the winds blow from sea to land whereas in the winter season, they blow from land to sea. This blowing of the winds directly affects the climate.
Question 5.
Inscribe the characteristics of winter season in India.
Answer:
Characteristics of winter season in India are as follows:
- The winter season starts when the sun starts moving towards the south.
- During this season, winds blow from surface to sea.
- Due to thermal conditions, air pressure goes on decreasing from north to south.
- In many regions in North India, temperature falls down below the freezing point, i.e, 0°c.
- During this season, frosty and cold winds prevail.
- Sometimes, rainfall called Mavath occurs due to western disturbance.
- During winter, less temperature is found in North India as compared to the southern coastal areas.
- There is some rainfall received during winter season in Tamil Nadu and neighbouring regions.
Question 6.
Describe the characteristics of summer season.
Answer:
Characteristics of summer season are as follows:
- The summer season starts when the sun starts moving towards the north.
- During this season, winds blow from sea to land.
- During summer, temperature in North India is more than that of the southern coastal regions.
- The condition of low atmospheric pressure is seen in North India, while there is high atmospheric pressure visible in southern coastal areas.
- In this season, dusty, dry and hot winds blow in the North – Western India which are known as “Loo”.
- Often, there is some rainfall with strong winds and shower in North India.
- Such rain is called Kal Baisakhi in West Bengal. In Kerala and Karnataka, it is called Mango Shower or Cherry Blossoms.
Question 7.
Describe the importance of Aravallis range regarding rainfall.
Or
Rajasthan does not get the benefit of rain even after the presence of Aravalli mountain range in the center of Rajasthan. Why ?
Answer:
Rajasthan does not get the benefit of rain even after the presence of Aravalli mountain range in the center of Rajasthan. The responsible factors for this are as follows:
- The height of Aravalli mountain range is less than 930 meters, that is unable to stop the clouds.
- In Rajasthan, Aravalli stretches from south – west to north – east, parallel to the direction of monsoon winds, therefore it is not helpful in rainfall.
- The location of Arabian Sea branch is parallel to the Aravalli and along with causing it reaches to Himalayas, but it does not cause rainfall.
- Because of illegal mining, most part of this mountain range has become deprived of forests, due to which also it is not able to attract rainfall.
Question 8.
Describe the distribution of rainfall season in India.
Answer:
The distribution of rainfall in rainy season presents variation in India. It can be classified into three major parts:
- Areas with more than 75 cm rainfall
- Areas with 25 – 75 cm rainfall
- Areas with less than 25 cm rainfall
1. Areas with more than 75 cm rainfall:
This pattern of rainfall is found in the western part of Western Ghats and in the eastern states of India like Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Meghlaya.
2. Areas with 25 – 75 cm rainfall:
This pattern of rainfall is found in Central India, Peninsular Plateau part, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Nagaland, Tripura and Mizoram.
3. Areas with less than 25 cm rain:
This pattern of rainfall is mainly found in Jammu – Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan, most part of Gujarat, coastal areas of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.
Question 9.
Describe any five characteristics of Indian rainfall.
Answer:
The characteristics of Indian rainfall are as follows:
- 90 per cent of the total rainfall in India is received through Summer Monsoon.
- Indian rainfall presents irregular distribution, at some places, it is more and at other places, it is less.
- Mostly winter season in India is dry. Little rainfall is received in this season due to cyclones.
- Variation also is found in the amount of rainfall, like rainfall in Rajasthan shows 3 per cent irregularity, it is 2 per cent in Kanpur while IT per cent irregularity is found in Kolkata.
- At some places, there is heavy rainfall, while at other places, there is scanty rainfall.
RBSE Class 11 Indian Geography Chapter 6 Short Answer Type Questions (SA-II)
Question 1.
Describe the conditions of air pressure found in the winter season in India.
Answer:
Regional description of the conditions of air pressure found in winter season is:
During winter season, a high air pressure of 1018 milibar is found in the states of North i India i.e. Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana and Uttarakhand. The same condition is found in Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur and also in the plateau region of Chhota Nagpur. The atmospheric pressure is 1016 milibar in the Central India which can be found in South Gujarat, Maharashtra, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. The atmospheric pressure is 1014 milibar along the western coastal areas of South India which can be found in Karnataka, Kerala, Southern coast of Tamil Nadu and Andaman – Nicobar.
Question 2.
Describe the Arabian Sea Monsoon branch.
Answer:
This branch of South-Western Monsoon is highly speedy. Heavy rainfall occurs on the western slopes of Western Ghats due to this branch. This first rain is called Burst of the Monsoon. Its Momentum declines in Western Ghats and western coastal regions. After crossing the Western Ghats, when these winds enter into eastern slopes, they become dry.
Hence, affect of rain shadow takes place and there is very little rainfall under the Eastern Ghats. The eastern part of Deccan plateau always remains under the rain shadow effect. This branch of monsoon has been divided mainly into three parts:
- Chennai branch.
- Vindhyachal branch that passes through Satpura Hills and ends in the Plateau of Chhota Nagpur.
- Rajasthan branch which crosses Kutch, Rajasthan, Haryana and Punjab and reaches Himalayas but due to parallel position of Aravallis, Rajasthan does not get much advantage of this.
Along with increase in the distance from the Gulf of Khambhat, the amount of rainfall also decreases.
Question 3.
Describe the monsoon of Bay of Bengal.
Or
Where does the branch of monsoon of Bay of Bengal cause rainfall? Elucidate.
Answer:
It is an important branch of South – Western Monsoon which starts from Bay of Bengal and causes rainfall in eastern and central India. This branch of monsoon has been divided into the following three parts:
1. Eastern Branch:
This branch of monsoon of Bay of Bengal proceeds towards the east to Assam and causes rainfall in the valley of Brahmaputra river. The average rainfall in this region is more than 200 cm.
2. Central – Eastern Branch:
This branch causes rainfall from Western Bengal to the eastern part of Himalayas. This is the branch that causes rainfall more than 1300 cm in Mawsynram located in the hills of Khasi. This average of rainfall is the highest in the world.
3. Western Branch:
It is also an important branch of monsoon of Bay of Bengal which goes parallel to the Himalayan Mountains towards the west, i.e Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan. One of its sub – branches turns towards the Plateau of Chhota Nagpur.
Question 4.
Describe the characteristics of Autumn season.
Or
Describe the characteristics of Monsoon Reversal Period.
Answer:
Characteristics of Autumn season:
- This season lies between mid September to December.
- Autumn starts when the sun begins to move towards the south.
- Maximum temperature in this season is 30° – 35°C which reduces to 25°C in the coastal regions by December.
- The condition of atmospheric pressure is opposite as compared to summer.
- Monsoon winds start reversing due to the changes in atmospheric pressure.
- In this season, some rainfall occurs in Tamil Nadu and coastal regions by the retreating monsoon.
RBSE Class 11 Indian Geography Chapter 6 Essay Type Questions
Question 1.
Explain the factors that affect the climate of India.
Or
Indian climate is a gift of the control of several factors. How? Elucidate.
Answer:
Indian climate is affected by many factors, the major among them are:
- Height from the sea level.
- Distance from the sea.
- Distance from the equator.
- Location of mountains.
- Direction of mountains.
- Direction of winds.
- High level air transmission.
1. Height from the sea level:
The temperature decreases along with increase in height from sea level. This is why the temperature on respective height is always less than that of sea level.
2. Distance from the sea:
Indian climate receives humid and even effects from the sea. As the distance increases from the sea, the range of temperature and aridity increases. The climate on the coastal areas is always humid.
3. Distance from the equator:
Along with the increasing latitude of the equator, the temperature decreases. The amount of insolation is affected by the increasing distance. The temperature changes with the slanting rays of the sun.
4. Location of mountains:
The location of mountains always controls the amount of rainfall and the atmospheric conditions. If the location of mountains is in the direction of winds, it causes enough rainfall. If it is not, then dry climate is experienced.
5. Direction of mountains:
The blocking or parallel position of the mountains to the 1 wind direction plays an important role in deciding and controlling the climate of a zone. The parallel position restricts the rainfall and so promotes dry and hot climate, while the blocking position promotes the rainfall and hence makes the climate full of humidity.
6. High level air transmission:
The high level air transmission in the troposphere also affects the climate at large.
Besides all these factors, there are some secondary factors also, like the density of clouds in the sky, amount of vegetation and oceanic currents affect the climate of related area.
Question 2.
Explain the South – Western Monsoon branch. OR Explain the Summer time Monsoon.
Answer:
The South – Western Monsoon is also known as Summer time Monsoon. There are two main seasons included in it:
- Rainy season
- Autumn season
1. Rainy season:
The time period of this season is from mid-June to mid September. Since, India is an agricultural country, rainy season is very important for Indian climate as well as economy. Atmospheric pressure, temperature, winds and rainfall found in this season can be described as given below:
Atmospheric pressure winds and rainfall:
The last stage of summer season is responsible for the blowing of winds from sea to land. The winds that blow to the south of equator are attracted towards the low air pressure region developed in north – western India and so they cross the equator. After crossing the equator, these winds change their route according to Ferrel’s law and turn to the right and now their direction becomes south-western. That is why these winds are known by the name of South – Western Monsoon. About 90 per cent of the total rainfall in India takes place in this season.
Due to the peninsular location of India, south – western monsoon is classified into two parts:
- Arabian Sea Monsoon
- Monsoon of Bay of Bengal.
These branches are further classified into three parts.
2. Autumn Season:
The time period of this season is from mid-September to December. It is also known as Monsoon Reversal Period. The condition of air pressure, temperature and rainfall of this season is given as below:
Air pressure, winds and rainfall:
There is uncertain condition of air pressure due to retreating monsoon. Air pressure seems to be contrary to summer, due to which it starts reversal of monsoon winds. The retreating monsoon causes rainfall in Tamil Nadu and coastal areas of south.