Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 2 Traditional and Modern Approach of Political Science (Behaviouralism and Post Behaviouralism)
RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 2 Textual Questions
RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 2 Very Short Answer type Questions
Question 1.
Write any four features of behaviouralism.
Answer:
- Regulation
- Verfication
- Use of Technique
- Quantification.
Question 2.
Mention three limitations of behaviouralism.
Answer:
- Wrong concept of political behaviour
- More expensive method
- Decorative Terminology.
Question 3.
Mention any two achievements of behaviouralism.
Answer:
- Establishment of new political science.
- Establishment of new inter – disciplinary approach.
Question 4.
Name any two propounders of behaviouralism.
Answer:
- David Easton
- Charles Merriam.
Question 5.
What is post behaviouralism?
Answer:
This is a an ideological revolution. This is an reform movement of behaviouralism which lays emphasis on action and relevance.
Question 6.
Mention two main reasons of post – behaviouralism revolution.
Answer:
- Reaction against behaviouralism.
- Indifference of duties to world humanity in traditionalism and behaviouralism.
Question 7.
How is post – behaviouralism different from traditionalism?
Answer:
Traditionalism represents the classical side of political science, whereas post – behaviouralism represents the development of political science in modern times.
Question 8.
Between fact and value, upon what does post – behaviouralism give more emphasis?
Answer:
Post – behaviouralism gives more emphasis on value.
Question 9.
What is the role of value in post – behaviouralism ?
Answer:
According to post – behaviouralism, only that knowledge is useful for human society which is based on values.
Question 10.
Write two basic features of post – behaviouralism.
Answer:
- Stress on social change
- Important role of values.
Question 11.
Write any two differences between Behavioralism and Post – Behaviouralism.
Answer:
- Behaviouralism lays stress on facts whereas post – behaviouralism lays stress on the central importance of values
- Behaviouralism ignores the Principle of relevance whereas post – behaviouralism believes in this principle.
RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 2 Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
What is behaviouralism ?
Answer:
Behaviouralism is a method of organizing and analyzing political facts which was developed by political scholars after World War II. Behaviouralism is an intellectual movement under different social sciences which aims at making socialist thinking more experiential, reliable and scientific. This approach concentrates on political behaviour and propounds that scientific study of political activities can be done on the basis of political behaviour of men.
Behaviouralism is experiential and practical. It has no space for values and imaginations. In brief, Behaviouralism is an intellectual approach, a study method, movement and ideology which aims to make Political Science a pure science by studying human behaviour through experiential study based on realistic approach.
Question 2.
Explain the reasons of rise of Behaviouralism?
Answer:
Following are the reasons of rise of Behaviouralism:
1. Dissatisfaction with traditional study methods:
Political thinkers were dissatisfied with the study method and the outcomes of traditional approach by 20th century. The main reason was that the real picture of political life could not be obtained through the traditional approach.
Those were not given any importance in government’s policy-making. Traditional approach lacked realistic study. Apart from this, this method was unable to explain the reasons of development and popularity of Fascism, Nazism, Racism and Totalitarian ideologies.
2. Effect of Second World War:
The happenings during Second World War inspired the political thinkers for new researches and concepts. This became a common belief among political thinkers that it was necesarry to concentrate on political organizations and on the behaviour of persons working there,, rather than institutions and their organizations, to understand completely the complexities of political life.
3. Inspiration from various social sciences:
Scientific study methods and realistic approach had already been used in other social sciences. So inspired by them, Political Science also started using scientific and new methods of study.
4. Use of New Study Methods:
Increasing use of new methods, techniques, instruments, research methods, statistical approaches, etc. made study of Political. Science more realistic and helped behaviouralism to grow.
Question 3.
Write the limitations and achievements of Behaviouralism?
Answer:
Limitations:
Limitations of Behaviouralism are as below:
- Verbose Terminology
- Undue emphasis on techniques and methods
- Value – free study is not possible
- Wrong concept of political behaviour
- Expensive method
- Threat for independent existence of Political Science
- Fixed methods and predictions are not possible
- Contrast between saying and doing
- Undue neglect of other methods of study
- Measurement of political behaviour is not possible
- It is difficult to apply the result of micro study at macro level
- Unable to help in policy formation.
Achievements of Behaviouralism:
Achievements of Behaviouralism are as under –
- Establishment of new Political Science
- Scientific approach to Political Science
- Great changes in aim, subject matter, nature and study methods of Political Science.
- Establishment of Inter- disciplinary approach,
- Realistic approach to study of Political Science,
- Central role of human behaviour,
- Provision of alternative concepts.
Question 4.
How do post – behaviorists consider Political Science a science ?
Answer:
According to post – behaviouralists, Political Science, is, by nature, a human science as well as an action – based science. Its both aspects need appropriate balance. The main supporter of post – behaviouralism David Easton has considered Political Science, an action – based science. Post – behaviorists lay stress on action. According to them, Political Science should be engaged in re – construction of society. Knowledge should be meaningful and practical. Researchers should do such acts which can help in solving social problems.
Question 5.
What is post Behaviouralism ?
Answer:
Post Behaviouralism is an ideological revolution. This is a reform movement which lays emphasis on action and relevance. Behaviouralists themselves had started questioning the usefulness of behaviouralism before the end of decade of 1960. As a result, a new movement started which was known as post – behaviouralism. Post-Behaviouralism is a movement for improvement and a progressive step in Behaviouralism.
This tries to study the problems of society and political system and tries to solve them. Post – Behaviouralism believes thinks that relevance of research is more important than the method of research. David Easton has called it the ‘Theory of relevance or ‘Religion of relevance’. There are two basic features of post – behaviouralism – Action and relevance.
Post – Behaviouralism lays stress on the assumption that research and study of political science should be relevant in context to the real needs of society. Post – Behaviouralism urges the political thinkers to study neutrally and to lead the society, rather than to be indifferent and escapist towards the social and political problems.
Question 6.
Differentiate between Behaviouralism & Post – Behaviouralism.
Answer:
Following are the differences between Behaviouralism & Post – Behaviouralism:
1. Difference between phases of development:
Behaviouralism is an intellectual reaction against traditionalism which represents the development of Political Science, whereas post – behaviouralism is an important improvement in behaviouralism.
2. Difference in Nature:
Basic nature of Behaviouralism is not creative where as post – behaviouralism is creative by nature. It has opposed Behaviouralism and at the same time developed it by new experiments
3. Difference in Approach:
Political study of Behaviouralism gives importance only to facts, whereas as post – behaviouralism accepts the importance of both values and facts in the study of Political Science.
4. Difference in Relevance:
Behaviouralism has ignored the principle of relevance, whereas, post – behaviouralism Believes in principle of relevance.
5. Difference in Assumptions:
Behaviouralism accepts the basic similarity between Political Science and natural science, whereas post – behaviouralism does not accept this similarity and considers Political Science as a Social Science.
RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 2 Long Answer (Essay Type) Questions
Question 1.
Mention the main features of Behaviouralism.
or
Write the main qualities of Behaviouralism.
or
Explain the Basic concepts of Behaviouralism.
or
What are the main concepts of Behaviouralism according to David Easton ? Explain.
or
Explain the main basis of Behaviouralism.
or
Explain the intellectual Basis of absolute Behaviouralism.
Answer:
Main features of Behaviouralism are as under:
1. Regulation:
It means that it is possible to make rules and methods for the study of Political Science. Though human behaviour is changeable and is affected by many factors, but regularization can be found in political behaviour of man. Principles to understand the political behaviour can be made by finding out the regularities of human behaviour through scientific analysis.
2. Verification:
This is base of scientificness. Behaviouralism is of the view that facts of human behaviour can be verified on the basis of experiential units. The process of re – evaluation and verifying the collected material related to human behaviour is called verification. Rules can be made more authentic by verification.
3. Technique:
Technique refers to those media by which facts are obtained and analyzed. Behaviouralism gives stress on use of refined techniques in Political Science as it is done in natural sciences, so that relevant, reliable and observable material can be obtained. Behaviouralistic analysis uses the scientific techniques like statistical research, Survey, mathematical representation and interview.
4. Quantification:
Quantification means the process of purification of collected facts, data and information. Behaviouralism be lieves that quantification is necessary to bring clarity and regularity in the collected information and facts.
5. Systematization:
Behaviouralism believes that research work should be organised and systematic. There should be co-ordination between
reseasch and principle making. Principles based on research must be reliable and scientific. First of all, research should be done, and after that, principles should be made on the results obtained by research.
6. Values:
Behaviorists keep values and facts apart. They have nothing to do with moral values and ethics. For example: Democracy, Equality and Liberty can be high ideals, but their presence or absence cannot be measured scientifically. Researchers must be indifferent to values for the scientificness and objectivity of research. Only then scientific study can be possible. In this way, Behaviouralism gives importance to value – free approach.
7. Integration:
This is also called integrity. Man is a social animal. His political behaviour is affected by many economic, social, religious and cultural elements. So, human behaviour must be studied in parts. Human behaviour has certain units. Therefore, study in context of the happenings in the society is compulsory to under – stand political happenings and behaviour.
8. Pure Science:
Behaviouralism aims to develop Political Science as a pure science because refined science of politics can be effective in solution of political problems. Behaviouralism lays stress on use of refined methods like natural sciences in order to make Political Science a pure science.
Question 2.
What do you understand by Behaviouralism ? Explain the reasons of rise of Behaviouralism ?
Answer:
Meaning of Behaviouralism:
Behaviouralism is a special method of organising and analyzing political facts which was developed after Second World War by American political scholars. Behaviouralism is result of dissatisfaction towards the outcome of traditional approach. Behaviouralism is an intellectual movement in context of various social sciences which aims at making socialistic thinking more experiential, authentic and scientific.
In brief, Behaviouralism is an intellectual approach, a study method, movement and ideology which aims to make Political Science a pure science by studying human behaviour through experiential study based on realistic approach. Reasons of Rise of Behaviouralism
Following are the reasons of rise of behaviouralism:
1. Dissatisfaction with Traditional Study Methods:
There were many shortcomings in traditional approach, so political thinkers were disappointed. There are many reasons for the dissatisfaction with traditional approach.
- Only politicians were given importance in government policy making and execution. Political scholars and researchers were ignored,
- Only theoretical and explanatory study was done in traditional approach. There was lack of realistic study
- Traditional approach failed to explain the reasons of rise, development and popularity of Fascism, Nazism, racism and Totalitarian approaches
- Explanatory study method of traditional approach was considered insufficient.
2. Effect of Second World War:
Catastrophic and destructive happenings of Second World War put a question mark on the very existence of human civilization. Traditional study methods failed miserably in even foretelling about this war. This war inspired political thinkers for new researches and principles.
3. Inspiration from various social sciences:
Behaviouristic approach and scientific methods had already been used by various social sciences. So, it was not possible for Political Science to remain aloof.
4. Use of New study methods:
After Second World War, this assumption grew stronger that new study methods should be used in Political Science. Increasing use of new methods, techniques, instruments , research methods, statistical approach, etc. made study of Political Science more realistic and helped Behaviouralism to grow.
5. Rise of New States and Problems of Under – Developed Countries:
Many countries got freedom after Second World War. It was not possible to know about the real situation by studying through traditional approach the problems, processes and threats of under – developed countries and newly-liberated countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America.
Question 3.
Critically examine the Behaviouralism approach.
or
Mention the limitations of Behaviouralism
or
Behaviouralism is critised on what basis ? Explain in detail.
Answer:
Behaviouralism tried to give a new direction to Political Science but Behaviouralism failed to fulfill the expectation for which this movement was started. Main critics of Behaviouralism are Arnold Bresht, Leo Strauss, Sibly, Kirk Partick, Robert A Dahl, Dyce etc.
Behaviouralism approach is criticized mainly on the basis of the following points:
1. Extravagant Rhetoric:
Behaviouralism used very difficult terminology. Strange and difficult terminology seems to be too verbose.
2. Not possible to find out regularity in political behaviour of man:
Behaviouralism are of the view that political behaviour of man should be studied in political science rather than organisational study, but Behaviouralism failed to study political behaviour of man.
3. Undue stress on use of technique and methods:
Behaviorists lay more stress on refinement of instruments of research rather than on the objectives of research. They give so much stress on the study methods that subject matter of Political Science becomes secondary. This is not right.
4. Value – free Study not possible:
Behaviorists lays stress on value – free study, but critics think that value – free study is neither possible nor appropriate in Political Science.
5. Expensive Method:
Behaviouralistic study method is very expensive. To use its technical method, a large amount of money, time and skill is needed, So, an average researcher or poor society of underdeveloped country would seem to be unable to use it.
6. Contrast in saying and doing:
There seems a contrast in doing and sayings of behaviouralists. On one hand, they give stress on value-free study, and on the other hand, they accept the supremacy of democracy as compared to dictatorship.
7. It is wrong to ignore other study methods:
Behaviouralists accept only the behaviouralistic study method. They ignore other study methods.
8. Danger to independent existence of Political Science:
Behaviouralists have neither defined Political Science nor specified its subject matter. On the contrary, they emphasized the use of concepts methods and techniques of other social sciences for the study of Political Science. So, the danger has arisen that Political Science may lose its existence as an independent subject.
9. Fixed Principles and Predictions are not possible:
Behaviouralists think that it is possible to predict the political behaviours and activities to make principles, but in reality, they failed to create such principles. Critics are of the view that such fixed principles are not possible to make in Political Science. Thus, accurate prediction is also not possible.
10. Unable to help in Policy formation:
Policy – formation needs not only facts, but also values. A policy made only on the basis of facts and by ignoring values, can be inhuman and unethical. Behaviouralism gives importance only to facts and ignores values. Thus, Behaviouralism is unable to help in policy – formation.
11. Problem regarding Small and Large – Scale Units:
Behaviouralists study small groups to get ease and perfection and apply results of such studies on the entive society which can be wrong as well as difficult to apply.
Question 4.
Briefly explain the meaning, purpose and limitations of Behaviouralism
Answer:
Meaning of Behaviouralism:
Behaviouralism is a special method of organizing and analyzing political facts which was developed by American political thinkers after the Second World War. This approach concentrates fully on political behaviours in context of Political Science and propounds the fact that scientific study of political activities can be done only on the basis of political behaviour of men.
Purpose of Behaviouralism:
Purpose of Behaviouralism is to explain the experiential side of political life through such methods, concepts, techniques and criteria that fulfil requisites of experiential science. This approach wants to make Political Science a pure science like natural sciences. For this purpose, Behaviouralism tries to generalize by analyzing political behaviours of man through scientific methods.
Limitations of Behaviouralism:
Limitations of Behaviouralism are following –
- Behaviouralists failed to present the science of human behaviour.
- Political behaviour of man cannot be presented in mathematical techniques.
- It is wrong to lay more stress only on scientific techniques.
- Behaviouralists consider themselves to be value – free, but they cannot remain aloof from values while choosing topics for research.
- Behavioiuralists have used very difficult terminology which seems to be jargon.
- This is a very expensive method.
- Behaviouralism has posed a threat to independent existence of Political Science.
- Fixed principles cannot be made in Political Science.
- It is wrong that Behaviouralism does not accept the importance of other study methods.
- Value free study is neither possible nor desirable in Political Science.
- It is a difficult task to apply results of study at small level to the larger scale.
Question 5.
What do you understand by post Behaviouralism Write the main features of Post – Behaviouralism
Answer:
Meaning of Post – Behaviouralism:
Post – Behaviouralism is an ideological revolution. This is an reform movement which lays stress on action and relevance. Behaviouralists themselves started raising questions on the usefulness of Behaviouralism even before the end of the decade of 1960. As a result, a new movement started that was known as post Behaviouralism This is a movement of reform in Behaviouralism and a progressive step.
This tries to study and solve the problems and threats of society and political system. Post – Behaviouralism lays stress that research and study of Political Science should be relevant in the context of real needs of the society. Post – Behaviouralism urges the political scholars to study by remaining indifferent and being neutral and to lead the society, instead of being escapists and indifferent to social and political problems.
Main features of Post – Behaviouralism:
The main supporter of post Behaviouralism David Easton has given two main features of Post – Behaviouralism
- Relevance of Research
- Action.
Main features of Post – Behaviouralism are as follows:
1. Stress on Relevance:
Technique is not that much important in political science as is the relevance. It is better to do away with research if it is not helpful a solve the social problems.
2. Stress on social change:
Behaviouralism always used to emphasize social stability. Thus, it concentrated only on the analysis of facts, but Political Science should be connected with broad social context by turning itself to address social changes.
3. Need of effective & reliable solution of Problems:
Post-behaviouralism lay stress on the solution of contemporary social problems. They believe that Political Science is useful only when it solves the social problems. These days, the human civilization is being dragged to destruction due to epidemics, poverty, malnutrition, pollution, fear of nuclear war, etc. In such situation, political science should try to solve such problems. Only then it can be useful.
4. Important role of Values:
Post – behaviouralism accept the deciding role of values. Only that knowledge is fruitful for human society which is based on values. Purpose of social science is to shape the best human society. Thus, they must acquire value-based knowledge.
5. Role of Intellectuals:
Post – behaviouralism have considered the role of intellectuals in society as an important one. It is their special duty to safeguard human values. They believe that intellectuals should not only be the scientific researchers, but they should also lead the society.
6. Action based knowledge:
Post – behaviouralism give stress on action. According to them, Political Science should remain involved in re-construction of society. Knowledge should be practically significant. Researchers should perform such activities which can asist in the resolution of social problems.
7. Politicization of Professions:
Post – behaviouralism not advocate passivity of scientists, rather they lay emphasis on their active role. They give stress on the politicization of professions. They believe that scholars should play a positive role in the society, so that purposes of the society may be given an organised and systematic direction.
Question 6.
State the differences between Behaviouralism & Post-behaviouralism
or
Compare Behaviouralism and Post – behaviouralism
Answer:
Differences / Conparison between Behaviouralism & Post – behaviouralism:
There are following differences between Behaviouralism & Post – behaviouralism:
1. Difference in different phases of development:
Behaviouralism is an intellectual reaction against traditional political approach.This represents the development of Political Science from traditional approach. Whereas Post – behaviouralism is an important reform in Behaviouralism This represents the development of Political Science from Behaviouralism
2. Differences in Nature:
Basic concept of Behaviouralism is not creative, whereas Post – behaviouralism is creative. Post – behaviouralism has never opposed Behaviouralism, rather it has developed Behaviouralism through new experiments.
3. Differences in Assumption:
Behaviouralism accepts the basic similarity between Political Science and natural sciences. Where as Post-Behaviouralism do not consider Political Science as the same as natural science. They believe Political Science to be a social science.
4. Differences in Approach:
Behaviouralism accepts the importance of facts only to study Political Science and ignores values, whereas Post-behaviouralism accepts the importance of both, facts as well as values.
5. Differences in Relevance:
Behaviouralism lays stress on the technical purity whereas Post – behaviouralism lays stress on relevance of research along with purity of technique. David Easton has rightly said that Post – behaviouralism believes in theory of relevance but Behaviouralism ignores it.
To conclude, it can be said that by origin, both Behaviouralism and Post – behaviouralism are given to Political Science American political scholars. Post – behaviouralism is not an opposition movement of Behaviouralism, rather it has developed a more relevant approach in Political Science. Today, the condition of inter – contrast is almost gone. Post – behaviouralism is just an attempt to remove the shortcomings of Behaviouralism.
Question 7.
Write an essay on Post – behaviouralism
Answer:
Meaning of Post – behaviouralism Post – behaviouralism is an intellectual revolution. This is a reform movement in Behaviouralism. This gives stress on action and relevance. Behaviouralists themselves had started imposing questions on the usefulness of Behaviouralism even before the end of the decade of 1960. As a result, a new movement took birth which was known as Post – behaviouralism
Aim of Post – Behaviouralism:
The main purpose of Post – behaviouralism is that research and study of Political Science should be relevant in context of real needs of society. Post – behaviouralism urges political thinkers to study neutrahy and lead the society, instead of being indifferent to social and political problems and being escapists.
Reasons of emergence of Post – behaviouralism:
Post – behaviouralism came into existence due to shortcomings of traditional and Behaviouralism approaches. The reasons for the emergence of post – behaviouralism are as follows:
1. Reaction against Behaviouralism:
Post – behaviouralism movement is a reaction against Behaviouralism. Behaviouralism tried to provide a scientific approach to Political Science, but these efforts were insufficient and incomplete.
2. Dissatisfaction with study methods:
It is not right to try to use study methods of natural science in Political Science because nature of man and society is changeable. Thus, it is not possible to study political science as natural sciences and on that criteria.
3. Distress for Behaviouralistic Research:
Behaviouralism Research ignores values and gives stress only on facts. Post – behaviouralism believes that values and facts both are useful and relevant. Importance of values in study of Political Science cannot be ignored.
4. Ignorance of duties towards world humanity:
At the time, when the behaviouralists were busy in making concepts, models and principles, the world was facing immense social, economical and cultural problems. Behaviouralists were ignorant of these problems. The contemporary society was moving towards division and destruction.
Not only this, Behaviouralism, had not any inkling of problems like Vietnam problem, growing internal chaos in America, Nuclear war, increasing possibilities of dictatorship and population explosion, and thus no efforts were made by them to solve these problems.
Features / Basic Concepts of Post – behaviouralism:
Features and basic concepts of Post – behaviouralism, are as follows:
- Inference before procedure.
- Emphasis on social change.
- Stress on solution of problems.
- Important role of values.
- Important role of intellectuals.
- Emphasis on action.
- Politicization of professions.
Criticism of Post – behaviouralism:
Though Post – behaviouralism has provided a new outlook to Political Science by removing the shortcomings of traditional approach and Behaviouralism, yet, it is not free from criticism. It is criticized on the following basis:
- Post – behaviouralism wants to make study of Political Science value free and realistic along with value based, idealistic and objective, which is not possible.
- Post – behaviouralism gives more importance to technique as compared to facts.
- Post – behaviouralism seems to be representative of American national interests.
- Post – behaviouralism is the representative of only liberal values.
- Post – behaviouralism has limited relevance for the third world.
Importance of Post – behaviouralism:
The importance of Post – behaviouralism cannot be ignored in spite of its many criticisms. It has established a balance between traditionalism and behaviouralism by removing their shortcomings. It represents the balanced and the modern phase of development of Political Science:
RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 2 Objective Type Questions
Question 1.
Behaviouralistic approaches are mainly related to –
(a) Political behaviour
(b) Institutions
(c) Constitution
(d) State
Answer:
(a) Political behaviour
Question 2.
The book written by Charles Merriam is –
(a) Human Nature in Politics
(b) New Aspects of Politics
(c) The Political System
(d) Power and security
Answer:
(b) New Aspects of Politics
Question 3.
Meaning of Behaviouralism is –
(a) Socialism
(b) Liberalism
(c) Communalism
(d) Experientialism
Answer:
(d) Experientialism
Question 4.
‘Action’ and ‘Relevance’ are related to –
(a) Behaviouralism
(b) Post – Behaviouralism
(c) Anarchism
(d) Political Development
Answer:
(b) Post – Behaviouralism
Question 5.
Behaviouralism gives emphasis on study of which unit?
(a) Small units
(b) Large units
(c) Small and large units
(d) Serious study of larger issues
Answer:
(a) Small units
Question 6.
Who is called the founder of Behaviouralism ?
(a) Charles Merriam
(b) David Easton
(c) Gausnel
(d) Lasswell
Answer:
(b) David Easton
Question 7.
‘Facts before technique’ Who lays stress on this fact ?
(a) Behaviouralists
(b) Post – Behaviouralists
(c) Psychologists
(d) Experientialists
Answer:
(b) Post – Behaviouralists
Question 8.
Principle of ‘Relevance’ is related to –
(a) Scientific Socialism
(b) Liberalism
(c) Democratic socialism
(d) Post – Behaviouralism
Answer:
(d) Post – Behaviouralism
Question 9.
Who lays stress on Action and relevance ?
(a) Behaviouralism
(b) Post – Behaviouralism
(c) Marxism
(d) Liberalism
Answer:
(b) Post – Behaviouralism
Question 10.
David Easton has given how many features of Post – Behaviouralism ?
(a) 7
(b) 8
(c) 9
(d) 10
Answer:
(a) 7
Question 11.
Who lays stress on gist before details?
(a) Behaviouralism
(b) Post – Behaviouralism
(c) Experientialism
(d) Socialism
Answer:
(b) Post – Behaviouralism
Question 12.
Which of the following is not a feature of Post – Behaviouralism ?
(a) Action – based science
(b) gist before details
(c) Stress on technique
(d) Important role of values
Answer:
(c) Stress on technique
Question 13.
Post – Behaviouralism lays stress on which thing ?
(a) Political neutrality
(b) Value – free
(c) Practical aspect of knowledge
(d) All the above
Answer:
(c) Practical aspect of knowledge
Question 14.
Following is not a feature of Post – Behaviouralism –
(a) Politicization of professions
(b) Important role of values
(c) Stress on social change
(d) Pure science
Answer:
(d) Pure science
Question 15.
Which of the following famous propounders of Behaviouralism has criticized Behaviouralism sharply before the end of 1960?
(a) Charles Merriam
(b) David Easton
(c) Harold Lasswell
(d) Gauswell
Answers:
(b) David Easton
RBSE Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 2 Other Important Questions
RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 2 Objective Type Questions
Question 1.
Result of dissatisfaction towards the failures of traditional approach of Political Science –
(a) Behaviouralsitic Revolution
(b) Post – Behaviouralism
(c) Marxism
(d) Liberalism
Answer:
(a) Behaviouralsitic Revolution
Question 2.
In context to Political Science, which of the following approaches concentrates mainly on political
behaviour ?
(a) Post – Behaviouralism
(b) Liberalism
(c) Democratic socialism
(d) Behaviouralism
Answer:
(d) Behaviouralism
Question 3.
Who has written the book ‘The process of Government’ ?
(a) Gausnel
(b) Thurston
(c) A.F Bentley
(d) David Easton
Answer:
(c) A.F Bentley
Question 4.
Who is the writer of the book The Political System?
(a) Catlin
(b) David Easton
(c) Burke
(d) Albert
Answer:
(b) David Easton
Question 5.
Which intellectual basis of Behaviouralism give stress on inter – disciplinary approach?
(a) Pure science
(b) Systematization
(c) Value determination
(d) Systematization
Answer:
(d) Systematization
Question 6.
Which intellectual base of Behaviouralism urges to make Political Science free of any ideology ?
(a) Value determination
(b) Quantification
(c) Verification
(d) Pure science
Answer:
(a) Value determination
Question 7.
Who has talked about the limitations of Behaviouralism?
(a) Arnold Breshet
(b) Leo Strauss
(c) Sibly
(d) All the above
Answer:
(d) All the above
Question 8.
Who has said that behaviousalists have found new areas for research in Political Science and developed new – techniques?
(a) Robert A Dahl
(b) David Easton
(c) Dr. S. P. Verma
(d) Strauss
Answer:
(a) Robert A Dahl
Question 9.
What represents Political Science as the science of action?
(a) Post – behaviouralism
(b) Socialism
(c) Communalsim
(d) Behaviouralism
Answer:
(a) Post – behaviouralism
Question 10.
Classical aspect of Political Science is represented by:
(a) Post – Behaviouralism
(b) Behaviouralism
(c) Traditionalism
(d) All the above
Answer:
(c) Traditionalism
Question 11.
Who has talked about the seven assumptions of Post – Behaviouralism?
(a) David Easton
(b) David Truman
(c) Heinz Ulau
(d) Morris
Answer:
(a) David Easton
Question 12.
Main point of criticism of Post – Behaviouralism is –
(a) Inter – contrast
(b) Unscientific approach
(c) Limited use for third world nations
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(d) All of the above
Question 13.
Who represents the balanced and the modern phase of development of Political Science?
(a) Post – Behaviouralism
(b) Balance of power
(c) Traditionalism
(d) Liberalism
Answer:
(a) Post – Behaviouralism
RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 2 Very Short Answer Questions
Question 1.
On what does Behaviouralism concentrate completely in context to Political Science ?
Answer:
On political behaviour.
Question 2.
For which subject is the word ‘Behaviouralistic science’ used?
Answer:
‘Behaviouralistic science’ is used for all the subjects which come under social science.
Question 3.
What is behaviouralism?
Answer:
Behaviouralism is a special method of organising and analysing political facts which was developed by American political thinkers after the Second World War.
Question 4.
Who is known as the founder of Behaviouralism ?
Answer:
David Easton.
Question 5.
Write the basic concept of Behaviouralism.
Answer:
The basic concept of Behaviouralism is that there is a qualitative continuity between natural sciences and social sciences.
Question 6.
Name the scholars who criticised drawing political conclusion on the basis of study and analysis of the institutions in Political Science?
Answer:
Graham Wallace and A.F. Bentley.
Question 7.
What is the view of Graham Wallace about Behaviouralism?
Answer:
Graham Wallace thinks that study of Political Science should be done not in context of institutions, but in the context of human behaviour.
Question 8.
Which book has a special importance in development of Behaviouralism?
Answer:
‘New Aspects of Politics’ by Charles Merriam, published in 1925, has a special importance in development of written Behaviouralism.
Question 9.
Who has written New Aspects of Politics?
Answer:
Charles Merriam.
Question 10.
Write names of two books related to development of Behaviouralism.
Answer:
- ‘The Political System’ by David Easton
- ‘Administrative Behaviour’ by Herbert Simon.
Question 11.
Name the scholars of Chicago University who are considered the propounders of Behaviouralism ?
Answer:
P.V Smith, Charles Merriam and Harold Lasswell.
Question 12.
Write any two reasons of emergence of Behaviouralism.
Answer:
- Dissatisfaction with traditional study methods
- Inspiration from other social sciences.
Question 13.
Write any four assumptions of Behaviouralism as given by Easton.
Answer:
- Regulation
- Verification
- Quantification
- Value.
Question 14.
What is meant by verification in context of Behaviouralism ?
Answer:
In context of Behaviouralism verification means that whatever rules are made about human behaviour, their truthfulness should be tested.
Question 15.
Which approach of Political Science considered human being to he a social animal?
Answer:
Behaviouralism.
Question 16.
What is the most important limitation of Behaviouralism ?
Answer:
Stress on value neutrality.
Question 17.
Behaviouralism is too expensive and time – consuming. Why?
Answer:
Because facts are collected again and again through research for purity and exactness and then they are analysized. This process is quite time-consuming and expensive.
Question 18.
How is Behaviouralism unable to help in policy – formation?
Answer:
Behaviouralism gives importance only to facts and ignores values. So, it is unable to help in policy formation.
Question 19.
Which approach of Behaviouralism is considered important by Robert A Dahl in context of Political Science?
Answer:
Inter – disciplinary approach.
Question 20.
What is the religion of relevance in Post-Behaviouralism?
Answer:
Research done in whatever way, should be relevant. This is called religion of relevance.
Question 21.
Write any two bases of Post – Behaviouralism.
OR
What are the two slogans of post behaviouralists?
Answer:
- Action
- Relevance of Research.
Question 22.
Mention the main reason of Post – Behaviouralism revolution.
Answer:
The main reason of Post – Behaviouralism revolution is great resentment towards the shortcomings of Behaviouralism.
Question 23.
Write any two differences between traditionalism and Post – Behaviouralism.
Answer:
- Traditionalism is satisfied with the present state of Political Science, whereas Post – Behaviouralism believes in the continuous development of Political Science.
- Traditionalism, by its nature, is past – oriented, whereas Post-Behaviouralism is future-oriented in continuous development of Political Science.
Question 24.
What is meant by principle of relevance?
Answer:
David Easton has propounded seven assumptions of Post – Behaviouralism which are called principle of relevance.
Question 25.
Write any two features of Post-Behaviouralism?
Answer:
- Stress on social change
- Action – based science.
Question 26.
According to Post – Behaviouralism, what is the purpose of Political Science?
Answer:
According to Post – Behaviouralism the purpose of Political Science is to attain that knowledge which in helpful is re – construction of the society.
Question 27.
Which approach of Political Science does not consider Political Science equal to natural science?
Answer:
Post – behaviouralism
Question 28.
Write any two points of criticism of Post – behaviouralism?
Answer:
- Unscientific approach
- Representative of American national interests.
RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 2 Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
Define Behaviouralism according to David Easton?
Answer:
According to David Easton, “Behaviouralism concentrates fully on real powers. Basic unit of Behaviouralism is such behaviour of man which can be analyzed, measured and verified by every human being. Behaviouralism wants to develop scientific explanations about organization and reactions of politics through study of political behaviour.
Question 2.
Mention any two assumptions of Behaviouralism?
Answer:
1. Regulation:
Regulation means that it is possible to make rules and methods for study of Political Science Behaviourialistic thinkers are of the view that political behaviour contains such facts on which principles can be made.
2. Value determination:
Behaviourialistic thinkers keep facts and values separate. They have no concern with moral values and ethics. Democracy, equality and liberty may be high ideals, but their authenticity can not be judged scientifically. Researchers should be aloof to values for scientific and objective research. Thus, behaviouralists emphasize value-free approach.
Question 3.
‘Integration’ is the main assumption of Behaviouralism Explain.
Answer:
Integration or ‘Wholeness 1 is the main assumption of Behaviouralism According to Behaviouralism, man is a social animal. His political behaviour is affected by many non – political elements like social economical, religious and cultural factors. Thus, it is not possible to study human behaviour in small parts. In such situation, it become compulsory to study political activities and behaviour in relation to the other activities of the society.
Behaviouralism lays stress on inter-disciplinary study by connecting Political Science and other social sciences. Researchers of Political Science should use the researches and achievements of other social sciences. Thus, behaviourialistic thinkers believe that knowledge of different social sciences should be integrated.
Question 4.
Why did Behaviouralism thinkers not accept the other study methods? What are the views of famous political thinker Sibly regarding this?
Answer:
Behaviouralistic thinkers accept only behaviouralistic study methods to study Political Science. They do not gived any importance to other study methods. In this regard, the famous thinker Sibli thinks that, If study of Political Science is not to be done only on the basis that what could be the behaviour of a man in the given circumstances, but on the basis also that what is he today what was he yesterday, what he would be tomorrow and what should be, then only behaviouralism would be more useful and practical.
We need to take help from history of political thinking, policy making, philosophy, cultural history, imaginative political philosophy of traditionalism. Political development directs political experiences and political explanations”.
Question 5.
How did dissatisfaction with Behaviouralism research become the reason for post behavioural revolution? Explain.
Answer:
Post – Behaviouralism is result of dissatisfaction with Behaviouralism Values are ignored in Behaviouralism research and importance is given only to facts. Behaviouralism asserts that study of values is weakness of scientific approach and science means facts – based study, whereas Post – Behaviouralism believes that both values and facts are relevant and useful for study. Thus, it is unnatural to differentiate between these two facets of Political Science, which in true sense, should be alive in both ways, scientific and political. Thus, importance of values in study of Political Science cannot be ignored.
Question 6.
Write two main differences between traditionalism and Post-Behaviouralism
Answer:
Differences in traditionalism and Post – Behaviouralism:
1. Difference in phases of development:
Traditionalism presents the development of Political Science in 19th century. This represents the traditional aspect of Political Science, where as, Post – Behaviouralism presents the development of Political Science in modern times.
2. Difference in approach to study:
Traditionalism studies Political Science through value – based approach, where as, Post – Behaviouralism accepts the realistic approach also along with the value – based approach to study political phenomenon.
Question 7.
Write any two basic assumptions of Post – Behaviouralism
Answer:
Basic assumptions of Post – Behaviouralism:
1. Gist before procedure:
In Political Science, relevance of research should be more important then technique of research. How much purified the technique may be, if it is not relevant and comprehensible to contemporary social problems, then its useless to work on that research.
2. Important role of values:
Post – behaviouralistic accept the important role of values. According to them, only that knowledge is useful for human society which is based on values. Society can be tension free only by considering values as inspirational force for knowledge.
Post – Behaviouralism. has criticized the concept of value – neutral knowledge by considering it as anti – humanist. The purpose of social sciences is to create an ideal human society. So, they must acquire value – based knowledge.
Question 8.
Why is politicization of professions necessary as per Post – Behaviouralism?
Answer:
Post – behaviouralistic thinkers do not advocate the passivity of political scholars, they also inspire them for an active role. They give stress on the politicization of professions. They assert that political scholars should play a positive role in the society, so that an organised and systematic direction can be given to the purposes of the society. Post -Behaviouralism wants to politicise political scholars, educational institutes, groups of intellectuals and universities. Political scholars should play an active role to safeguard human values and to resolve the troubles of the society. For this, politicization of professions is necessary.
Question 9.
Write any two limitations of Post – Behaviouralism
or
Write any two bases of criticism of Post – Behaviouralism
Answer:
Criticism of Post – Behaviouralism:
1. Inter – contrast:
Post – Behaviouralism asserts the importance of both values and facts in study. As a result, there are inter-contrasts in Post – Behaviouralism Post behaviouralists want the study of Political Science to be value – based, ideological, subjective but value – neutral, realistic and objective which is impossible.
2. Unscientific Approach:
Post – behaviouralistic thinkers give more importance to gist than procedure, which means they first determine the aim of research. Then they finalize the procedural technique. Thus, the study of Post – Behaviouralism suffers from prejudices. Such study is called unscientific.
RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 2 Essay Type Questions
Question 1.
Write the main reasons of dissatisfaction with traditional study methods.
or
What are the reasons for dissatisfaction with traditional approach.
Answer:
Main reasons of dissatisfaction with traditional approach & study methods:
1. Importance of politicians only, for policy – making and governance:
Political thinkers got dissatisfied from traditional study methods and their results by the end of 19th century. Only the politicians were given importance in policy – making and governance. Political institutions and knowledge, skills and experiences of researchers were ignored.
2. Stress on theory only:
Political thinkers felt that in traditionalism, only theoretical part was emphasized in study which was not reliable. Realistic and practical aspect was missing in study methods.
3. Unable to explain totalitarian ideologies:
Traditionalism failed to explain the rise and development and popularity of Facisfn Nazism, Racism, Totalitarianism, etc. Not only this, growing communalism was also becoming a threat for libral democracy, and the explanation and solution of totalitarianism was not possible through traditionalism.
4. Insufficient study methods:
Study method of traditionalism was explanatory. Even after continuous development and popularity of Political Science, the study method which was mainly explanatory, was considered to be insufficient.
5. Increasing curiosity for new and reliable methods and techniques:
Curiosity was increasing for new and reliable methods and techniques because of the development in other subjects like natural sciences and social sciences. It was felt that inter – disciplinary approach was necessary for the existence, preservation and development of Political Science. This fact proved to be an important step for the rise and development of Behaviouralism.
6. Circumstances after Second World War:
The atmosphere and circumstances which emerged after Second World War, especially in America, made the political thinkers feel that the researches done in western systems, their results and study methods can be useful for a limited area only. It is not possible to know about the real situation of underdeveloped countries and newly – liberated countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America through the traditional method. As a result, study of political system in cultural and international context was considered useful.
Question 2.
Mention the effect of Behaviouralism on Political Science.
or
Explain the usefulness and importance of Behaviouralism.
or
Explain the importance of Behaviouralism in Political Science.
or
Explain the contribution of Behaviouralism in the field of Political Science.
Answer:
Contribution / Importance / Utility of Behaviouralism in the field of Political Science:
Behaviouralism has provided new study methods, new terminology, new approaches, new concepts, new methods and techniques to the study of Political Science. Dr. S.P. Verma has rightly said that, ‘Behaviouralists have found new areas for research in Political Science and have developed new study methods’. Effect of Behaviouralism on Political Science and its usefulness and importance can be explained as under:
1. Establishment of new political science:
Political Science has been termed as new Political Science only because of the effect of Behaviouralism. It has brought into light the shortcomings of traditionalism. It has tried to make Political Science more value neutral, realistic and objective.
2. Providing scientific approach to Political Science:
Behaviouralism has laid. stress on the use of scientific methods to study Political Science. It has used research
methods, questionnaire method, interview methods and statistical methods in Political Science.
3. Change in subject matter:
Political institutions were the center of study in traditional Political Science, whereas Behaviouralism has made human behaviour the central point in study of Political Science instead of theoretical explanation of political organizations, and considered human behaviour to be the basic unit of study.
4. Establishment of inter – disciplinary approach:
Behaviouralism has provided inter – disciplinary approach to Political Science and inspired the concept that study of Political Science should be done in context of other social sciences. This has broadened the outlook of political thinkers.
5. Alternative concepts:
Behaviouralism has provided many alternative concepts to Political Science which has a special importance in study of Political Science; for example, power groups, will power, voting behaviour and research method, etc.
6. Making the study of Political Science more realistic:
Behaviouralism has laid stress in the study of Political Science on ‘what is’ instead of ‘What should be’. In this way, Behaviouralism has made the study of Political Science more realistic.