Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 22 Important Personalities of National Movement in India and Their Contribution in Political Contemplation
RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 22 Textual Questions
RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 22 Very Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
Match the following:
Answers:
1. (e) My Experiments with Truth
2. (a) An Autobiography
3. (b) Satyarth Prakash
4. (c) Hindutva
5. (d) Karmayog
RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 22 Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
Explain the theory of nationalism as presented by Nehru.
Answer:
The Theory of Nationalism by Nehru:
Jawaharlal Nehru was the supporter of moderate nationalism. He inspired the people of the country to move on balanced, tempered and nationalist way. According to Nehru, the emotional relation towards the country is called nationalism. Nationalism, in Pt. Nehru’s opinion, is the collective memory of unity in diversity, customs of the past and the achievement, feelings and experiences with one’s country. The main characteristics of Nehru’s nationalism are –
- Support to moderate and balanced form of the country
- Support to the emotional concept of nationalism
- Support to the doctrine of national independence
- Opposed the narrow nationalism and colonialism
- Adjustment among past, present and future
- Nationalism based on people’ power
- Secular Nationalism
- Support to progressive nationalism with social and economic perspective.
Question 2.
What did Swami Vivekananda expect from the youth of India ?
Answer:
Swami Vivekananda motivated and ignited the spark of self – respect and patriotism in Indian youth. He called upon the youth and said, “Speak with pride that I am Indian and every other Indian is my own brother or sister, and they are my life. The gods and goddesses of India are my deities. Indian society is the swing of my childhood, the flowerbed of my young age and the Kashi of my old age.”
He considered the service of motherland as the true ‘Karm yoga. He emphatically and actively highlighted the great legacy of India, and said that the youth should consider themselves that they are the entire India and entire India is their body. Himalayas is their head, and east and west are their two arms, by spreading them, they can embrace their motherland. Swami Vivekananda developed a feeling of self-respect, and by this way, he encouraged the sense of patriotism among-st Indian youth. By virtue of his valuable contribution and the service to motherland, India celebrates his birthday as ‘Youth Day’.
Question 3.
Mention the works of Sardar Patel.
Answer:
Works of Sardar Patel:
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was an important leader of Indian independence movement. He was a true follower of Mahatma Gandhi and a true soldier of congress. He was the first Vice – Prime Minister and Home Minister of independent India. He was also the chairman of Fundamental rights committee and advisory committee related to minorities and provincial constitutional committee of the Constituent Assembly.
He merged the princely states into Indian Union with his unteachable diplomatic skill. He had opposed the British Policy related to partition of India and giving princely states the to right remain free. He made the princely states agree with to get merged in the Indian republic. The rulers of Junagarh, Hyderabad and Jammu-Kashmir did not accept his proposal at the very outset.
He then used force and compelled them to join India. He united 562 princely states. Due to his great contribution to the service of mother India, he is called the ‘Iron man of India’. He is also compared with Bismarck of Germany. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel used his wisdom and diplomatic policy and stopped India from being divided into various small parts, just as Bismarck had saved Germany from further division.
Question 4.
Explain the spiritual nationalism of Maharishi Aurobindo.
Answer:
Maharishi Aurobindo was deeply influenced with Indian religious epics and spiritual faiths. He rendered the theory of nationalism based on self study. According to him, the main objective of national and political struggle is to obtain independence. He believed that there is a source of spiritual power in every Indian ancient religious epic—Vedas, Upanishads and Geeta, etc.
So, it is only India which is a prosperous country in real living and spiritual strength. India is capable in providing spiritual leadership to the entire world. He said that every struggle done for Indian independence is as pious as a soldier’s duty described in Geeta. To destroy the national enemies is a religious war. The best policy for it is armed uprising and non – cooperation. He gave the whole world a new viewpoint and way through his spiritual and religious thoughts and by uniting mankind with eternal values, he challenged colonialism, fascism, dictatorship and totalitarianism.
Question 5.
What did Nehruji do for world peace ?
Answer:
Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru was the first prime minister of independent India. He performed many important tasks for world peace, goodwill, cooperation and coexistence. Nehru supported disarmament in the United Nations Organization and made several efforts for the independence of countries of Africa and Asia. He adopted the policy of Non – Alignment. After World War II, the world was divided into two factions –
- United States of America faction
- Soviet Union faction.
Nehru kept India away from war and tension and both these factions. The fundamental and motivational factor was ‘peace’, not only for India, but also for the entire world. Nehruji formulated the Principle of Panchasheel with China. The word ‘Panchsheel’ was originally used by Gautama Buddha. It includes – Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty.
- Mutual non – aggression
- Mutual non – interference
- Equality and Cooperation for mutual benefit
- Peaceful co – existence.
Question 6.
Evaluate the concepts of Swami Dayanand Saraswati.
Answer:
The root and basis of entire thoughts of Dayanand Saraswati are the Vedas. He put an intellectual and moral foundation stone for independence. At the very outset, he gave a message that good governance could not replace self governance. He proved that Indian intellectual culture and the Vedas are the best in the world. He called upon the Arya to make India undivided and independent.
He considered that domestic goods and patriotic thoughts are the spiritual duty of an Indian. He said that a foreign government might be very good, but it cannot take the place of self governance. In this way, Swamiji created the feeling of self respect, pride and patriotism among Indian youths. The Arya Samaj was established by Swami Dayanand.
He always opposed evil social customs such as child marriage, unmatched marriage and Sati practice. He also opposed religious hypocrisy and promoted women’s education. The consciousness that he awakened on the basis of four pillars of Swadeshi, Swadharma, Swaraj and Swabhasha is relevant even today.
Question 7.
Describe Swami Vivekananda’s contribution to political thinking or contemplation.
Answer:
Swami Vivekananda never played an active role in Indian politics. He was a messenger of humanism and Advait Vedanta. Being a saint, he was attached with religion. He himself said, “Neither I am a politician nor a political movement”. But what he provided to the Indians was the sense of established supremacy of Indian culture over meaning – less foreign rule. He tried his best to attract the Indian youth towards Indian culture.
Moral strength, fearlessness and motivation of deeds were, in his view, the most valuable for the growth of Indian nationalism. Swami Vivekananda was an internationalist. He addressed the people present in Chicago Conference “My own brothers and sisters ”, which was a symbol of world brotherhood and the feeling of oneness.
He was a supporter to provide opportunities to all. He imagined an ideal nation. He considered that political redemption could be possible only by the collective progress of all. He presented the spiritual principle of nationalism. He believed in the theory of global fraternity. He considered morality as only basis of national unity.
RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 22 Essay Type Questions
Question 1.
Explain the thoughts of Pt. Deendayal Upadhyaya in detail.
Answer:
Life and thoughts of Pt. Deendayal:
Pt. Deendayal Upadhyaya was born on 25 September, 1916, in Nagla Chandrabhan village in Mathura district. His parents died after few years of his birth. So, he was supported and brought up by the maternal side of his family. He left his home for the sake of the service of the nation and became a propagator of Rashtriya Swayam Sewak Sangh. He had deep faith in eternal culture of India.
The brief description of his thoughts is given further:
1. Integral Humanism:
Integral Humanism is the basic concept of Pt. Deendayal Upadhyaya’s thoughts. The dimensions of his concept include all the aspects of human life.
Indian customs and traditions:
The human being is integral, it means, the human being cannot be divided into parts. He is a body of society in the form of human. According to Pt. Deendayal’s concept, human beings need both freedom as well as equality.
They are not considered as rival,but complementary to each other. When mankind wishes to overcome nature and start an uncontrolled consumption of nature, a danger arises upon the existence of human culture. The earthly resources are the means of human satisfaction and happiness but not an end. The bad customs,such as untouchability, caste difference, death feast, dowry system and oppression of women are the social evils spread in the society and in Indian culture,and great men have struggled against these.
Everybody in the world believes in capitalism, communism and socialism, while our culture opposes these, as the strong as well as the weak both live in the same society happily The basic need of life and society and the country is cooperation instead of struggle. The nature has its cycle. All the living beings, creatures and vegetation are made for one another. We need oxygen, while trees need carbon dioxide. The fact is that both are complementary to each other.
2. Western Dualism and Indian Monoism:
Clash is not suitable for creation. Unity in diversity has been our glorious heritage. A couple is different from each other before marriage, but after marriage, there is a oneness. In western culture, it is considered an agreement, but we take oath to redeem the relation during this life, and even after life.
We have adopted the concept of eternity in life, while the western thought does not believe in it. According to saint Ramanand, “Jati-pati poochey nahin koi, Hari ko bhaje so Hari ka hoi” Means, in India the cast or creed is not asked for, and he who worships the almighty, belongs to God.
3. Selfishness and Altruism:
We know nothing about capitalism or socialism, but believe in integral philosophy. We believe in unity and union. We have a spiritual inside ourselves. Taking this godly feeling, we make progress West has faith in selfishness, but we give importance to welfare of all.
All the social sciences, political science, sociology, economics stand on the basis of selfishness, as they all alone are helpless, and so, due to their selfishness, they become united for vested interest, but we promote welfare of other, an activity, that we do not as work but for pleasure.
It is a godly imagination. We go ahead with a viewpoint of oneness and perfection. Duty is the basis of life. If spirit is not happy, body will also not happy. Thus, spiritual pleasure is also necessary. The synthesis of body, mind, wisdom and soul is the individual. So, the pleasure must be of body, mind, intellect and soul.
Question 2.
Evaluate the Concept of Nationalism of Veer Savarkar.
Answer:
Vinayak Damodar Savarkar (1883 – 1966) was born on 28th May,1883 at a small village Bhayur in Nashik district of Maharashtra. His family belonged to the clan of Chitpawan Brahmin caste. His father was Damodarpant Savarkar. His elder brother was Ganesh Savarkar and younger brother was Narayan Savarkar. These three brothers of Savarkar family played important role in Indian revolutionary movement in the form of the forerunners of Indian independence movement.
Due to his bravery in revolutionary movements, he was called as Veer Savarkar by people. He was an undefeated revolutionary. In 1904,he founded a revolutionary institution ‘Abhinav Bharat’. He lived in England during 1906 to 1910. while livening in England, he wrote a research-based book, ‘Bharatiya Swatantrata Samar’ which was seized before its publication. He was arrested in March 1910 in London.
After arrest, when he was being brought to India in a ship, he tried to abscond and jumped into the sea near the Marseilles Sea Port. This event gave him international fame. He was again arrested and sent to Andaman Jail where he spent very torturous 10 long years (1911-21). He was released in May 1937. After that, he played an important and active role in Indian politics. He was the chairperson of Hindu Mahasabha from 193 7 to 1949. His only goal of life was an independent and undivided India.
Nationalism of Veer Savarkar:
Veer Savarkar was a first – grade nationalist. He never – bowed down before the British Government. His nationalist thoughts are the central point of Indian political philosophy. According to him, the geographic expression of nationalism is the reflection of his Hindu nationalist culture. The man who considers the land from River Indus to coastal Bengal as his motherland is a Hindu and it is the only original parameter of nationalism. These thoughts must be infused in the heart of every Indian.
It does not matter to what caste or creed or belief he belongs to. It is the basis of our faith. Veer Savarkar said that the majority of Hindus would decide the future of India and its form. So,other groups and castes and religions should assimilate themselves in the social, economic and political life of India.They should mingle themselves in this country as sugar in milk and make the Indian culture the best.
To check the evangelists, he called upon the Hindus to avoid the caste system. He considered the caste system always inimical to the unity and strength of a country. He emphasis-ed to end the dividing nature of such type of evils. He supported inter-caste marriage. According to him, Jains, Sikhs, Aryas and Brahma Samaj is are all Hindus.
He called upon the people who had converted their religion to come back in their original religion after Vedic purification. He warned them that if they did not do so, then there was no room in India for them. Hindus should play a deciding role in the fight for freedom, on the question of Islamic and Christian equality in India, he said,they might be equal to Hindus if they consider this country as their motherland and as their holy land.
He called upon the Indian youth and said that the foreign clothes that they were wearing with pride, must be burnt by them at once without any hesitation. They must take an oath before the holy fire to adopt everything that is made in their country and to dedicate themselves in the service of their motherland.
Veer Savarkar made an important contribution to India by successfully persuading the learned and prosperous youth to join the freedom movement. He encouraged them to follow Shivaji to weaken and overcome the British oppression. He also emphasis-ed on Hindu-Muslim unity. His sacrifices are the footprints of service to motherland for the modern Indian youth.
Question 3.
Explain Gandhiji’s concept of Ram – Rajya.
Answer:
Introduction of Mahatma Gandhi:
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born in Porbanda in Gujarat on 2th October, 1869. His father was Karamchand Uttamchand Gandhi. He went to England for higher education of law in 1888 and returned to India in 1891. In 1893, he went to South Africa to prosecute a case and remain there till 1914. There,he adopted the policy of truth and non-violence to oppose the British Government for its racial discrimination and oppressive rule through his practice of ‘Satyagraha’.
In 1914, Gandhiji came back to India from South Africa. In India, he led many movements and satyagrahas in Champaran, Ahmedabad and Kheda. In the beginning till 1918, Gandhiji was a co – operator of British Government. He co – operated with the British Government during First World War, so he was honoured and awarded the title ‘Kesar – e – Hind’. But the events of Rowlatt Act 1919, Jallianwala Bagh massacre (1919),and Khilafat Movement 1920, made Gandhiji a great opponent of the British government.
The concept of Ram – Rajya by Gandhiji is attached with the concept of classless and stateless society. According to Gandhiji, Ram – rajya could be established only when the governance would be decentralized, there would be cottage industries in every village everyone would be self sufficient and be able to cultivate as much as needed. In the society, the most inferior person would get social acceptance and benefits, also economic and political justice.
Gandhiji considered that politics is deeply related to religion and to morality. According to him, without religion, the politics in a state is like death. Gandhiji himself was a karmyogi. He was inspired deeply by the ‘Geeta’ and considered that the other name of religion is to perform one’s duty and only a dutiful man can be called a perfect man.
According to Gandhiji, the form of state is:
- Religious opinion: A godly state.
- Economic opinion:
The decentralized arrangement of simple and easy lifestyle on the basis of minimum human necessities. The satisfaction of human is the major basis instead of profit motive. - Social opinion:
A society in the form of an extended family without any discrimination. - Political opinion:
All bindings in this decentralized governance are moral and self-controlled. There is no inequality of caste, religion, language, region, color, wealth etc. Justice is always available for all. All the citizens use their freedom in a pious way.
Question 4.
Explain the relevance of the opinions of Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar in present time.
Answer:
An Introduction of Bhimrao Ambedkar:
Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar was born at Mhow cantonment in Madhya Pradesh on April 14, 1891. He was deeply influenced by the thoughts of Gautama Buddha, Saint Kabir and Mahatma Jyotiba Phule,etc. He passed his high school examination in 1907 from Elphinston High School, Bombay and B.A. examination in 1912, from the same Elphinston College.
During his study period, he got ₹ 25 per month as scholarship from Maharaja of Baroda, Sayaji Rao Gayekwad. He was given a scholarship for higher education in America. The diligent and intelligent young man Ambedkar got his M.A. degree from Columbia University in 1915, Pn.D. degree from London in 1917, M.Sc. degree from London in 1922 and law graduation and D.C.C. in 1923. In this way, Dr. Bhimrao Ambekar was the most highly educated leader during national independence movement. Dr Ambedkar’s concepts are still greatly relevant in present time.
His concepts are given in the following points:
1. Opposition to Untouchability:
Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar belonged to Mahar caste, ,which was considered untouchable in those days. He was discriminated against due to his caste. He felt that the inhuman customs like untouchability and inequality were social evils that had divided the society into fragments and so they were a curse for the nation. Due to these social and religious evils, a large group of population was unable to get the opportunity of progress and development. Being disappointed by all this he started a movement for the upliftment of the daligts
2. Education:
Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar considered that a society can progress only through proper education. So, he gave the slogan, “Be literate, be united and then struggle”. His thoughts on education are relevant even today. He considered that it is education which opens the doors of success. These days, the Government as well as other social institutions are trying hard to spread the light of education all over India.
3. Support to inter – caste marriage:
Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar supported inter-caste marriage. He considered that inter-caste marriage is a medium of mixing the blood of different groups. Today, the government is also promoting inter-caste marriages. An incentive is provided to the parties involved in inter-caste marriage by the government.
4. Opposition to Communal-ism and Evangelists:
Dr. Ambedkar always opposed communism and evangelists. He opposed the demand of separating sindh from Bombay made by the Muslim League before the Simon commission in 1928. In his famous book – “Pakistan and the Partition of India”, he practically suggested the exchange of population between two new nations regarding unity of India, communal peace, economic development and security of border. He was very unhappy on the incidents of state – sponsored conversion of schedule castes in Pakistan.
5. Lover of Indian Culture:
Dr. Ambedkar had great affection for India and its culture. He considered Sanskrit language as a root source of Indian knowledge, philosophy and culture. He wanted to make Hindi the national language for the unity and integrity of India. On the basis of Vedic literature, he proved that Aryans were the natives of India and the Shudras were the scholars of Vedas, and they practiced thread ceremony and were rulers too. He further said that if we love our country and our culture, then it is our duty to accept Hindi as our national language.
6. Emphasis on the importance of state and democracy:
Dr. Ambedkar considered democracy as a medium of social and economic revolutionary change. He acknowledged the importance of freedom of individual, but opposed his selflessness. He disapproved of the totalitarian nature of dividing mankind. He was of the opinion that the state must be for public welfare and its role of governance should moderate. The single and only objective of a state must be to provide social justice to all and to make its people prosperous.
7. Supporter of Parliamentary System:
Dr. Ambedkar supported the Parliamentary System in India and considered it in favor of India. The unitary ruling system is most suitable for the unity and integrity of this country. There should be a control of legislature over the executive so that if might not avoid the directions and directives of state policy as laid down in the constitution of India.
There should be a balance and adjustment among all departments of Government, so that they might be free, and have control over each other at the same time. The interest of minorities must not be compromised. In parliamentary democracy, party – based democracy should be promoted instead of specific individual.
8. Adult franchise or Voting:
To establish a responsible government in the country, every adult must have the right to vote without any discrimination. The government has adopted this policy, so even a backward class adult could get the right to vote, and they could become an important link in the chain of democracy.
9. Opposition to the Alliance of Communism and Islamic countries:
Dr. Bhimrao described communism as a danger for democratic countries. China, being a communist, can attack India any moment. His forecast was proved correct in 1962, when China attacked India suddenly and secretly. On the other hand, Dr, Ambedkar warned India to be aware of the alliance of Islamic countries. The increasing Islamic terrorism at the global level has proved his warning true.
10. His thoughts about the Constitution:
Dr. Ambedkar was the chairperson of the Drafting Committee in the Constituent Assembly. His speeches and statements in the Constituent Assembly present a wonderful confluence of politics, law, history, economics and philosophy. What he said in his speeches and through his statements, was a valuable treasure for the law experts. He said, during the framing of the constitution, that our constitution must be practical and flexible. It must be capable in ensuring peace and unity during war disasters and other crises.
11. Opposition to the formation of Language-based States:
Dr. Ambedkar opposed the formation of states on the basis of language. This, he believed, could take the shape of communal-ism in the long rum. It is therefore necessary, that the government must take wise decisions for national interest and integrity.
RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 22 Multiple Choice Type Questions
Question 1.
“Return towards the Vedas” This slogan was given by:
(a) Dayanand Saraswati
(b) Mahatma Gandhi
(c) Swami Vivekananda
(d) Veer Savarkar
Answer:
(a) Dayanand Saraswati
Question 2.
He represented India in World Conference of Religions in Chicago:
(a) Swami Dayanand Saraswati
(b) Swami Vivekananda
(c) Swami Ramtirtha
(d) Aurobindo Ghosh
Answer:
(b) Swami Vivekananda
Question 3.
An Ashram was established in Pondicherry by:
(a) Maharishi Aurobindo
(b) Swami Vivekananda
(c) Mahatma Gandhi
(d) Swami Virjanand
Answer:
(a) Maharishi Aurobindo
Question 4.
The leader of Bardoli Movement was:
(a) Sardar Patel
(b) Jawaharlal Nehru
(c) Mahatma Gandhi
(d) Swami Vivekananda
Answer:
(a) Sardar Patel
Question 5.
The Theory of Integral humanism was given by:
(a) Dayanand Saraswati
(b) Sarder Patel
(c) Pt. Deendayal Upadhyaya
(d) Swami Vivekananda
Answer:
(c) Pt. Deendayal Upadhyaya
Question 6.
The Quit India Movement was led by:
(a) Mahatma Gandhi
(b) Swami Vivekananda
(c) Aurobindo Ghosh
(d) Veer Savarkar
Answer:
(a) Mahatma Gandhi
Question 7.
The Chairperson of Drafting Committee of Constituent Assembly was:
(a) Sardar Patel
(b) Jawaharlal Nehru
(c) Dr. Ambedkar
(d) Mahatma Gandhi
Answer:
(c) Dr. Ambedkar
RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 22 Other Important Questions and Answers
RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 22 Objective Type Questions
Question 1.
Who of the following was the founder of Arya Samaj ?
(a) Swami Vivekananda
(b) Swami Dayanand Saraswati
(c) Ramkrishna Paramhansa
(d) Aurobindo Ghosh
Answer:
(b) Swami Dayanand Saraswati
Question 2.
Who among the following deeply studied the Vedas, the Upanishads and the philosophy “Traitvaad” ?
(a) Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru
(b) Swami Vivekananda
(c) Swami Dayanand Saraswati
(d) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Answer:
(c) Swami Dayanand Saraswati
Question 3.
The author of ‘Satyarth Prakash’ is:
(a) Swami Dayanand Saraswati
(b) Swami Vivekananda
(c) RamaKrishna Paramhansa
(d) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Answer:
(a) Swami Dayanand Saraswati
Question 4.
Who among the following provided nationalism a Swadeshi and Indian orientation ?
(a) Swami Vivekananda
(b) Veer Savarkar
(c) Swami Dayanand Saraswati
(d) Mahatma Gandhi
Answer:
(c) Swami Dayanand Saraswati
Question 5.
Whose name from the following was Narendranath in his childhood ?
(a) Swami Dayanand Saraswati
(b) Swami Vivekananda
(c) Ramakrishna Pramhansa
(d) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Answer:
(b) Swami Vivekananda
Question 6.
Swami Ramakrishna Paramhansa was the teacher of:
(a) Swami Vivekananda
(b) Mahatma Gandhi
(c) Aurobindo Ghosh
(d) Jawaharlal Nehru
Answer:
(a) Swami Vivekananda
Question 7.
The representation of nationalism based on spiritual thoughts was done by:
(a) Swami Dayanand Saraswati
(b) B.R. Ambedkar
(c) Veer Savarkar
(d) Aurobindo Ghosh
Answer:
(d) Aurobindo Ghosh
Question 8.
“The struggle for the Independence of country is as pious as ‘Kshatriya Dharma’ as described in the Geeta. ’’Who said this ?
(a) Aurobindo Ghosh
(b) Veer Savarkar
(c) Bhimrao Ambedkar
(d) Mahatma Ghandhi
Answer:
(a) Aurobindo Ghosh
Question 9.
The founder of revolutionery organization ‘Abhinav Bharat’ was:
(a) Swami Vivekananda
(b) Bhimrao Ambedkar
(c) Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
(d) Mahatma Gandhi
Answer:
(c) Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
Question 10.
The writer of the book, ‘Freedom Struggle of 1857,’ is:
(a) Narayan Savarkar
(b) Swami Vivekananda
(c) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
(d) Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
Answer:
(d) Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
Question 11.
Which of the following freedom fighters was treated like a plodder in the Andaman ?
(a) Narayan Savarkar
(b) Ganesh Savarkar
(c) Vinayak Savarkar
(d) Mahatma Gandhi
Answer:
(c) Vinayak Savarkar
Question 12.
“The man, who considers the land of India from the rivers of India up to the sea coasts, as holy and fatherland, is a true Hindu.” This statement was:
(a) of Swami Vivekananda
(b) of Swami Dayanand
(c) of Jawaharlal Nehru
(d) of Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
Answer:
(d) of Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
Question 13.
Who is called tha “The Iron Man of India” ?
(a) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
(b) Mahatma Gandhi
(c) Jawaharlal Nehru
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
Question 14.
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was glorified as ‘Sardar’ by Gandhiji:
(a) On the perfect operation of Bardoli Satyagraha
(b) On the perfect operation of Quit India Movement
(c) On his important role in Civil Disobedience Movement.
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(a) On the perfect operation of Bardoli Satyagraha
Question 15.
The ‘statue of unity’ is being built at an island on River Narmada, in the memory of the great man:
(a) Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar
(b) Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru
(c) Sardar Vallbahbhai Patel
(d) Mahatma Gandhi
Answer:
(c) Sardar Vallbahbhai Patel
Question 16.
The Slogan “Be literate, remain united, struggle”, was given by:
(a) Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar
(b) Mahatma Gandhi
(c) Jawaharlal Nehru
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Dr, Bhimrao Ambedkar
Question 17.
The author of the book “Who Were the Shudras” was:
(a) Mahatma Gandhi
(b) Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru
(c) Bhimrao Ambedkar
(d) All these
Answer:
(c) Bhimrao Ambedkar
Question 18.
The ‘Glorification of Bravery sentiment’, feeling of India was the most dangerous for democracy. Who made this statement ?
(a) Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar
(b) Veer Savarkar
(c) Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru
(d) Mahatma Gandhi
Answer:
(a) Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar
Question 19.
Who made the statement, “Hindi as a National language is essential for the Unity and Dignity of India”?
(a) Pt. Deendayal Upadhyayay
(b) Veer Savarkar
(c) Maharishi Aurobindo Ghosh
(d) Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar
Answer:
(d) Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar
Question 20.
Gopal Krishna Gokhale was the political teacher of:
(a) Mahatma Gandhi
(b) Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru
(c) Sardar Bhagat Singh
(d) Pt. Deendayal Upadhyaya
Answer:
(a) Mahatma Gandhi
RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 22 Very Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
“Good – governance can never be a substitute of self governance, no matter how good it is”. Whose statement is this ?
Answer:
Swami Dayanand Saraswati.
Question 2.
Where and when was Swami Dayanand Saraswati born?
Answer:
On 12th February, 1824 at Tankara of Morbi state of Kathiawar in Gujarat.
Question 3.
When and where did Swami Dayanadnd Saraswati establish the Arya Samaj ?
Answer:
On 10th April, 1875 in Bombay.
Question 4.
Why did Swami Dayanand Saraswati renounce his home and adopt ascetism ?
Answer:
For search of knowledge, truth and salvation.
Question 5.
What was the root basis of Swami Dayanand Saraswati’s thoughts?
Answer:
The Vedas.
Question 6.
What does Aryatva mean, according to Swami Dayanand Saraswati ?
Answer:
According to Swami Dayanand Saraswati, Aryatva means independence, equality, nationalism, brotherhood and religious and social vigilance.
Question 7.
Mention any two political thoughts of Swami Dayanand Saraswati.
Answer:
- The state is a public welfare institution
- Support to the decentralization of governance.
Question 8.
What social evils were opposed by Swami Dayanand Saraswati ?
Answer:
Swami Dayanand Saraswati always opposed social evils such as untouchability, child marriage, dowry system, addiction to alcohol, superstition, religious hypocrisy, female illiteracy, etc.
Question 9.
Name any two books written by Swami Dayanand Saraswati.
Answer:
- Satyarth Prakash
- Rigvedadi Bhashya Bhumika.
Question 10.
Who founded the Ramakrishna Mission in Belur ?
Answer:
Swami Vivekananda.
Question 11.
Who was the spiritual teacher of Swami Vivekananda ?
Answer:
Ramakrishna Paramhans.
Question 12.
Name any two books composed by Swami Vivekananda.
Answer:
- Karmayoga,
- Patanjali ke Yog Sutra ki Tika
Question 13.
What was the opinion of Swami Vivekananda regarding Idol worship ?
Answer:
Swami Vivekananda, as a worship-per, believed that idol worship is a tool for concentration of attention.
Question 14.
Write down any two political thoughts of Swami Vivekananda.
Answer:
- Political redemption is possible only through the progress of all.
- Faith in glory of an individual
Question 15.
Who presented the theory of strength and courage based on Vedanta ?
Answer:
Swami Vivekananda.
Question 16.
When did Swami Vivekananda take part in World Conference of Religions in Chicago ?
Answer:
In 1893.
Question 17.
When and where was Aurobindo Ghosh born ?
Answer:
On 15th August,1872 in Calcutta.
Question 18.
According to Maharishi Aurobindo, what was the main goal of National political struggle?
Answer:
To achieve complete independence.
Question 19.
Who founded the organization named ‘Abhinav Bharat’ ?
Answer:
Vinayak Damodar Savarkar.
Question 20.
When was the organisation ‘Abhivav Bharat’ founded?
Answer:
In 1905.
Question 21.
Name any two books written by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar.
Answer:
- Hindutva
- The Indian war of Independence of 1857.
Question 22.
Name the freedom fighter who was sentenced to 50 years of imprisonment by British Government ?
Answer:
Vinayak Damodar Savarkar.
Question 23.
Name the two brothers of Vinayak Damodar Savarkar who were also revolutionary leaders.
Answer:
- Ganesh Savarkar
- Narayan Savarkar
Question 24.
Who magnificently celebrated the Independence Day of 1857 on 8th May, 1908 at India House in London ?
Answer:
Veer Vinayak Damodar Savarkar.
Question 25.
Who addressed Vallabhbhai Patel as Sardar ?
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi.
Question 26.
Who unified the princely states of India in the Indian Union ?
Answer:
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel.
Question 27.
When and where was Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel born ?
Answer:
On 31 October, 1875 at Karamsad village in Gujarat.
Question 28.
Write any two thoughts of Sardar Patel.
Answer:
- The perfect feeling of reverence and affinity for motherland
- Support to own country-made goods.
Question 29.
Which work of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel is unforgettable?
Answer:
The merger of 562 princely states in the union of Indian republic.
Question 30.
When and where was Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar born ?
Answer:
Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar was born at Mhow cantonment, in Madhya Pradesh on 14th April, 1891.
Question 31.
Name any two books written by Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar.
Answer:
- Castes in India
- Who were the Shudras.
Question 32.
Who considered the caste system to be the greatest enemy of democracy?
Answer:
Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar.
Question 33.
What slogan did Dr. Ambedkar give?
Answer:
Be literate, remain united and struggle.
Question 34.
When and where was Mahatma Gandhi born ?
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi was born in Porbandar in Gujarat on 2nd October, 1869.
Question 35.
Name the religious epics of India that influenced the thoughts of Mahatma Gandhi.
Answer:
Vedas, Upanishads, Ramayana and Shrimad Bhagwad Gita etc.
Question 36.
What were the core values of Mahatama Gandhiji’s life ?
Answer:
Truth and Non – Violence.
Question 37.
Name any two books written by Mahatma Gandhiji.
Answer:
- My Experiments with Truth
- Hind Swaraj.
Question 38.
Mention any two points of Gandhiji’s political thinking.
Answer:
- Satyagraha and
- The concept of Sarvodaya as a whole.
Question 39.
Where and when was Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru born ?
Answer:
Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru was born at Allahabad on November 14, 1889.
Question 40.
Name any two books written by Jawaharlal Nehru.
Answer:
- Discovery of India
- An Autobiography.
Question 41.
Name the leaders with whom Nehruji lead the path non alignment.
Answer:
- Marshal Tito (Yugoslavia)
- Colonel Nasser (Egypt).
Question 42.
Who propounded the principle of Panchsheel ?
Answer:
Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru.
Question 43.
Where and when was Pt. Deendayal Upadhyaya bom ?
Answer:
Pt. Deendayal Upadhyaya was born at Nagla Chandrabhan in Mathura district, on 25th September, 1916.
Question 44.
Name the concept in which Pt. Deendayal Upadhyaya believed deeply.
Answer:
Integral Humanism.
Question 45.
Name the magazines and newspapers edited by Pt. Deendayal Upadhyaya.
Answer:
- Panchjanya
- Rashtradharma
- Swadesh Patrika.
RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 22 Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
Describe the thinking of Swami Dayanand Saraswati about the importance of a union.
Answer:
Swami Dayanand Saraswati was a staunch supporter of union governance system. He tried to establish the importance of a federal system instead of a monarchy. He expressed the idea of three assemblies for the benefit of people –
1. Learning council,
2. Religious council
3. State council:
According to him, the king would be the chairman, but he would have to work under the council. The king would operate the governance with the help of these three councils and the full and final power would rest with the people.
If the government machinery acts against the welfare of people then the people may oppose and boycott it judiciously and lawfully. It suggests a political revolution. These thoughts of Swami Dayanand Saraswati are considered the guide of the movements like Civil Disobedience and Non – Cooperation held under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi.
Question 2.
What works were done for social reforms by Swami Vivekananda ?
Or
Describe the works that Swami Vivekananda did for social reforms.
Answer:
Swami Viveknanda was a philosopher and saint of modern India, who was not in active politics, but he ignited the fire of patriotism and nationalism in the heart of Indian people, specially, in the heart and mind of the youth of the country. He always opposed social and religious evils like communal-ism, untouchbility and other discrimination. He said, “All living beings have the same spirit in them”. So, all are equal in society.
He said that all types of discrimination in the society should be removed and equal opportunities should be provided to everyone. He opposed child marriage. Swami Vivekananda extended an important contribution towards the welfare of mankind. He strongly opposed conservatism of people. He was a critic of superstition, poverty and illiteracy. He did not believe in untouchability and distinction on the basis of co-lour, caste and creed.
He promoted the programmers of welfare of people. Swami Vivekananda wanted that the educated youth should come forward for the uplift of downtrodden and oppressed class of the society. He gave special importance to logical approach for the end of conservative ideas and to end conflict and violence.
Question 3.
Evaluate the thoughts of Swami Vivekananda.
Answer:
Swami Vivekananda was the messenger of Humanism and global brotherhood of mankind. Neither he had faith in politics nor he participated in active politics. Swamiji made spiritual thoughts the basis of the movement of national independence. He made the world familiar with good aspects of Indian culture, religion and society. He established the pride and hon-our of India again at the global level.
He considered the service of motherland a true karmyoga. He tried his best to remove the evils of Indian society with his statements, speeches and writings. He Indians towards their past glory and rich culture and heritage. He put an impressive image not only on the Indians, but also on the foreigners. All contemporary leaders like Aurobindo Ghosh, Bipin Chandra Pal, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Mahatma Gandhi, etc. were deeply impressed with Swamiji’s thoughts about nationalism.
Question 4.
Explain the thoughts of Veer Savarkar.
Answer:
Vinayak Damodar Savarkar (Veer Savarkar) was not only a famous revolutionary leader, but also a social and political thinker and a prominent social reformer. He motivated the educated and prosperous youth of India to join the independence movement. He founded a revolutionary organisation – ‘Abhinav Bharat’. Proninent among the members of Abhinav Bharat were Lala Hardayal, Shyamji Krishna Verma, Madan Lai Dhingra, etc.
He visited England, France, Germany, Russia, etc. for the spread of revolutionary thoughts among like-minded groups. He was against religious conversion, and for this, he blamed the caste system also. His sacrificed his entire life for the sake of the country. He inspired the Indian youth to follow the ideals of Shivaji, and to defeat the enemies, he emphasis-ed Hindu – Muslim unity.
Question 5.
Describe the thoughts of Sardar Patel related to non – violence.
Answer:
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was a great follower of Mahatma Gandhi. Being his follower, he always supported his policies. But, regarding non-violence, his thoughts were different from him. He considered that your goodness must not be an obstruction in your way. For this, you should express your anger according to time and situation and make yourself stronger. In the absence of strength, self – confidence is of no use. Confidence and strength are complementary to each other and strength needs unity.
Question 6.
What was the role of Sardar Patel in the integration and unification of princely states in the union of Indian Republic ?
Answer:
Sardar Patel did unforgettable work in context to the integration of princely states in the union of Indian Republic, merger of 562 princely states in Indian union could be possible only by virtue of his political understanding, diplomacy and political ability. By achieving this, he preserved Indian unity and integrity.
He is compared with the chancellor Bismarck of Germany. -What Bismarck did for unification and integration of Germany through his Iron and Blood policy, Sardar Patel performed the same with his understanding and diplomacy. That is why, he is called the Iron Man of India.
Question 7.
Evaluate the thoughts of Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar.
Answer:
The rise, development and flourishing of Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar in the social and political life in India is an evidence of the fact that a man can reach the height of success even after struggling against social evils like untouchability and poverty. In-spite of being a member of a poor and underprivileged family, Dr. Ambedkar got higher education from foreign countries and tried hard to improve the pitiable condition of depressed and suppressed sections of India.
He tried to make them educated, united stronger and capable. He advised the people of the underprivileged class to keep away from bad habits. He further advised them to educate their children. He also called upon them to avoid the consumption of alcoholic drinks and beef. Dr. Ambedkar tried his best to bring the people of this community into the mainstream of society. He made provision of Yeservation in the Indian constitution for their benefit and emancipation.
Question 8.
What did Dr. Ambedkar think about Indian constitution ?
Answer:
Dr. Ambedkar is also called the ‘architect’ of modern India. He was the chairman of the Drafting Committee by virtue of his merit and brilliance. The Constituent assembly formed a Drafting Committee of 7 members under his leadership. During the framing of Ipdian constitution, he made such provisions also, which lent flexibility to its rigid nature to make it capable to maintain Indian unity and integrity during peace and crisis alike. Besides.no amendment could be made in a hurry and without proper thought.
Question 9.
Which are the important factors that influenced Gandhiji’s ideology?
Answer:
Many factors influenced Gandhiji’s thinking. Among these factors, all the role of his family was paramount. Gandhiji got the inspiration to lead a moral life and respect towards all religions from his family. He was very much impressed with the victory of truth over untruth in the Mahabharata, the selfless karmyoga of the Geeta, truth and non – violence of Jain and Buddhist religions, the preachings of Christ, the simplicity of the character of Hazrat Muhammad and Islamic brotherhood.
Gandhiji was very much impressed with the western thinkers like Ruskin, Leo Tolstoy, Socrates, Henry David Thoreau, and the Indian social reformers and thinkers such as Swami Ramakrishna Paramhansa and Swami Vivekananda. Clear effect of two important leaders of independence movement, Gokhale and Tilak, is seen on Gandhiji. He learnt the importance of public movement from Bal Gangadhar Tilak and inspiration for spiritualistic of politics from Gokhale.
Question 10.
Mention the state – related concept of Gandhiji.
Answer:
State related concept of Gandhiji:
Gandhij supported the state-less social system. According to Gandhiji, the state originates from violence and its existence is also based on violence. It blocks the way of moral development of an individual. The moral development of man depends upon his internal wish and thinking, and the state limits it with tools of fear, punishment and law.
The state works and operates the governance with the help of judiciary, jail, police and army. Practically, to maintain peace and security in the society, the presence of state is essential, but it is based on violence. So, it is always accepted as a necessary evil. Gandhiji opposed the centralization of governance and sovereignty. Gandhiji imagined a state in which there is no fear, punishment or violence,and called it Ram – Rajya (Utopia).
Question 11.
Describe the concept of satyagraha of Gandhiji.
Answer:
The Concept of Satyagraha:
According to Gandhiji, Satyagraha is the only way of social revolution. Satyagrah consists of two words – ‘Satya’ and ‘Agraha’, which means ‘standing firm on truth’. A man who fights for truth, can never be defeated, and the satyagrahi himself bears all the sufferings and agony and tries to change the heart his oppressor. According to Gandhiji, non – co – operation, civil disobedience, fasting and hunger strike, etc.
are different types of satyagraha. Gandhiji, from time to time, used these types of satyagraha during the independence movement. He believed,if satyagraha is used instead of violence and terror, all the global problems and crisis would be solved. According to Gandhiji, a satyagrahi should talk to his oppressor at first and then should start his satyagrah.
Question 12.
Explain Gandhiji’s Principle of Trusteeship.
Answer:
Gandhiji presented the principle of trusteeship to avoid the demerits of communism. According to Gandhiji, “Everyone must have as much property as necessary to satisfy his basic needs. The remaining property should be left for the use of others. If someone has more wealth than his or her daily needs, then the related person is only a trustee of public of his own wealth they, such people should themselves entrusted with the property of public and they should invest their property for national interest, that, is for public welfare, and not become its master or proprietor. The capitaliats should not consider their huge property belonging to them, but, for the good of all. If this principle is followed, then the ideal state of equality can be obtained without any social unrest”.
Question 13.
Write any three points related to Nehruji’s concept of nationalism.
Answer:
The three main points related to the concept of nationalism of Nehruji:
1. Supported moderate and balanced form of Nationalism:
The Nationalism provides a lifeline and the way of development to the Nation. But when people detach their country from the remaining world, then extreme chaos arises and harms the concept of internationalism. No country can develop, by keeping itself isolated from the rest of world.
2. Opposes narrow Nationalism and Imperialism:
The narrowness is a serious evil at national and international level. If an imperialist country harms other countries for its vested selfish interests, it will be considered a crime at international level.
3. Support to the principal of National Independence:
National Liberty is the first and foremost condition of Nationalism. Every country must have absolute control over its internal and external affairs. This means that it must have sovereign power within and outside its territory.
Question 14.
Clarify Nehru’s thoughts about Internationalism.
Answer:
According to Jawaharlal Nehru, the basis of internationalism is our glorious tradition. “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam”, Nationalism and internationalism are complementary to each other. No, country in this world is self-dependent. For internationalism, it is essential that every nation must be free from external interference. Pt. Jawaharlal Nehr, gave an unforgettable contribution to global peace, good faith, co-operation and co – existence in the capacity of the Prime Minister of India.
His contribution in this field can be seen in his non – alignment policy and the Principles of Panchsheel. According to Nehru, all the countries of the world must be independent. They must be treated equally and not subjected to exploitation by one – another. The policy of colonialism must be stopped and ended.
The internationalization of the world has started. The production is international. The markets are international. No one is self – dependent. All are dependent on one another. Nehruji favoured the United Nation Organisation for global peace and disarmament. He tried his best for the independence of the countries in Asia and Africa.
Question 15.
What is meant by integral humanism as described by Pt. Deendayal Upadhyaya ?
Answer:
The meaning of integral humanism is that the life of an individual cannot be understood through fragments of time period. All fragmented aspects are not rivals to the whole, rather they are complementary to one another. So the man, family, society, natitin and world all are linked with one another intrinsically. The Indian tradition considers a man integral. It means, the human in a form of unit is mutually related to the society.
A man is a unit of the family, the family is a unit of the village, the village is a unit of a city, a city a unit of a nation and the nation is a unit of this world. A man is the part of this corporate collective organization. He is not independent. Pt. Deendayal Upadhyaya says that freedom and equality both are essential for a man.
These are not opposed to each other, but complementary to each other. These two concepts of freedom and equality have explained the nature of,man who has a desire to conquer nature, has created a threat to the human civilization. In Deendayal’s concept his ideas is ensures the welfare of the entire human world.
RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 22 Essay Type Questions
Question 1.
Evaluate Swami Dayanand’s political contemplation.
Answer:
Swami Dayanand Saraswati started social and religious reforms in modern India. He not only tried his best to free Indian society from evil customs and superstitions but, also tried to establish the ancient glory of the country again. Swami ji tried hard to unite the Indian society without discrimination on the basis of co-lour, caste and creed. For the eradication of these evils from the Indian society, he founded Arya Samaj.
He wrote the book ‘Satyarth Prakash’ and called upon the Indians to return to the Vedas. He infused courage, self-dependence and self respect among the Indians. He was a bold and courageous political thinker since the very beginning. He, as a political thinker, did not propound any specific theory, but explained it in the light of the Vedas. The main political thoughts of Swami Dayanand Saraswati are given below:
1. State is a welfare Institution : A state is a developed and welfare institution. There are four efforts or proper goals (Purushartha) of human life, and they are Dharma (righteousness, moral values), Artha (prosperity, economic values), Kama (pleasure, love, psychological values) and Moksha (salvation, spiritual values). Here, religion is not a machinery, rather it is related to the fulfillment of earthly or temporal, and spiritual means.
2. State is a community of communities:
According to Swami Dayanand Saraswati, the state is not a social institution, but a political unit of communities related to arts and science, and a religion and morality – based community. According to Rigveda, these are called as Rajarth Sabha (Assembly of king), Vidyartha Sabha (Assembly of scholars or learned persons) and Dharmarth Sabha (Assembly of religion and morality), and of these assemblies, intelligent, scholarly and pious persons would not be appointed separately rather they would be elected jointly. And hence it would be a mixed form of union and democracy. For execution of the affairs of the state, the support of these three assemblies would be necessary.
3. Rebuttal of Divine form of Governance:
Swami Dayanand Saraswati was against the divine rights of a king. He opposed providing all powers of state to a particular person, and supported its institutional form. According to him, ensuring punishment is a symbol of monarchical power.
It gets the capability to protect the people and religion by the power of punishment. When a punishment is given with a view to earthly or temporal and spiritual welfare,the king does public welfare, and when the governance is done without any outlook, then the Disgraced king is killed by self punishment.
4. Importance of union:
Swami Dayanand Saraswati tried to establish the importance of a republic instead of monarchical machinery. In executing the governance, the final power is given to the public. If governance goes against the Vedas, then the revolt by the public is just and according to religion. It may indicate a political revolution. These thoughts by Swami Dayanand Saraswati are considered as guidelines of Civil Disobedience movement and Non-Co-operation movement conducted by Mahatma Gandhi.
5. Favor of decentralization of governance:
Swami Dayanand Saraswati supported the decentralization of governance. Favoring Manusmriti, he said, the king and his court should appoint an official for execution of affairs of one, two, three, five, ten and 100 villages. The official of one village would give the reports about crimes, faults and crisis, to the official of 10 villages. He would pass these reports to the official of 20 villages.
This official would report to the official of 100 villages and he would pass these reports to the official of 1000 villages and finally he would transfer these reports to the king. In this way, every information would reach from the lower level to the upper level. There would be an arrangement of spies. They would be checked and monitored. In this way, Swami Dayanand was in favor of a federal governance system and wanted an adjustment and co-operation between the legislature and the executive.
6. Emphasis on the maintenance of Armed Forces:
Swami Dayanand Saraswati supported the safety and development of a state and its natural resources. For ensuring this, he supported well – formed armed forces. He also wanted to train people like soldiers.
7. Support to Diplomacy:
According to Swamiji, morality and truthfulness are the parameters of politics and governance. On the other hand, diplomacy is also essential for internal peace and external safety. He considered that the food and water stocks, etc. belonging to the enemy must be destroyed at once and then and there. Being a saint, his practical thoughts and thinking for the security of the nation is an outstanding concept of his ideology and his patriotism.
Question 2.
Describe the life of Swami Vivekananda and describe his contribution to politics.
Answer:
Life of Swami Vivekananda:
Swami Vivekananda was born on 12th January, 1863 in Calcutta. His father was Vishwanath Datta. His childhood name was Narendranath Datta. Swami Vivekananda was very much attached to his mother Bhuvaneswari Devi. Besides Indian philosophy, he also studied foreign thoughts and languages. He had great interest in spirituality and self study since. In 1881, he met Ramakrishna Paramhansa in Dakshineshwar, Kolkata. Vivekananda felt the presence of almighty God through Ramakrishna Paramhansa. Since then, Swami Vivekananda became his disciple.
In 1893, he participated in the World Conference of Religions held in Chicago. For the publicity and expansion of his Guru’s teachings, he founded the Ramakirshna Mission at Belur near Calcutta in 1897. Swamiji extended valuable contribution in the service of mankind. He was a staunch critic of conservative outlook, superstitions, poverty, illiteracy, etc. He did not believe in untouchability and caste system. He always promoted the spirit of public welfare.
Swami Vivekananda never played an active role in politics. He was an ascetic and deeply attached with religion. He said, “I am neither a politician and nor one of the executors of political movement”. Even then, he inspired Indian people to have strength, and boldness in their actions. His inspiring motivation was valuable for Indian nationalism. His contribution in politics is given below:
1. Internationalist:
Swami Vivekananda was an internationalist. He expressed the message of Vedas that all the creatures and other living beings have the same spirit. In world conference of Religion held in Chicago, Vivekananda talked about all religions and praised them. Although he loved Indian religion very much, yet he had no ill – will for any other religion or country of this world. He was a supporter of mankind and an internationalist. So, he said that we had to learn a lot from the west. He considered that the man who does not want to learn from others, soon becomes a prey to death.
2. Sociologist:
Swami Vivekanand declared himself as a sociologist. He had immense affection for the poor and depressed and oppressed people. He was against the exploitation of capitalism. He made fun of the heartless rich. He considered poverty and illiteracy as a curse and believed that it was useless to teach a hungry person about religion. He had infinite trust in the power of people. He, by giving warning to the rich, said, “When a common man will get up from his sleep, he will understand your motive of suppression and a single blow from his mouth will make you fly away.”
3. His idea of an ideal state:
Swami Vivekananda wrote a letter to one of his pupils, in which he wrote that the rule of Brahmins comes very first, secondly of Kshatriyas and then the rule of Vaishyas, and the rule of lab-our-class comes at last for governance. During the rule of labor class, things of earthly pleasure would become divided among-st all equally. He expressed his belief in the rise of backward class.
He said, there will be an ideal governance of state in which the knowledge of Brahmin age, civilization of Kshatriya age, the publicity of the Vaishya age and the equality of Shudra age would form an ideal synthesis. These would be put together and their demerits would be overlooked, then there would be an ideal state.
4. Independence related thoughts:
Swami Vivekananda had said that the entire world is searching for its independence. Besides physical, mental and spiritual independence, there must be social, economic and political independence also in it, so that everyone could get an opportunity of all – round development of his personality. In this way, his theory related to development of the individual is more pervasive and more popular than those of western scholars.
5. Trust in the dignity of man:
According to Swami Vivekananda, a nation is formed by the assemblage of people. Swami Vivekananda trusted in the global human concept and considered man the best living being. He said, “It is unnecessary to hope for a prosperous nation until the individual personality is healthy, moral and kind. In this way, the base of unity and dignity of a nation is morality.”
6. Spiritual principle of nationalism:
There is a basic element in a nation’s life and all other elements are included in it. The chief element of India is its religion. He propounded the spiritual principle of nationalism. He said, “The making of future greatness of a country might be done on the foundation stone of its past.”
By his teachings related to the Indian religion and culture, Swami Vivekananda infused the feelings of moral unity and brotherhood in the country. Bipin Chandra Pal, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Aurobindo Ghosh were very much influenced by his thinking, and so they paved a path of unique nationalism.
7. The progress of all:
Swami Vivekananda believed that political progress cannot be possible without the progress of individual. His principle of strength and courage based on the Vedanta was an important contribution in the field of politics. Without strength, we can neither safeguard our rights nor can we keep our existence secured.
Question 4.
Giving the biography of Maharishi Aurobindo Ghosh, explain his concept of nationalism.
Answer:
Maharishi Aurobindo Ghosh was the promulgator of extreme nationalism. He was born on 15th August, 1872 in a rich family of Calcutta (Kolkata). He received his higher education from Britain, came back to India in 1893 and took a job in Baroda. Later, he worked as a teacher in a college. Aurobindo Ghosh took active part in politics from 1905 to 1910. During this period, he was sent to jail for one year. During imprisonment, he was attracted towards spiritualism.
After getting released from the jail, Maharishi went to Pondicherry, where he gave up politics. But his thoughts related to nationalism remained unchanged. The Indian spiritual epics and beliefs influenced his thinking largely. He propounded the principle of nationalism based an spiritual feelings. According him, main objectives of national and political struggle is to achieve complete independence.
The ancient religious epics of India such as the Vedas, Upanishads and Geeta are the sources of spiritualism. India has immense spiritual strength. So India is a real live country filled with spiritual power. By virtue of such power, India alone can spiritually lead the whole mankind in future. Maharishi Arvindo Ghosh died on 9 December 1950.
The concept of Nationalism propounded by Maharishi:
Maharishi Aurobindo Ghosh had an important and high position in Indian Nationalism. In the beginning, he was a supporter of extreme nationalism, but after going to Pondicherry, his thoughts about Nationalism were totally established on the ground of religion and spirituality. In Pondicherry, Aurobindo Ghosh planned to achieve total independence through peaceful protests. Later, Gandhiji adopted this policy and executed the movements like Civil Disobedience and Non – cooperation.
He always favoured non – violence, but in crisis, he allowed the use of violent methods to achieve the goal. According to him, the struggle made for Nation’s Independence was as holy as Khshatriya dharma described in the Geeta. To achieve the goal of Indian freedom, he proved that armed revolution was the best policy. Maharishi said in his speech that nationalism is not limited within the boundaries of peaceful movements, but is a religion and faith for the Indians.
Question 5.
Write down the biography of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and explain his political ideology.
Answer:
Sarbar Vallabhbhai Patel was born in a small village Karamsad in Gujarat on October 31, 1875. His father had participated in the war of Independence of 1857. He got a law degree from England. He led the movement of Bardoli (Gujarat) in 1928. He earned a good name among farmers. For his able and fine leadership, he was addressed as Sardar by Gandhiji. He became the chairperson of Indian National Congress in 1931.
In this session, a proposal related to Fundamental Rights was passed. In the constitutional development, this proposal proved very important and useful. In the Individual Satyagrah Movement in 1941 and the Quit India Movement in 1942, he was sent to jail. After India got independence, he was made the Vice Prime Minister and Home Minister of India. With the help of his political understanding, diplomacy and ability, he was successful in merging and unification of 562 Princely States in the Republic of India, and so he, very-ably defended the integrity of the Nation.
In the making of Indian Constitution, his contribution is unforgettable. He was the chairperson of Provincial Constituent Committee and was also the chairperson of the Advisory Committee of Fundamental Rights and Minorities Welfare in the Constituent Assembly. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was an in-mortal soldier of independence movement, a great visionary and a man of various dimensions. He d’ed on December 15, 1950. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel’s thoughts can be described in the points given below:
1. Emotional for his country:
Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel had completes faith, affinity and reverence for his country. Sardar Vallabh Bahi Patel appealed that every Indian should feel independent. To defend the independence of motherland should be everyone’s obligation. Every Indian should avoid social evils and be Indian first.
2. For non – violence:
Sarbar Patel was the follower of Mahatma Gandhi. He always favored the policies of Mahatma Gandhi but for non – violence, he had different opinions. His contemplation was that the goodness in you should not come as an obstruction in your way. For this, you should express your anger according to time and situation firmly to defeat all that is unjust and unfair. Be powerful, for in the lack of strength, self confidence has no meaning. The self confidence and self power-both are necessary to obtain a big goal, the strength needs unity.
3. Vernacular and Culture:
Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel was a great supporter of home made goods and a staunch supporter of Indian culture. He practiced simple living and had plain lickings. The environment of his house was also very simple. He considered that no matter what you are, whether you are a big leader, official, or ordinary or in-ordinary person, you should speak your own language.
4. About lifestyle:
Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel’s lifestyle was very simple. He believed in ‘work is worship’. He believed that fun and entertainment are also necessary in life. We should go on smiling, have faith in almighty and truth and so be happy.
5. About Partition of India:
Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel was against partition of India. He wanted no partition between India and Pakistan. But due to. the direct action taken by Muslim League there was an atmosphere of violence and insecurity in the country. He wanted to maintain peace in the country. So he at last,he had to accept that bitter proposal.
In conclusion, it can be said that Sardar Patel was an honest, strict, disciplined hard worker and able leader. He with all others laid a strong foundation of modern India. Ex – President of India. R. Venkatraman had expressed his opinion about him, “Sardar Patel had a combination of iron power and gold purity inside him.”
Question 6.
Explain Mahatma Gandhi’s contributions in political thought.
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi led several movements for independence of India. He also created a wonderful political awerness among common people. He provided the unprecedented weapon of non – violence to common Indians to oppose unjust and unfair orders. His contribution in the fields of politics is given below:
1. Satyagrah:
According to Gandhiji, satyagraha is a method of social revolution. Satyagraha means never moving away from truth and justice. Here, it means the holy voice of your soul. Satryagraha does not allow use of force to win or conquer, the crisis, but it enables a satyagrahi to change the heart and mind of oppressors with the help of truth, justice and non-violence. It ensures success.
2. Concept of Sarvodaya:
The word sarvodaya means collective progress. The policy of Savoyard is based on truth, justice and non-violence. It is a lifestyle in which a society as well as a nation progresses evenly.
3. The principle of trusteeship:
To avoid the defects of capitalism and communism, Gandhiji propounded the Principle of Trusteeship. According to Gandhiji, everyone should keep as much property so as to satisfy or fulfill his daily needs, the remaining wealth should be left for others to use. If someone has wealth more than his necessities, then he is a trustee of this extra wealth.
In such case he or she should not consider himself or himself the master or owner of the wealth, rather a trustee of the wealth. Gandhiji wanted to change the mood and heart of capitalists so they might ensure that this wealth should be used for National progress and purposes.
4. The concept of totality:
He was a supporter of totality in which social, economic, political, religious, moral, educational concepts were the very ideas that can be seen and felt. An adjustment of socialism, communism, liberalism and utilitarianism dominated in his thought.
5. The main thought of world:
The thoughts expressed by Gandhiji in different conditions, on different subjects and in different time periods are given the common name of Gandhism. There are research centers for Gandhism in different countries of the world.
6. The thoughts related to means and ends:
Gandhiji always emphasis-ed purity of means and the ends and said that goals obtained through improper means could never be pious. Therefore, Gandhiji used the means of non-violence and satyagraha to achieve independence. And he was successful in his goal.
7. Imagination of an ideal society:
Gandhiji was of the opinion that an ideal society can be established on the bases of friendship, love, tolerance, communal harmony and global brotherhood.
8. Deliverance of the underprivileged:
Gandhiji always opposed all types of social evils such as untouchability, caste system and other interference in social and national life. His contribution for up liniment of under – privileged class is praiseworthy.He condemned discrimination on the basis of caste, color and creed and projected human beings as images of God. He always opposed British Government’s divide and rule policy in India. He motivated and united all classes of the country into a united class.
9. Humanist:
Gandhiji presented a new concept of truth, non – violence and religion. So he is recognized as a supporter of humanism.
10. As a popular leader:
Gandhiji gathered the conman man of India to oppose the British governance and its policy with the help of his weapons of truth, religion and non – violence. So, he was a popular leader of India.
Question 7.
Explain the relevance of Gandhiji’s ideas.
Answer:
Gandhiji created a wonderful political awareness in the country, while leading the movement of National Independence. He handed over the suffering humanity of world a new weapon named Ahimsa (Non-violence) to solve the then burning problems of the world which was suffering from two world wars and socio – economic crises.
Gandhiji was a great statesman who presented the substitute of communism and capitalism before the world. His peaceful and non-violent thought’s showed the world suffering from war and violence, a new remedy and a new way. The thought of Gandhiji is a singular experiment of political and philosophical awareness. Gandhiji gave a complete and extra – ordinary means of salvation to the world, which is his Gandhian philosophy, in our constitution.
A clear effect of Gandhism can be seen on fundamental rights and directive principles of state policy in our constitution. The social equality, end of untouchbility system, prohibition of alcohol, decentralization of governance, etc are largely influenced by Gandhiji’s ideas. To counteract the increasing communal trend, the moderate form of religion, the concept of respect for all religions Gandhiji propounded are very meaningful even today.
Gandhiji’s principles are not only relevant to the present time but also a need of the hour. At the initiative of our Prime Minister, the cleanliness campaign is a direct and practical manifestation of Gandhism. The awareness of common man has increased today. Due to this campaign, the standard of living in the country has risen up and the health of common man has also improved.
Today, the entire world is facing the problem of terrorism. The main cause of this problem is that some individuals or groups of individuals are using violence to make their demands. Gandhism alone can solve the burning problems of the world. The present youths are unable to get jobs.
Gandhiji wanted to promote cottage industries in large scale in India, Through self employment Gandhiji wanted to enable they youths of the country self dependent for their livelihood.
Gandhiji wanted to see the villages self sufficient in all respects.He wanted to check migration of villagers to our crowding cities. His philosophy is based on the fundamental human values in which there is a message of human emancipation..
Question 8.
Describe Nehru’s nationalism in detail.
Answer:
Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru was a great statesman. He is called the maker of modern India. He was the first Prime Minister of Independent India and remained on the post for 17 long years. Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru made the democratic system in India more powerful and efficient. He was a supporter of liberal nationalism.
He led the country forward on the way of democracy. He motivated country and the countrymen to stay aloof from the two giant groups of the world. According to him, the emotional relation between man and the country is called nationalism. The Pt. Nehru’s nationalism can be understood in the following point given below:
1. Support to moderate and balanced form of country:
According to Nehruji, nationalism provides the nation the historic lifeline arid the way of sustained development.when people of a nation start to stay separately from the remaining world, they cause to develop factionalism in the world. It is quite improper from the global viewpoint. Nowadays, no country can progress by ignoring the world.
2. Emotional aspect of Nationalism:
Nehruji supported the emotional aspect of nationalism. According to him, nationalism is a collective memory of achievements, heritage and experiences of the past. The nationalism was never so stronger as it is today. The feelings of nationalism become more powerful during crises. People have always tried hard to get strength and commitment from such nationalist sentiments.
3. Theory of National Independence:
According to Nehruji, independence is the first and last condition of nationalism. Every country must have control over its internal as well as external policies. He believed in the integrity and sovereignty of every nation.
4. Opposed Narrow Nationalism and Colonization:
Nehruji opposed the narrowness of Nationalism and Colonization. According to him the narrowness is the greatest enemy of the nationalism and globalism. If an imperialistic country for its political or economic selfishness, tries to harm any country, then it will be a hateful crime.
5. Adjustment among past, present and future:
Nehruji said that the evils of past must be avoided. He exhorted the people to be proud on the good things, think and act for a prosperous and golden future, take the present as an is peering power, be capable and able and then mould themselves with the challenges of the future.
6. Nationalism based on People’s Power:
Nehruji considered that our valleys, mountains, forests, rivers, etc might be beloved for us but the significance of a nation is“the People of the Country”. He said, “Bharat mata ki Jai means the victory of all of you as you are the integral part of India. It is you, whose union makes India.”
7. Secular Nationalism:
Nehruji believed in Secular Nationalism. He did not agree with the concept of Swami Dayanand Saraswati, Maharishi Arvind Ghosh, Bal Gangadhrar Tilak, etc. on Hindu Nationalism. Nehruji was a firm secularist. He did not accept any kind of communal-ism. In fact his nationalism was creative, not destructive.