RBSE Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 4 The Concept of the State and Sovereignty

Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 4 The Concept of the State and Sovereignty

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 4 Textual Questions

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 4 Very Short Answer type Questions

Question 1.
Who has given the best definition of the state?
Answer:
Definition of the state given by Dr Garner, has been considered to be the best.

Question 2.
Write any two differences between state and government.
Answer:

• State is abstract but government is concrete.
• State is permanent but government is changeable.

Question 3.
Whose is the government an important element-state or society?
Answer:
Government is an important element of state.

Question 4.
Write the elements of state.
Answer:
There are four elements of state:

• Population
• Fixed Territory
• Government
• Sovereignty.

Question 5.
Rousseau supported which theory of origin of state?
Answer:
Rousseau supported the social contract theory of origin of state.

Question 6.
Who has written ‘Two Treatises of Government’ ?
Answer:
This is written by John Locke.

Question 7.
Who is the propounder of theory of General Will ?
Answer:
Propounder of General Will theory is Rousseau.

Question 8.
How many features does sovereignty have ?
Answer:
Sovereignty has six features:

1. Absoluteness
2. Universality
3. Inalienability
4. Permanence
5. Indivisibility
6. Exclusiveness.

Question 9.
Sovereignty is of how many types ?
Answer:
Sovereignty is of two types:

• Internal sovereignty
• External Sovereignty.

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 4 Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Explain the usefulness of state.
Answer:
Man is a social animal. He wants to live in the society. An organised group of people living in fixed area under an organised government without any other control is called a state. State is very useful. It executes the laws in a society. Its existence is for a better life of people and it has the right of obedience from people.

State is a political abstraction, and it controls the social system. State is such an organization where people are bound in unity. State makes laws through government and executes them. It punishes those who disobey the law. It executes its will through the government and establishes peace.

Question 2.
Which are the theories of origin of state?
Answer:
It is very difficult to say when and how the state originated. Many political scholars had made many speculations from time to time about the origin of the state and had propounded many theories. No theory has so far been accepted as conclusive, but all theories have their own importance.

These theories have explained the relationship of the ruler and the ruled. Secondly, these theories give knowledge about ancient political tendencies. Third, these theories have some elements regarding the origin of the state and thus, can be compared.

Following theories are prevalent regarding the origin of state:

• Speculative Theories:
  It includes Divine origin of state theory, Force theory and Social Contract theory.
• Half Speculative and Half Factual Theories:
  It includes Patriarchal theory and Matriarchal theory.
• Historical Theory:
  It includes Evolutionary theory of state.

Question 3.
What is the theory of social contract of the origin of state?
Answer:
Social Contract Theory of Origin of State:
Social contract theory of origin of state is very old. This theory considers state a result of social contract made by people among themselves, not an organization made by divine power. According to this theory, state is a man – made institute. It depends neither on force nor on divine right. Proofs of social contracts can be found in ancient Indian literature.

Great explanation of social contract theory can be found is ‘Shanti Parva’ of ‘Mahabharata’. Acharya Chankaya has also asserted that state is an organization based on human efforts and consent of public, not any result of divine power. He also propounded the social contract theory.

Social contract theory can also be found in Jain and Buddhist literature. It can be found in western literature also. It was propounded by sophist scholars of ancient Greece. In modern times, this theory was propounded systematically by Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau.

Question 4.
Explain briefly the theory of divine origin of state.
Answer:
Divine Origin of State:
Theory of divine origin of state is the oldest theory. This is a completely imaginary theory. This theory considers king as representative of God. It does not consider the king responsible towards the public. It supports autocratic monarchy. It is duty of public to obey the king always. To disobey the king is a sin towards God. State is not a man-made institution, it is divine, directly or indirectly.

At first place, the supporters of this theory include ancient Jewish thinkers. This theory was accepted in Greece and Rome also. Ancient Indian thinkers along with thinkers of China and Egypt were of the view that state was created by God. According to Manusmriti, state is creation of God.

Hint of divine origin of the king can be found in ‘Shanti Parva’ of Mahabharata’. This theory started declining after 16th centuary. This theory was criticized on the grounds of being opponent of democracy, unscientific, traditional and religious, and not applicable to modern states.

Question 5.
Explain the different definitions of Sovereignty.
Answer:
Definition of Sovereignty:
The English word ‘Sovereignty’ is made from Latin word ‘Suprenus’, which means ‘Supreme Power’. Thus, sovereignty can be understood as the supreme power. This is an important element of state and one of the four essential constituent elements of state. Different scholars have given different definitions o’ the sovereignty of the state.

1. Jellinek:
“Sovereignty is that characteristic of the state by virtue of which it cannot be legally bound except by its own will or limited by any other power than itself.”

2. Prof Grotius,:
“Sovereignty is the supreme political power vested in him whose actions are not subject to any other and whose will cannot  be overridden.”

3. Duguit:
“Sovereignty is the commanding power of the state, is the will of nation organised in the state, it is the right to give unconditional orders to all individuals in the territory of the state.”

4. Laski:
“The sovereignty is legally supreme over any individual or group and possesses supreme power.”

5. Woodrow Wilson:
“Sovereignty is the daily operative power of framing and giving efficacy to the laws”.

6. Willoughby:
“Sovereignty is the supreme will of the state”. It can be said on the basis of above definitions that sovereignty is the supreme power of state. It can be both, internal and external. Theoretically, it cannot be limited.

Question 6.
Explain different features of sovereignty.
Answer:
Main Features of Sovereignty:
Main features of sovereignty are the following:

1. Absoluteness:
Sovereignty is always absolute and unlimited. It does not depend on any other power. All the individuals and their groups are under the sovereign state. Outside the state also, sovereign individual is considered to be the supreme in matter of his state. No other state can interfere in his internal matter, nether can force him for any thing.

2. Universality:
Sovereignty is supreme among all the persons, organizations and other matters within the state. State can itself keep out anything out of its jurisdiction, but no person or organization has the right to keep itself out of the jurisdiction of the state. Sovereignty is universal, omnipresent and public power within the jurisdiction of the state.

3. Inalienability:
Sovereignty is intact. So, it cannot be given to anyone else. If a sovereign state transfers its sovereignty to anyone, its own existence will be lost.

4. Permanence:
Sovereignty is permanent. As long as the state exists, sovereignty also exists. Both cannot be separated from each other.

5. Indivisibility:
Sovereignty is complete and universal. It cannot be divided into parts. Dividing sovereignty will mean the division of state.

6. Exclusiveness:
There cannot be two sovereigns in a state. It there will be two sovereigns in one state, then unity of the state will be destroyed.

Question 7.
Explain different aspects of sovereignty.
Answer:
Different aspects of sovereignty are as follows:

1. Nominal or Real Sovereignty:
Earlier, there were autocratic kings and emperors in many countries. They had the real powers and parliament used to be a mere puppet. They used real sovereignty at that time. The situation has changed after the Glorious revolution of England (1588). Now the king or the emperor has nominal powers. Only ministers use these powers.

2. Legal Sovereignty:
The power who makes laws in any country is called legal sovereignty. It has the power to make laws, make amendments or nullify the laws. In England, the emperor-in-parliament is the legal sovereign.

3. Political Sovereignty:
Political sovereignty means the public support behind the laws in a state. This is the basis of legal sovereignty. This is approved by judiciary. It is under control of party politics and public opinion.

4. Popular Sovereignty:
It means that power of public is the greatest power. According to Garner, “The sovereignty of the people can mean nothing more than the power of the majority of electorates in a country where a system of adult universal suffrage prevails, acting through legally established channels to express their will and make it prevail.”

5. De – jure and De – facto sovereignty:
De-jure sovereignty is one which possesses, in legal terms the right to administration and give orders to the people. He can legally ask people to follow his orders. But when there is rebellion or external attack on a country, De-jure sovereignty fails to get his orders obeyed, then new rebell leader or attacker becomes the De – facto sovereign.

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 4 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Define state and explain its different elements?
Answer:
State is the central topic of Political Science, but it is used in many contexts. English word ‘State’ has been derived from Latin word ‘Status’, which is means social status of any individual. But gradually, its meaning changed and it became the social status of the entire society. Different scholars have given different definitions of the state. Some definitions are as follows

1. Aristotle:
“State is union of families and villages having for its objective a perfect and self – sufficient life by which we mean a happy and honorable life.”

2. Cicero:
“State is a majority community that is connected to each other through feeling of same rights and to get profit.”

3. Bluntscelli:
“The state is a politically organised people of a definite territory.”

4. Burgess:
“The state is a particular portion of mankind viewed as on organised unit.”

5. Laski:
“State is an organised society that is divided between rulers and ruled and has supremacy on the other organizations coming under its limits.”

6. Woodrow Wilson:
“The state is a people organised for law within a definite territory.”

7. Garner:
“The state as a concept of Political Science and public law is a community of persons, more or less numerous, permanently occupying a definite portion of territory, independent or nearly so of external control and possessing an organised government to which greater body of inhabitants render habitual obedience.”

8. Oppenheimer:
“When the persons living in a country live under the control of their sovereign government then there a state is established.”

9. Bodin:
“The state is an association of families and their common possession governed by supreme power and by reason.”

10. Willoughby:
“State is that society of people which has such a power that has full control on persons and groups within its limits but itself is free of all controls.”

Different Elements of State:
There are four elements of state:

• Population
• Fixed Territory
• Government
• Sovereignty.

1. Population:
State is such a community wherein many people are bound in unity, so population is a main element of state. State cannot be formed without population. Uninhabited land cannot be called a state. This is not fixed that how much population is necessary for a state.

2. Fixed Territory:
Second important element of state is Fixed Territory. State must have some fixed area but there cannot be limit or unanimity regarding the area of state. Organized states of the world are quite different from each other in area like Russia, U.S.A., China, India, etc. have a large area, whereas Vatican City, San Marino and Morocco, etc. have an area of only some square kilometers.

3. Government:
Government is the third important element of state. Government can be defined as such an instrument which is used to execute and express the will of government. Government is made by – whether central or local – the combination of legislature, executive and judiciary.

4. Sovereignty:
This is the soul of the state. State cannot be formed without it. Sovereignty means – supreme power of state. Sovereignty distinguishes state from other organisations. State can exist only when it has sovereignty. If a state loses its sovereignty because of internal struggle or external attack, it loses its existence.

Question 2.
Explain the divine theory of origin of state.
Answer:
Divine Origin of State : This is the oldest theory of origin of state. This comes under speculative theories. This is basically founded on religion or religious feeling. According to this theory, state has been created by God. God itself rules a state or sends any representative for this work who rules on his behalf. He is accountable to God, not to the general public.

Explanation of Divine Theory:
Divine nature of state was propounded in western political thinking. The first supporters of this theory were the Jews. Jewish scriptures considered the king nominated by God. Only God can dethrone or kill the king. Jewish scholars considered state as a natural and divine organisation.

Ancient Indian thinkers considered that state was created by God. This theory was propounded in Hindu scriptures and Manusmriti also. According to Manusmriti, King is creation of God. Mention of divine origin of state can also be found in ‘Shanti Parva’ of ‘Mahabharata’.

Basic elements of Divine Theory:
Basic elements of this theory are as under:

1. State is an organisation created by God. “God has created it for betterment”of people.
2. King is representative of God. He is accountable and responsible only to God.
3. It is the religious duty of the public to obey the king. To oppose the king means to oppose God.
4. Public has no right to oppose an tyrant. God himself will punish him for his wrong deeds.
5. King is not under any law. He is law-maker.
6. Order of the king is law and his actions are always just and kind.
7. No power on earth can restrict the will and power of king.
8. Royal power is inherited. King’s son is his heir after his death.
9. To express resentment to the power of government and to condemn his acts as unjust, is a sin.

Criticism of Divine Theory:

Divine Theory of origin of state has been criticized on following grounds:
1. Unscientific Theory:
Assumptions of divine theory can be accepted only on the religious beliefs, not on logical basis.

2. Against democratic values:
This theory is against democracy and supports autocratic monarchy. Many kings had taken support of this theory to increase their powers and to exploit the general public.

3. Religious Theory:
In today’s time, when many people have no belief in God and religion, this theory has no importance for them.

4. Conservative Theory:
This theory is conservative. No public welfare can be done in this theory because opposing the king has been considered as a crime against God and a sin.

5. Not applicable on Modern states:
This Theory is not applicable to modern states because most of them do not have monarchy. In democratic countries, President is not appointed by God, rather he is elected by the people or their representatives.

Importance of Divine Theory:
This theory does not explain the origin of state correctly, still, it has its own importance. This theory had helped establish peace and harmony in the earlier chaotic society. This theory explained the importance of religion in the evolution of state and developed the feelings of obedience and discipline in the minds of people.

This theory was the first attempt to chronologically explain the origin of state on which many theories were based later on. This theory is considered the starting of the history of the origin of state. Though, presently this theory does not explain the origin of state correctly, but initially, it had given much contribution to establish peace and harmony.

Question 3.
Explain the Social contract theory of origin of State.
Answer:
Social Contract Theory of Origin of State:
Social contract theory is very important in context of origin of state. According to this theory, state is not any divine institution. State is also not a result of long evolution process. State is the natural outcome of people’s political awareness. Thus, it is a man – made institution. It is the result of contract done by men among themselves.

According to this theory, man used to live without the institution of state during ancient times. That time can be referred as chaotic or natural state. Scholars differ on the issue of condition of men during those times. Some scholars call it an ideal state. Some think that human life was not safe during that time. Later on, men felt the need for the state. Thus, they all made a mutual contract and the state was originated.

Explanation of Social Contract Theory:

Contract in Ancient India:
Proofs of this theory are found in ancient Indian literature. It is mentioned in ‘Shantiparva’ of ‘Mahabharata’ that there was no state earlier, rather there was chaos. Irritated from such situation, men made a mutual contract and made ‘Manu’ their ruler. Acharya Chanakya also accepted the social contract theory.

Chanakya had given the name of‘chaos’ to the situation prior to the state. He did not consider state as a divine organization rather he considered that state was created by human efforts and was a result of the agreement by the people and accepted by Manu (king). This theory was also mentioned in Jain and Buddhist literature.

Contract theory in Western Countries:
This theory was first propounded in western countries by Greek sophist scholars. According to them, state was originated by contract among men. Plato and Aristotle considered state not to be an artificial, but a natural organization. According to them, man is naturally a social animal and public welfare is possible only through the organization of society.

Contract Theory in Modern Times:
Many scholars in Europe from 16^th to 18^th century, propounded this theory in detail. Thomas Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau are the main among them.

According to Thomas Hobbes:
There was state of nature before the origin of the state. Man was selfish and quarrelsome. He indulged in conflicts with others for his benefits and selfishness. Thus, the fear of insecurity of life and untimely death motivated man to end this natural and chaotic situation and established an organized political society. According to John Locke : Man used to live peacefully in the natural state.

He was completely free. All the people followed natural laws and laws of morality, but this state of nature could not last long as man had many discomforts, like what is right or wrong? What are the laws of nature? Finding it impossible to follow the natural laws in the absence of a mediator and decision – maker, men entered into a social contract and created the institution of state.

According to Rousseau:
Man used to live in simplicity and freedom before the origin of the state. He had no knowledge of right-wrong, just – unjust or religious – irreligious. But gradually, with the increase in population, jealousy and mutual conflicts emerged, and all the peace and comfort came to an end. Result of that situation was that men felt the need of organising themselves into a state and entered into a contract. A general will was created by this contract and the state was originated.

Decline off Contract Theory:
Decline of social contract theory started in 18^th centary. Many scholars at that time raised their voice against this theory. David Hume was famous among these. In 19^th century, Luthiway, Benthem, Henriman, Bluntschlli and Pollack etc. scholars criticized this theory on many grounds.

Question 4.
Explain the elements helpful in origin and development of state.
Answer:
Elements helpful in origin and development of state are as under:
1. Population:
Population is a very important element for the origin and development of any state. State cannot exist without population. It cannot be fixed how much population is necessary for state. But if the population is in accordance to the resources available in the state, the situation remains good, otherwise many problems begin to arise.

2. Fixed Territory of Lend:
Second important element for origin and development of state is area of land. How much area is necessary for a state cannot be defined. Area can be less or more. If a state has more area, it proves useful for it.

3. Government:
Government is the third important element of state. State expresses its will through government. Government executes the will of the state. It maintains organizations and peace. Government performs its duties through its three organs – Legislature, Executive and Judiciary.

Governance of state is done through the executive. It executes the laws. Legislature makes the laws and the judiciary interprets them. Government makes the people, living in the jurisdiction of the state, obey the laws. It punishes those who disobey the laws. There is no fixed rule about the form of a government in the state. Some countries of the world have parliamentary government and some have presidential government.

4. Sovereignty:
It means supreme power of the state. This is the soul of the state. It is of two types –

• External
• Internal.

External sovereignty means that state is not under control of any external power. Internal sovereignty means that state has the supreme power over all the persons and organizations coming under its jurisdiction. No other state can be given the right of having control on individuals and organizations of the other state.

There is one more important element besides these four elements. This is feeling of obedience among people. According to political thinker Willoughby, “Even if having all the above-said four elements, if the people do not have the feeling of obedience, then that state cannot save its existence for a long time.”

Question 5.
Why is Historical or Evolutionary theory of origin of state considered scientific and logical?
Answer:
Historical or Evolutionary Theory of Origin of State:
Historical or evolutionary theory of origin of the state is considered to be scientific and logical because divine origin theory, force theory, social contract theory, patriarchal theory and matriarchal theory, all are based on speculations. State is not an organization created at a specific time, rather it is the result of evolution of centuries. It came into existence gradually.

Process of evolution of state had not remained the same. It was different in different times and circumstances. This theory considers state a natural and obvious organization. State has achieved its present nature with the development of society, culture, civilization and science. According to this theory, many elements have contributed in the development of state. These elements are:

1. Natural Social Nature (Tendency):
By nature, man is a social and political animal and his tendency of living in groups gave shape to the state. The need of a sovereign organization was felt for the solution of conflicts among different individuals in the society. Thus, state was created.

2. Blood Relation:
In ancient times, blood relation aroused the feeling of unity and organization. The oldest and closest unit of blood relation was the family. Along with the increase in population and families, castes and clans were created, and then the society was originated, which took shape of a state in the course of time.

3. Religion:
Religion also played an important role in the development of state like blood relations. Like blood relations, it worked for connecting the ancient men and society. Men used to perform rituals on the deaths of the old people of their families. Natural powers like Earth, Sun, Fire, Indra, etc. were also worshiped. Individuals felt the power of God in everything natural and in every change also. A deep friendship grew among the worshiped of same power which later became the basis of the state.

4. Force:
The process of changing the social system into political system was caned out through wars. Personal property emerged through the development in agriculture and business. Wars were fought for the protection of this property. People started accepting the leadership of powerful persons for their security. Thus, state was originated from force or wars.

5. Economic Activities:
Economic activities of men also had a great role in the development of state. Men had passed through four stages of economic activities from ancient times to present times : Hunting stage, Cattle Rearing stage, Agricultural stage and Industrial stage. Political organizations of men underwent great changes with this economic development. Thus, economic abilities had affected development of the state.

6. Political Awareness:
The most important element in development of state is political awareness along with religion, blood relations and social awareness. Some fixed political aims are achieved through this political awareness. Need of such political organization and laws was felt which could maintain peace and harmony to safeguard the lives of people, property and stabilise the family relations due to increasing population. As a result, government and laws were created and a concrete form of state came into existence.

Question 6.
What do you understand by sovereignty? Analyze the different aspects and features of sovereignty.
Answer:
English word ‘Sovereignty’ has been drived from Latin word ‘Suprenus’, which means ‘supreme power’. In this way, sovereignty means ‘supreme power.

Definition of Sovereignty:
The English word ‘Sovereignty’ is made from Latin word ‘Suprenus’, which means ‘Supreme Power’. Thus, sovereignty can be understood as the supreme power. This is an important element of state and one of the four essential constituent elements of state. Different scholars have given different definitions of the sovereignty of the state.

1. Jeilinek:
“Sovereignty is that characteristic of the state by virtue of which it cannot be legally bound except by its own will or limited by any other power than itself.”

2. Prof Grotius,:
“Sovereignty is the supreme political power vested in him whose actions are not subject to any other and whose will cannot be overridden.”

3. Duguit:
“Sovereignty is the commanding power of the state, is the will of nation organised in the state, it is the right to give unconditional orders to all individuals in the territory of the state.”

4. Laski:
The sovereignty is legally supreme over any individual or group and possesses supreme power.”

5. Woodrow Wilson:
“Sovereignty is the daily operative power of framing and giving efficacy to the laws”.

6. Willoughby:
“Sovereignty is the supreme will of the state”. It can be said on the basis of above definitions that sovereignty is the supreme power of state. It can be both, internal and external. Theoretically, it cannot be limited.

Different Types (kinds) of Sovereignty:

1. Titular or Nominal and Real Sovereignty:
Earlier, there were autocratic kings or emperors in many countries. They had real power and parliament was a mere puppet in their hands. At that time, they used real sovereignty. They were called real sovereigns. For example, before 15th century in England, in 18th and 19th century in Russia, and before 1789 in France, emperors were all in all. The real sovereignty was vested in them. But the situation changed after the 1688 – 89 revolution of England.

2. Legal Sovereignty:
The power who makes all the laws in a country is called legal sovereignty. It has the absolute right to make laws, make amendments in them or to abrogate them. In England, the parliament along with the emperor is the legal sovereignty. In England, parliament has full right to make amendments in both common and constitutional laws through the same process. Legal sovereignty is clear, definite and supreme and recongnised by courts of law.

3. Political Sovereignty:
Political sovereignty means public influence behind the law in a state. In modern representative governments, this is called will of people or public opinion. So, political sovereignty means total electorate, plus all other influences that mould and shape the public opinion. In democracy, legal sovereignty is affected and controlled by elections, newspapers, rallies, representative groups, organizations, strikes and pressure groups. Thus, power of public opinion is called political sovereignty.

4. Popular Sovereignty:
Popular sovereignty means the supreme power of people in a , state. During ancient times, many scholars had used this theory to attack the absolute monarchy of the kings. Political scholar Garner has considered that popular sovereignty means that in the states where adults have the right to vote, there people have the full rights to express their opinions and to make their will prevail.

5. Dejure and De – facto Sovereignty:
Many times, it happens that there is a difference between real and legal sovereignty in a state. De – jure sovereign is one who has full legal authority to issue any supreme legal command in the state. He has the full authority to govern according to law and he can claim obedience. Sometimes, when there is any internal revolution or foreign aggression, then De – jure sovereign fails to claim obedience and some new revolutionary leader or foreign leader becomes the De – facto sovereign. Indeed, De – facto sovereign may be any general, Dictator, emperor or leader. This can be usually seen in Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, etc.

Characteristics of Sovereignty:

1. Absoluteness:
Sovereignty is complete and absolute. This does not depend an any other power. All the people and organizations within the jurisdiction of the state are under its control. Outside the state also, sovereign is considered to be the supreme in context of his state. Neither can any state interfere in his internal matter nor can force it for any matter.

2. Universality:
Sovereignty is supreme among all the people organizations and other powers within the state. State can keep any topic out of its jurisdiction by its own, but no individual or association can advance any right to keep itself out of state’s jurisdiction. Within the territorial limits of a state, sovereignty is universal, all pervasive and all – comprehensive power.

3. Inalienability:
Sovereignty is inalienable. It cannot be transferred to anyone else. If sovereign wants to transfer its sovereignty to anyone else, its existence will be lost. If a state surrenders its any part to some other state, then it loses its control on that part and there will be sovereignty of the other state. If a sovereign delegates its sovereignty, it amounts to a change in the government, not to an abdication or surrender of sovereignty.

4. Permanence:
Sovereignty is permanent. It continues as long as the state itself exists. These both cannot be alienated from each other. Sovereignty does not end with the death or resignation by the emperor or president in any country, rather it immediately passes on to the other emperor or president. As the state continues to exist even with the change of government, sovereignty also continues to exist.

5. Indivisibility:
Sovereignty is complete and universal. Thus, it cannot be divided into parts. State will be divided with the division of sovereignty. The other groups and organizations within the state use power on their members, that power is given by sovereignty of the state.

Power of all the other organizations is subordinate to the sovereignty of the state. In Federal government system, sovereignty itself is not divided, rather power related to sovereignty is divided among different units and parts. This division of areas of rights, and any change therein, is possible only because of the use of sovereignty.

6. Exclusiveness:
Exclusiveness means that there cannot be two sovereigns within a state. If two sovereigns are accepted, then unity of the state will be destroyed.

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 4 Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
The main difference between state and other communities is:
(a) Nature
(b) Sovereignty
(c) Co – operation
(d) Origin
Answer:
(d) Origin

Question 2.
The oldest theory of origin of state is:
(a) Divine Right Theory
(b) Force Theory
(c) Social Contract Theory
(d) Evolutionary Theory
Answer:
(a) Divine Right Theory

Question 3.
Scholars who advocate social contract theory are:
(a) Marx and Hobbes
(b) Locke and Rousseau
(c) Hobbes and Einstein
(d) Rousseau and David Easton
Answer:
(b) Locke and Rousseau

Question 4.
Where does sovereignty reside, according to Rousseau ?
(a) in emperor
(b) in parliament
(c) in general will
(d) in adult citizens
Answer:
(c) in general will

Question 5.
According to Hobbes, characteristic of natural state is:
(a) peace and property
(b) continuous war
(c) peace and harmony
(d) development of business and commerce
Answer:
(b) continuous war

Question 6.
According to Locke, characteristic of natural state is:
(a) Continuous struggle
(b) Extreme happiness
(c) Peace and co – operation
(d) Lack of personal property
Answer:
(c) Peace and co – operation

Question 7.
Which of the following is a characteristic of sovereignty ?
(a) Inalienability
(b) Citizenship
(c) Dictatorship
(d) Rights
Answer:
(a) Inalienability

Question 8.
Which of the following is not a feature of sovereignty ?
(a) Right of franchise
(b) Absoluteness
(c) Exclusiveness
(d) Inalienability
Answer:
(a) Right of franchise

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 4 Other Important Questions

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 4 Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
Who among the following scholars has considered state as an organization ?
(a) Burgess
(b) Woodrow Wilson
(c) Karl Marx
(d) Aristotle
Answer:
(c) Karl Marx

Question 2.
“State as an organised unit, is a special part of human power.” Whose is this statement ?
(a) Aristotle
(b) Hall
(c) Cicero
(d) Burgess
Answer:
(d) Burgess

Question 3.
Mandatory element of state is:
(a) Executive
(b) Judiciary
(c) Sovereignty
(d) Legislature
Answer:
(c) Sovereignty

Question 4.
Which of the following is a state ?
(a) India
(b) Rajasthan
(c) U.N.O.
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(a) India

Question 5.
Third important element of state is:
(a) Legislature
(b) Population
(c) Fixed Territory
(d) Government
Answer:
(d) Government

Question 6.
Sovereignty is:
(a) Supreme power of state
(b) Majority
(c) Public opinion
(d) All the above
Answer:
(a) Supreme power of state

Question 7.
People of which of the following country considered king as God?
(a) England
(b) India
(c) Spain
(d) Egypt
Answer:
(d) Egypt

Question 8.
‘State is considered to be a creation of God’. This statement is related to which theory of origin of state ?
(a) Divine origin
(b) Social contract
(c) Evolutionary
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(a) Divine origin

Question 9.
Divine theory of origin of state considers king as the representative of:
(a) Public opinion
(b) Sovereignty
(c) God
(d) All the above
Answer:
(c) God

Question 10.
‘Origin and development of state is through force’. This statement is related to which theory of origin of state ?
(a) Divine theory
(b) Social contract
(c) Evolutionary
(d) Force theory
Answer:
(d) Force theory

Question 11.
‘Justice is nothing but benefits of powerful’. Whose are these thoughts ?
(a) Aristotle
(b) Sophist
(c) Threcimax
(d) Plato
Answer:
(c) Threcimax

Question 12.
Who among the following considers state as an unnecessary vice ?
(a) Individualists
(b) Anarchists
(c) Socialists
(d) Communists
Answer:
(b) Anarchists

Question 13.
Who is the writer of ‘History of politics’ ?
(a) Jacques
(b) Voltaire
(c) Karl Marx
(d) Brunelleschi
Answer:
(a) Jacques

Question 14.
Who is considered the father of Russian communism ?
(a) Lenin
(b) Marx
(c) Hobbes
(d) Rousseau
Answer:
(a) Lenin

Question 15.
‘State is a developed form of families’. The scholars who believe this thought follow which theory ?
(a) Evolutionary theory
(b) Force theory
(c) Patriarchal/Matriarchal theory
(d) Divine origin theory
Answer:
(c) Patriarchal/Matriarchal theory

Question 16.
‘State is a man – made organization’. This statement is related to which theory of origin of state ?
(a) Social contract theory
(b) Force theory
(c) Patriarchal theory
(d) Matriarchal theory
Answer:
(a) Social contract theory

Question 17.
‘Ruler is not a part of contract, he is its result’. Whom is this statement related to ?
(a) Rousseau
(b) Locke
(c) Hobbes
(d) Plato
Answer:
(c) Hobbes

Question 18.
‘Men were uncivilized and brutal in the state of nature but they were also the best in nature’. Whose is this
statement ?
(a) Locke
(b) Rousseau
(c) Hobbes
(d) Aristotle
Answer:
(b) Rousseau

Question 19.
‘State is a result of long evolutionary development’. This statement is related to which theory of origin of state ?
(a) Evolutionary theory
(b) Force theory
(c) Divine origin theory
(d) Contract theory
Answer:
(a) Evolutionary theory

Question 20.
“Sovereignty is that supreme power over people and public that is not controlled by laws.” Aforesaid thoughts are of which scholar ?
(a) Jean Bodin
(b) Laski
(c) Rousseau
(d) Locke
Answer:
(a) Jean Bodin

Question 21.
Who is the writer of the book titled ‘The Republic’?
(a) Laski
(b) Rousseau
(c) Woodrow Wilson
(d) Jean Bodin
Answer:
(d) Jean Bodin

Question 22.
Characteristic of Sovereignty is:
(a) Absoluteness
(b) Universality
(c) Exclusiveness
(d) All the above
Answer:
(d) All the above

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 4 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the definition of state as given by Laski?
Answer:
According to Laski, “State is an organised society that is divided between ruler and ruled and has supremacy on the other organizations coming under its limits.”

Question 2.
Write the literal meaning of word ‘state’,
Answer:
The English word ‘state’ has been derived from Latin word ‘Status’, which meant social level or status of any individual, but gradually, its meaning changed to the status of whole society.

Question 3.
Why is Rajasthan not a State?
Answer:
Rajasthan is not a state because it lacks sovereignty.

Question 4.
What is government?
Answer:
Government is that agency through which state expresses and executes its will.

Question 5.
Write names of organs of state.
Answer:
There are three organs of state:

• Executive
• Legislature
• Judiciary.

Question 6.
Write the meaning of sovereignty.
Answer:
Sovereignty means supreme power of state.

Question 7.
Write two differences between state and government.
Answer:

• State is abstract, while government is concrete.
• State is permanent, while government is changeable.

Question 8.
Write two differences between state and society.
Answer:

• State is a political system, whereas society is a social system.
• State is related to political aspect, whereas society is related to moral aspect.

Question 9.
Write names of any two theories of origin of state.
Answer:

• Theory of divine origin of state.
• Evolutionary theory.

Question 10.
Which are the half-historical and half speculative theories of origin of state ?
Answer:

• Patriarchal theory
• Matriarchal theory.

Question 11.
Write the other name of historical theory of origin of state.
Answer:
Evolutionary theory.

Question 12.
Which is the oldest theory of origin of state?
Answer:
Theory of divine origin of state.

Question 13.
Write the names of two scriptures is which state was considered as a creation of God.
Answer:

• Manusmriti
• Mahabharata.

Question 14.
Write any two basic features of divine theory of origin of state.
Answer:

• State is a divine organization.
• Order of the state is law and its deeds are always just and kind.

Question 15.
Mention any two reasons of decline of divine theory as given by Gilchrist.
Answer:

• Rise of theory of social contract.
• Less importance of religion in worldly affairs due to separation of church and state.

Question 16.
Write two bases of criticism of divine origin theory.
Answer:

• Against Democracy
• Not applicable to modern states.

Question 17.
Write the merits of divine theory of origin of state.
Answer:
Divine theory helped in maintaining peace and harmony in the early society by removing chaos and unrest.

Question 18.
Sovereignty is absolute, autocratic, supreme and unlimited, this happens as per God’s wish. This assumption is related to which theory?
Answer:
Theory of Divine origin of state.

Question 19.
Which form of government is considered the best by divine origin theory?
Answer:
Monarchy.

Question 20.
Which theory of origin of state considered state not as man-made but as God – created organization?
Answer:
Theory of Divine origin of state.

Question 21.
‘First king was a fortunate warrior’. Whose is this statement in relation to force theory?
Answer:
Voltaire.

Question 22.
‘Force is an important element of state’. Whose is this statement ?
Answer:
Bluntschelli.

Question 23.
Write the name of that theory according to which state was originated by the use of force?
Answer:
Force theory.

Question 24.
Who is the father of communism and socialism?
Answer:
Karl Marx.

Question 25.
Who is the father of Russian socialism?
Answer:
Lenin.

Question 26.
‘Justice is nothing but benefit of the powerful.’ Whose is this statement?
Answer:
Threcimax.

Question 27.
Explain force theory.
Answer:
According to force theory, Force is the only base of origin of state. State is the result of tendency of powerful people to rule over the weak.

Question 28.
Write any two bases of criticism of force theory.
Answer:

• State is not developed only through force
• Real and permanent basis of state is moral power, not brutality.

Question 29.
Write the names of any two supporters of Matriarchal theory.
Answer:

• McLinnen
• Morgan.

Question 30.
Write any two features of Matriarchal theory.
Answer:

• Mother was considered to be the head of family
• Marital relations were unstable.

Question 31.
Write any two criticisms of matriarchal theory. .
Answer:

• This theory is not based on historical evidences
• This theory ignores many complex elements of evolution of state.

Question 32.
Write two features of patriarchal theory.
Answer:

• In older times, unit of society was family, not the individual.
• In older times, the ritual of marriage was prevalent.

Question 33.
Social contract theory considers state a result of which thing?
Answer:
Social contract theory considers state not to be a divine organization, but a result of mutual contract made by individuals.

Question 34.
Write the name of an Indian scripture where social contract theory was mentioned.
Answer:
Mahabharata.

Question 35.
Which community of scholars in ancient Greece propounded the social contract theory? ‘
Answer:
Sophist community.

Question 36.
Name the scholars who propounded systematically the theory of social contract.
Answer:
The theory of social contract of origin of state was propounded systematically by Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean Jaccques Rousseau.

Question 37.
Write any two features of social contract theory given by Thomas Hobbes.
Answer:

• According to Hobbes, contract was made among individuals mutually.
• King was not a part but a result of that contract.

Question 38.
Who is the propounder of social contract theory which gave two contracts?
Answer:
John Locke.

Question 39.
How has John Locke explained human nature?
Answer:
John Locke has explained human nature positively. He assumed that man naturally has virtues like love, sympathy, compassion, co-operation and charity, etc.

Question 40.
Write any two features of contract theory of John Locke.
Answer:

• According to Locke, state is based on public agreement
• Locke explained two contracts. First contract created the society and state was created by the second contract.

Question 41.
What is ‘Nobel Savage’?
Answer:
According to Rousseau, “In the state of nature, men used to live with simplicity and liberty. They were uncivilized and brutal but they were the best in their nature”. Rousseau has called them ‘Nobel Savage.’

Question 42.
Differentiate between the views of Hobbes and Rousseau about human nature before the origin of state?
Answer:
According to Hobbes, man was basically unsocial, selfish and quarrelsome, whereas according, to Rousseau, he was good, free and self – dependent.

Question 43.
Political awareness was related to which theory of origin of state?
Answer:
Evolutionary theory.

Question 44.
What was oldest and closest unit of blood relations ?
Answer:
Family.

Question 45.
Which rituals of religion prevailed in early society?
Answer:

• Funeral Ceremony
• Worship of Natural powers.

Question 46.
According to Historical or evolutionary theory, what was responsible for changing social system to political system?
Answer:
War.

Question 47.
Who were oldest inhabitants of valleys of Euphrates and Tigris rivers ?
Answer:
Sumerians.

Question 48.
Write the names of any two Greek states.
Answer:

• Athens
• Sparta.

Question 49.
Write the names of any two political thinkers of ancient Greece who propounded many important theories related to Political Science.
Answer:

• Plato
• Aristotle.

Question 50.
What is the most important element of state?
Answer:
Sovereignty.

Question 51.
What do you understand by sovereignty?
Answer:
Sovereignty means supreme power. It has two types – Internal sovereignty and external sovereignty. Internal sovereignty means supreme power in internal matters and external sovereignty means fredom from external control.

Question 52.
Explain the meaning of Internal sovereignty.
Answer:
Internal sovereignty means that all the individuals and organizations living within ^ the limits of a state are under its absolute control.

Question 53.
What is external sovereignty?
Answer:
External sovereignty means that state is not under control of any other foreign state or organisation. Every state has right to enter into business treaties and military alliances.

Question 54.
‘Sovereignty is supreme will of state’. Whose is this statement ?
Answer:
Willoughby.

Question 55.
Write the names of four scholars who propounded the traditional theory of sovereignty.
Answer:

• Jean Boddin
• Thomas Hobbes
• Jean Jacques Rousseau
• John Austen.

Question 56.
Write the name of the book written by Jean Boddin.
Answer:
The Republic.

Question 57.
Write any two features of sovereignty.
Answer:

• Absoluteness
• Universality.

Question 58.
What is the meaning of Exclusiveness?
Answer:
Exclusiveness means that there cannot be two sovereigns in one state. No other sovereign state can exist within one sovereign state.

Question 59.
Write any two aspects (kinds) of sovereignty.
Answer:

• Nominal and real sovereignty.
• Legal Sovereignty.

Question 50.
Who is called legal sovereign?
Answer:
The supreme power of a country which makes law there, is called legal sovereignty.

Question 51.
What is meant by political sovereign?
Answer:
Political sovereign means voters and all other influences within the state that form and affect public opinion.

Question 52.
Who is De – jure sovereign?
Answer:
De – jure sovereign is the one who can enforce supreme orders legally. According to law, he has the right to administration and he can give orders to the people and can get his orders obeyed.

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 4 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write any five differences between state and government.
Answer:
Five differences between state and government are:
1. State is abstract, Government, is concrete:
State is an abstract concept, whereas government is a concrete and visible mechanism which is formed by a definite number of human beings.

2. State is permanent, Government is changeable:
Existence of state is permanent. It remains always the same. It is always a combination of four elements, whereas government, is temporary. Governments are changeable on account of
many reasons like elections, moral revolution, rebellion, foreign attack, etc.

3. Membership of state is compulsory, not of government:
Membership of state is compulsory for everyone. It is acquired by birth, whereas being a member of government depends on the will of an individual.

4. State has sovereignty, government, does not have:
Sovereignty is an important element of state. Government does not have sovereignty. In democracy, public is considered to be the source of all powers of government.

5. Territory is compulsory for state, not government:
Fixed territory is compulsory for state, whereas it is not necessary for government. Sometimes, government of one state can be established in another state.

Question 2.
Explain the difference between state and society.
Answer:
Differences between state and society are as under:
1. Difference related to system:
State is a political system, whereas society is a social system. State is that instrument of society which establishes peace and harmony in the society.

2. Difference of sovereignty:
State always has sovereignty, whereas society does not have sovereignty. State can punish those who disobey the laws.

3. Society is prior to state:
Society is prior to state because man is a social animal. Then society brought state into existence. Thus, society is prior to state.

4. Difference of Territory:
Fixed territory is a must for state, whereas this is not necessary for society.

5. Difference regarding government:
It is compulsory for state to have an organised institution of government, but this is not necessary for society.

6. Society is broader than state:
State is related to political aspect only, whereas society is related to all the aspects of human life like economic, social, cultural, religious, political, physical, moral, emotional, intellectual and spiritual, etc.

Question 3.
Explain the development of Divine origin theory of origin of state.
Answer:
Divine Origin Theory:
Divine origin theory of origin of state is the oldest theory. According to this theory, state has been created by God. Explanation regarding this can be found in ancient Indian and western literature. For example:

Western Thinking:
The first supporters of divine theory were the Jews. Jewish scriptures asserted that the king was appointed by God and only He could dethrone or kill the king. Greece and Rome also gave acceptance to this theory. Greek scholars considered the state as a natural and divine organization. Roman people accepted that God indirectly ruled the state. The

king was considered as God himself in ancient Egypt. They thought the king as son of Sun – God. In China, the king was considered as representative or incarnation of God. According to Christian religion of Europe, God had created the state and appointed the king.

Indian Philosophy:
Indian philosophy also believed that state was created by God. State and king both are divine. According to Manu Smriti, state is a creation of God. Proof of divine origin of state can also be found in ‘Shanti Parva’ of ‘Mahabharata’. Thus, divine origin theory of state can be found in western political thinking and Indian thinking.

Question 4.
Write the main elements of divine origin theory.
or
Write the main assumptions of divine origin theory.
Ans:
Main Elements / Assumptions of Divine Origin Theor:

1. State is a divine organisation created by God. State is neither self – developed nor man – made.
2. King is the representative of God. He is endowed with heavenly virtues and his powers are given by God.
3. Power of the king is unlimited. Public has no right against him and public cannot rise in rebellion against him.
4. The king is responsible to the God, not to the public. As of God, the orders of king are highest, supreme, just and right.
5. To obey the king is public’s duty. To disobey the king is a religious sin.
6. Orders of king is law and his deeds are always just and kind.
7. Royal power is inherited. The king’s son is his heir.
8. King is not under any law. He makes laws, laws do not make him.

Question 5.
Write the importance of divine origin theory.
Answer:
Divine origin theory of state is a speculative theory. This is the oldest theory explaining the origin of state. According to this theory, state is created by God. God has appointed the king as his representative to operate the government of state.
Though this theory does not explain correctly the origin of state, still it has its own importance. Its importance is as follows:

• This theory helped to establish peace and harmony in the ancient chaotic society.
• This theory developed the feeling of obedience and discipline in the minds of the people.
• This theory explained the influence of religion in the development of state.
• This theory was the first attempt for systematic explanation of origin of state, which became the basis for the development of new theories regarding the origin of state.

Question 6.
Explain the place of divine origin theory in present context.
Answer:
In present context, the divine origin theory does not seem to be appropriate. The reasons are as follows:

1. In present times, when many people are atheists, who do not have any belief in God and religion, for them, this divine origin theory, whose base is God and religion, is meaningless.

2. Presently, it is the era of democracy and intellectualism. Divine origin theory opposes democracy because it does not consider the king responsible to public. Neither can public oppose the royal power. On the other hand, this theory is unreasonable, illogical and beyond understanding. Thus, this theory is not considered appropriate..

Question 7.
Explain briefly the force theory of origin of state.
Answer:
Force theory of origin of state means that the basis of origin of sate is force. In every state, there had been the governance of the stronger on the weaker. Supporters of force theory believed that origin and development of state was possible only because of force. When the universe began, then groups of men used to wander here and there in search of food.

These groups often fought with each other, and when the stronger groups had their right on the weaker groups, then the state originated because the leader of the stronger group became the king and made the defeated group his subjects. Leacock, the political thinker, has explained the force theory as under:

“Historically, it means that governance is result of human attack. State originated because of making one man slave by the other and triumph of a stronger tribe on the weaker. Generally, when an individual took another under his control by the superior moral power to fulfil his own selfishness, then the state was originated. For this reason, state developed from tribes and the empires developed gradually from state”.

Question 8.
State the importance of force theory of origin of state.
or
Explain the importance of force theory in present scenario.
Answer:
Importance of Force Theory:
According to force theory, the only reason of origin of state is force. State is a result of control of the stronger over the weaker. Though the force theory has been much criticized, but it has its own importance:

• This theory explains in detail the contribution of force in the origin and development of state.
• It has presented the broad aspect of force. The complete stability of state depends on force. State cannot remain intact without it.
• Police is necessary for maintaining internal peace and state cannot be protected from foreign attacks without strong and powerful armed military.
• This has presented a detailed explanation of different aspects of force like economic, political, etc.

Question 9.
Explain the main assumptions of matriarchal theory.
or
Write the main features of matriarchal theory of origin of state.
Answer:
Main features / assumptions of matriarchal theory:

1. There was lack of permanent or stable marital relationships. Thus, the family was known by the name of the mother. So, the lady was the medium of relations.
2. Blood relation could be known only through mother.
3. Mother was considered the head of the family and she was the owner of the household.
4. Females had the monopoly and inheritance on property and power. Thus, the head of the family used to be the female.
5. After the death of the mother, property was divided not among her sons, but among her daughters.
6. Mother was the center of power in Matriarchal families. The family governed by her had the elements of origin of state.

Question 10.
Explain critically the Matriarchal Theory.
Answer:
Matriarchal theory of origin of state has been criticized on following basis :

1. This theory speculates only about the beginning of society, especially families. This can not be assumed reliable for the origin of state.
2. It is very difficult to say that only matriarchal families were in prevalence in the beginning of human society. This is also possible that somewhere matriarchal and somewhere patriarchal families were there.
3. This theory explains the development of state in very simple and easy terms, which actually is not that simple. This theory ignores the other elements responsible for the origin and development of state.
4. This theory explains only the development of society rather than the development of state. In this view, this theory is more social than political.

Question 11.
Write the main elements of patriarchal theory.
or
Explain briefly the main features of Patriarchal theory.
Answer:
Main assumptions / elements / features of patriarchal theory of origin of state are as under:

1. Unit of society in ancient times was family.
2. The custom of marriage was prevalent and was performed according to rituals of patriarchal families.
3. Head of the family used to be the man (father or grandfather) and patriarchal elements were men. Every member of the family had to follow the orders of father or grandfather, otherwise he was punished severely.
4. Genealogy was found only through men. Females had no inheritance in the family.
5. Broad and unlimited rights of the heads of patriarchal families were main source of political power.
6. Clans were developed from patriarchal families, tribes from clans, and state was developed from expansion of tribes. Blood relations and relationships played an important role in the expansion of families, clans and tribes.

Question 12.
State the contribution of patriarchal and matriarchal theories in the origin of state.
Answer:
Contribution of patriarchal and matriarchal theories in the origin of state if as under:

• Patriarchal and matriarchal, both theories, explain and analyze the contribution of
  blood relations in the development of the state because state is considered an expanded form of the families.
• Feeling of obedience and discipline also got strengthened due to patriarchal and matriarchal theories.
• These theories have contributed significantly in the development of Political Science by throwing light on the contribution of blood relations in the development of state.

Question 13.
Explain briefly human nature and state of nature as explained by Hobbes.
Answer:
Human nature:
According to Thomas Hobbes, Man basically was an unsocial, lonely, selfish and quarrelsome creature. He used to indulge in continuous strife for his selfishness. To get success in his endeavor, he resorted to lies, corruption and violence.

State of Nature:
According to Hobbes, due to brutal tendencies of human nature, his state of nature was extremely painful and full of struggles. This was the state of continuous war and conflicts, in which, every person was in a state of undeclared war with the other. Thus, human life in the state of nature was lonely, unsafe and brutal.

Question 14.
Explain the state of nature before the origin of state as explained by Locke.
Answer:
Locke considers man as a naturally intelligent and thoughtful creature. According to him, man naturally has the virtues of love, compassion, sympathy, co – operation, kindness, etc. According to Locke, state of nature was peaceful and ideal because of kind and logical nature of man. All the men were equal and free in-the state of nature. They used to protect their life and property themselves and lived life as per their own wish.

At that time, there was no king, no subjects, no ruler and no ruled. This was a state of freedom but there were no chaos because people followed natural laws and laws of morality, but they explained the natural laws as per their own wish and reason.

Question 15.
Write the main features of social contract theory of Locke.
Answer:
The main features of social contract theory of Locke are as under:

1. According To Locke, two contracts were made to end the state of chaos
   • Among themselves (Social Contract)
   • Contract with the government. First contract was among people and the state was originated.
2. Second contract was done with the government. So being a party of contract, government, was bound to follow some conditions and the ruler could be changed if he failed to fulfill the conditions.
3. According to the contract of Locke, the basis for the existence of state is to protect the natural rights of man.
4.  According to Locke, state is based on public agreement.
5. If the government or ruler or king exploits the public, or becomes autocratic or acts selfishly, then public has the right that they can change the ruler or king or government and enter into a new contract with any other king or ruler.
6. Locke supported limited monarchy through this contract.

Question 16.
Explain the state of nature before the origin of organization of state as explained by Rousseau?
Answer:
Man used to live in simplicity and freedom in the state of nature as is explained by Rousseau. He did not have the feeling of selfishness. His life was that of a ‘Noble Savage’. He was happy and content. But, this heavenly state of nature could not last long. The will to create property and family arose in man. Natural equality and freedom of‘ Noble Savage’ came to an end along with the advent of personal property. It became impossible to live together. Jealousy and conflicts arose and all the comforts and peace of state of nature came to an end. As a result, man felt the need to organize themselves into a state.

Question 17.
Explain briefly the nature of contract of Rousseau.
Answer:
When jealousy and conflicts started in the state of nature, then men felt the need to organize themselves into the organization of state to get rid of that state of nature. For this, they entered into a mutual contract. According to the contract, every man surrenders his freedom, rights and power to society because society is group of people and it is made by the people.Thus, man alienates his freedom and rights and surrenders them to society and finally gets*it back as being part of society.

According to Rousseau, the contract which was made to end the state of nature, was done by two parties. One party was man as an individual and second party was men as a collective group. According to Rousseau, men do not surrender their freedom and rights after organizing themselves into state. The keep it with themselves, but not individually, rather collectively. Being a part of society, chaos and insecurity were removed from the society due to this contract and the state originated, which is representative of general will.

Question 18.
Write the features of evolution of state as explained by prof. Gettel.
Answer:
According to Prof Gettel, main features of evolution of state are as under:

1. State has developed from simple to complex. Initially, the structure of state was very simple, which became complex with the development of human life.
2. Initially, number of states was very less and area was limited, but gradually jaulation and area increased.
3. With the development of political awareness among people along with the development of state, (systems like) representative democracy and feudal government originated.
4. There were autocratic monarchies in the beginning of the development of states where individual freedom had no place. Gradually, importance of individual freedom increased, and compromise between the sovereignty of state and individual freedom was accepted.
5. In the beginning, state and religion were connected, but presently, they are separated from each other. Today the concept of secular state is prevalent.

Question 19.
Write the meaning, importance and types of sovereignty.
Answer:
Meaning of sovereignty:
State cannot be imagined without sovereignty. The word ‘sovereignty’ has been derived from Latin word ‘Suprenus’, which means ‘supreme power’. It implies that, “Sovereignty means supreme power of state.”

Importance of Sovereignty:
Sovereignty is that feature of state which makes it different from other organisations. State can exist only if it is sovereign. If it loses its sovereignty due to internal revolution or external attack, then it loses its existence also.

Types / Aspects of Sovereignty:
Sovereignty is of two types: Internal and external.
1. External sovereignty:
It means that state is not under control of any other state. Every state has full rights to enter into business agreements and military alliances. It can make its own foreign policy.

2. Internal Sovereignty:
It means that state has full control and supreme power over all its individuals and organisations. State has the right to punish any individual or organisation if it does not obey its laws and orders.

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 4  Eassay Type Questions

Question 1.
Clarify the difference between state and government.
Answer:
Difference between state and Government:
Difference between state and government can be explained through following points:

1. State is abstract, while Government is Concrete:
State is abstract and its concrete form is government. State is the soul and government is body. State and government have the same relation as soul and body.

2. State is complete, while government is its part:
State is complete, while government is its part. State has four main elements:

• Population
• Fixed territory
• Government
• Sovereignty.

Government is one of these four elements. Government gives practical shape to works and plans of state.

3. State is permanent, while government is changeable:
State is permanent, whereas government is changeable. Nature of state is that of permanence and continuity. Government keeps changing. It can be changed due to many reasons like elections, rebellion, attack, military revolution, etc.

4. State has one form, while government has many:
State is a combination of four elements of population, territory, government and sovereignty and it always remains the same, but government has many forms like democracy, republic, federal, unitary, parliamentary and presidential, etc.

5. State has sovereignty, while government does not:
State has sovereignty. This is an important part of it, whereas government does not have sovereignty because in democracy, the people are considered to be the final source of all the powers of government.

6. State has many members, while government has limited:
Membership of state is compulsory for everyone. A person becomes a member of state by birth, whereas only a limited number of people participate in government. Only the members of Executive, Legistature and Judiciary are members of government.

7. Fixed Territory is compulsory for state, not for government:
Fixed territory is compulsory for state. State cannot exist without it, whereas government sometimes can be established in other state also. For example: After control of China on Tibet, its exiled government has been working from India.

8. Opposition of state is impossible, but opposition of government is possible:
State is sovereign. Rebellion against state is considered a serious treason, so opposition of state is not possible. However, if government does any anti-public work, then the citizens can criticize and oppose the government. Government can even be changed.

9. Difference off Head and Representative:
State is the head and government is its representative. State is such a concentrated group of powers whose aim is the development of all citizens. An institution is needed to fulfil this aim and that institution is known as Government. Thus, government is that instrument of state which executes and fulfills the purposes of state. The above explanation makes it clear that state and government have a lot of differences, yet they cannot exist without each other. For this reason, for practical execution of state’s policies, government is considered its important element.

Question 2.
Explain the force theory of origin of state.
or
‘Force is the base of state’. Explaining the statement, write about its contribution in the origin of state.
Answer:
Force Theory of Origin of State:
According to force theory, force is the only reason for origin of state. State is result of control and dominance of the stronger over the weaker. When human life began, men used to wander in groups here and there in search of food. Often, there were quarrels among those groups. In that struggle, stronger groups dominated the weaker ones and thus the state was created. The leader of the stronger group became the king and made the defeated group his subjects. Thus, force is the basis of state and state was created by wars.

Development of Force Theory:
Sophist thinkers of ancient Greece supported the force theory. They asserted that, ‘Justice is nothing but benefit of the powerful’. Struggle between church and state in medieval Europe proves the fact that state was originated by brutal force, whereas church is the best source of spiritual power. According to Individualists also, the basis of state is Force.

Anarchists consider state as an unnecessary vice and consider force as its base. According to Karl Marx, state is based on force. Rousseau also accepted that state is originated through war. According to Aietreya Brahaman scripture, king originated from war between Gods and demons.

Alexander expanded his state only through force. Presently, making of power groups in the world on the basis of economic, materialistic and military powers, monopoly of U.S.A., all these are examples of force. Supporters of force theory in the present times include Plow-in, Jacques, Ward, Oppenheimer and Ratzel, etc.

Criticism of Force Theory:

Force theory has been criticized on the following basis:
1. Force is helping element in making of state, not the deciding element. Apart from force, blood relations, religion, and political awareness also contributed to the development and origin of state.

2. This theory accepts that state developed only through force. Establishment of Federal system in many countries proves that state can be expanded and developed through co – operation.

3. Basis of state had not been brutal force only. Wherever this force had an upper hand, there the kings were destroyed. Basis of states of Hitler and Mussolini was brutal force only, thus they were destroyed soon.

4. Real and permanent basis of state is moral force, not brutal force, because states came into existence for the welfare of people.

5. This theory believes in war and revolutions, thus, it is against democracy.

6. This theory promotes extreme nationalism and colonialism.

Importance of Force Theory:
Force theory has its own importance despite having many shortcomings. This theory has explained in detail the contribution of force in the development of state. Police is compulsory as a symbol of force to maintain internal peace and harmony. State cannot be protected from foreign attacks without armed military forces. Aforesaid analysis makes it clear that force theory contributed a lot in the origin of state.

Question 3.
Explaining Patriarchal and Matriarchal theory of origin of state, write about their contribution in the origin of state.
Answer:
Matriarchal Theory:
Main supporters of matriarchal theory, McLinnen Jacques and Morgan, etc. think that state has been originated from Matriarchal society,not from patriarchal society. In ancient times, the marital relations were not stable. Husband – wife relations used to be unstable and they developed on mutual understanding and were broken also on the same basis. The mother used to look after the offsprings. Children also gave preference to mother. Geneology was known by the mother and had no relation to the tribe of father.

Main Features of Theory:

• There was lack of stable marital relations.
• Blood relation could be known only through mother.
• Mother was considered to be the head of the family.
• Females had the right on family property. After the death of mother, property was divided among daughters, not sons.

Criticism:

• This is very difficult to assert that initially only matriarchal families were in prevalence.
• This theory throws light of development of society, but it only speculates about the origin of society, and especially, family. This cannot be accepted as reliable regarding the origin of state.
• Development of state is not as easy as this theory explains.
• This theory ignores other elements responsible for the development of state.
• This theory explains the development of society instead of state. Thus, this theory is more social than political.

Patriarchal Theory:
According to patriarchal theory, state originated from such families which were related to father. In ancient times, society was a group of families. Head of the family as father had unlimited powers. Every member of the family has to follow his orders, otherwise he would be punished. He could distribute his property according to his own wish.

He could eject anyone from his property and could marry his children according to his own wish. Clans were made from joining the families. All members of clan had blood relations and lived under the protection of the oldest male. Tribe were formed by joining many clans and state was formed from tribes.

Main Features of Patriarchal Theory:

• In ancient times, family was the unit of society.
• Basis of the family was stable and permanent marriage relations.
• Male used to be the head of family and there were many patriarchal elements.
• Geneology was searched only through males. Females had no right in the families.
• Father or Grandfather used to be the head of family. He had many unlimited powers.
• Clans were formed from patriarchal families and tribes’from clans and state was developed from tribes.

Criticism of Theory:
Criticism of this theory according to Mclinnen, Jacques and Gilchrist, etc. is the following:

1. In ancient times, all families were matriarchal, not patriarchal.
2. In ancient societies, tribes were given stability only by females. Thus, the head of the state was female or mother, not father.
3. Development of state has not been as easy as this theory explains. Contribution of Matriarchal & Patriarchal Theories
   • Both these theories explain the contribution of blood relations in the development of state, because state is considered to be the expanded form of families.
   • Both these theories have established the importance of feelings of obedience and discipline.

Question 4.
Explain in detail the social contract theory given by John Locke.
Answer:
Social Contract Theory of Locke:
Locke has propounded his social contract theory in his book ‘Two Treatises of the Government’, in which he advocated limited monarchy. Locke’s social contract theory can be explained under following points:

1. Expansion of human nature:
Locke considers man to be basically a thoughtful and intelligent creature. According to him, man naturally has virtues like love, sympathy, kindness, co – operation, helpfulness, etc.

2. Explanation of state of Nature:
According to Locke, state of nature was peaceful because of man being kind and reasonable. All the men were equal in state of nature. This was a state of freedom. There were no chaos because all the people followed natural laws and laws of morality, but they explained natural laws according to their own will and reason. They behaved with each other according to natural feelings of wrong – right, good – bad or religious – irreligious.

In chaotic and natural state, all men had three types of rights – right to life, right to freedom and right to property. Man used these rights in such a way that the rights of other men did not get restricted.

3. Reason of Contract:
According to Locke, man had three discomforts in the natural state:

• There was no institution for explaining the natural laws.
• There was no authorized institution for executing the natural laws.
• There was no impartial institution for justice. Man entered into the contract to get rid of these discomforts.

4. Origin and Nature off Contract:
Men created the institution of state by ending the state of nature, and it was done by social contract. Man entered into two contracts:

• Among themselves
• With the government.

All the men were equal in the state of nature, so first contract was made among the people. Society and state were created by this contract. By this contract, every person became ready to surrender their natural rights on the condition that he would himself not do the work of explaining and executing the natural laws and would not do the judgement and punish the defaulters.

Through this contract, he gave the responsibility of life, liberty and property to the society and kept the rest of the rights with himself. Anyone who would disobey these laws, would be punished by the society. Second contract was made to fulfill this purpose. This contract took place between government and society or people.

As government was one party of this contract, so society imposed some conditions on the government. If the government failed to fulfill those conditions, then that government would be dismissed and new govt would be made. Thus, by giving acceptance to public rebellion or right to public revolution, the concept of Limited Monarchy was propounded.

Question 5.
Explain in detail the social contract theory propounded by Rousseau.
Answer:
Rousseau was a French scholar. He tried to mix the concepts of Hobbes and Locke regarding the origin of state. He was a supporter of democracy and great critic of divine rights of state.

Social contract theory of Rousseau can be explained as under:

1. Human Nature:
According to Rousseau, human nature was full of simplicity. He used to live in simplicity and freedom. He was neither selfish, brutal as was told by Hobbes, nor religious as was told by Locke. Though they were uncivilized and uncultured, but still they were best in nature. Rousseau has given them the name of ‘Noble Savage’.

2. Chaotic State:
According to Rousseau, man lived a life of heavenly pleasures in the . state of nature. He did not have the feeling of selfishness. His life was like that of a ‘Nobel Savage’. He was happy and contented. People used to live in co – operation. During the chaotic state, those reasons were totally missing which caused jealousy, conflicts and struggle among men.

3. Reason of contract:
This heavenly state of chaotic state could not last for long. Gradually, the population increased and the will of family and property arise in man. Natural equality and freedom of ‘Nobie Savage’ came to an end with the advent of property. The state of jealousy and conflicts aroase, and all the comforts of chaotic state ended.

4. Nature of Contract:
When jealousy, conflicts and struggles started in the chaotic state of nature, then man decided to get rid of that situation by ending the chaotic state and establishing a society. They entered into a mutual contract that every man would surrender his freedom, rights and power to the society because society is a group of people and it is made by the people.

So, if a man alienates his freedom, rights and power to give it to the society, he gets it back again, being a part of society. According to Rousseau, the contract which is made by men to end the chaotic state, is made between two parties. First party is men as individuals and second party is men as a group.

RBSE Solutions for Class 11 Political Science