RBSE Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies Chapter 4 Motivation: Meaning, Definition, Needs and Importance, Techniques and Theories

Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 12 Business Studies Chapter 4 Motivation: Meaning, Definition, Needs and Importance, Techniques and Theories

RBSE Class 12 Business Studies Chapter 4 Textbook Exercise

RBSE Class 12 Business Studies Chapter 4 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is Motivation?
Answer:
Motivation is a psycnological energy which inspires the people to achieve organisational
goals.

Question 2.
Write the name of Maslow’s Need Hiearchy Theory.
Answer:

1. Physiological Needs,
2. Safety Needs,
3. Love or Belonging Needs,
4. Esteem or Ego Needs,
5. Self-Actualisation Needs.

Question 3.
Narrate the main needs included in Maslow’s Physiological needs.
Answer:
Main needs included in Maslow’s Physiological needs are : Clothes, food, shelter, fresh air, sunlight, etc.

Question 4.
Write the names of two techniques of motivation.
Answer:
Two techniques of motivation are :

1. Financial techniques
2. Non-Financial Techniques.

Question 5.
State the ‘Hygiene Factors’ of Herzberg.
Answer:
Company’s policy and administration, working conditions, job security, salary or wages, etc.

Question 6.
Explain some forms of non-financial incentives.
Answer:
Some forms of non-financial incentives are job status & job security, praise & recognition, job enlargement & job rotation.

Question 7.
Enlist the motivating factors given by Herzberg.
Answer:
Motivating factors given by Herzberg are : Achievement, recognition and honour, development or advancement, responsibility, etc.

Question 8.
Who propounded the ‘Z’ theory of motivation?
Answer:
Prof. William G. Ouchi.

RBSE Class 12 Business Studies Chapter 4 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Enlist any four characteristics of motivation.
Answer:

1. It is a continuous process.
2. It is a psychological concept.
3. It satisfies human needs / wants.
4. Only human resources can be motivated.

Question 2.
Explain Maslow’s love and belonging need.
Answer:
These needs relate to the desire to have social interaction, friendship, affiliation, acceptance, belongingness with groups, affection and support from others. Such needs become motivators when physiological and safety needs have been fairly satisfied.

Question 3.
State the main assumptions of Me Gregor’s TP Theory.
Answer:

1. Employees find that work is as natural as play or rest if organisational conditions are appropriate.
2. They welcome new techniques and changes and are ready to accept them.
3. They learn not only to accept, but to seek responsibility.
4. They are intellectual, and creative in solving problems.
5. They want to make maximum use of their potential.
6. They work not only for fulfilling their basic needs, but also for self esteem and self actualisition needs.

Question 4.
Describe the main assumptions of McGregor’s ‘X’ theory.
Answer:

1. Average employee / human being, inherently dislikes work and considers it as a burden and will avoid work, as far as possible.
2. Human beings dislike work and they must be coerced, controlled or threatened with punishment to make efforts to achieve objectives.
3. The average human beings, by nature, resist change and like to work with traditional techniques / methods.
4. They wish to avoid responsibility.
5. They are relatively less ambitious and lack creativity.

Question 5.
Explain Financial Motivation.
Answer:
Financial motivation are those which are in direct monetary form or measurable in monetary terms and serve to motivate people for better performance. The financial incentives generally used in organisation are – pay and allowances, productivity-linked wage incentives, bonus, profit sharing, stock option, etc.

Question 6.
State the main points of hygiene and motivating factor.
Answer:

1. Hygiene Factors:
   • Company policy and administration.
   • Working conditions.
   • Job security.
   • Salary or wages.
   • Quality of supervision.
2. Motivating factors:
   • Achievement.
   • Recognition and Honour.
   • Development or Advancement.
   • Responsibility.
   • personal growth.

RBSE Class 12 Business Studies Chapter 4 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by Motivation ? Explain its main features.
Answer:
Meaning of Motivation :
Motivation is a psychological energy which inspires the people to achieve organisational goals. Motivation is said to be the cause of behaviour. It is the cause which makes people to do things. Motivation minimises the difference between the performance of the work of a person and capacity to do the work.

According to Stanley Vance, “Any need or desire that makes people to do some work.”
Main Features of Motivation :

1. It is a continuous process.
2. It is a psychological concept.
3. It satisfies human needs/ wants.
4. Only human resources can be motivated.
5. Motivational techniques can either be positive or negative.
6. Motivation produces goal-oriented behaviour.
7. Motivation is an enerising force.
8. Motivation is not the cause of satisfaction rather it is the result.
9. Motivation is a psychological concept that is concerned with whole individual, i.e. whole individual is motivated.
10. Motivation is different from morale.
11. Motivation is both cause and effect of an organisation’s success.

Question 2.
Define the term ‘Motivation’ and throw light on its importance in present context.
Answer:
According to Me Farland, “Motivation refers to the way in which urges, drives, desires, aspirations, strivings, needs directly control or explain the behaviour of human beings.”

Importance of Motivation is as Follows :

• Helps in achieving determined goals:
  Motivation plays a vital role in achieving the determined goals. Motivation inspires the people to work for the achievement of organisational goals. Motivation is the core of management.
• Increase in Job Satisfaction :
  Through motivation, by creating interest for doing work, by analysing the importance and utility of the work for the employees, an employee’s job satisfaction can be enhanced. If the interest for doing work is not there, the person will not be able to do it efficiently.
• Proper Utilisation of Resources :
  Motivated employees concentrate on finding new and more effective ways of doing a job and utilising resources. Properly motivated employees usually avoid work and misuse the resources.
• Improves Morale :
  Morale is an individual’s (or group’s) attitude and feeling about his work and work situation and morale is the result of good motivation.
• Builds better Labour Relations :
  Motivation focusses on the fact that even labour as a resource is human and should be treated with dignity and kindness. Good motivation creates congenial work environment and job satisfaction.
• Basis of Managerial Functions :
  Motivation is inevitable for performing managerial funetions-planning, organising, coordination, direction and control. If employees are not motivated, planning, organising, etc. functions cannot be performed successfully.
• Key to behaviour management Action :
  Motivation is the key to behavioural management and in its executive form it is among the chief tasks of manager. In all managerial actions, execution of motivation is essential.

Question 3.
Explain the different theories of Motivation.
Answer:
Some important theories of motivation are as follows :
I. Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory :
It is considered fundamental to understanding of motivation. A well-known psychologist, in a classic paper published in 1943, outlined the elements of an overall theory of motivation. This theory was based on human needs. He felt that within every human being, there exists a hierarchy of five needs. These are :

1. Physical Needs : Food, clothes, shelter, fresh air, etc.
2. Safety Needs : Fear of diseases, risk, security from loss.
3. Love Needs: Love, cooperation, friends, relatives, sense of togetherness.
4. Self-Esteem Needs: Respect, appreciation, self confidence, reputation, etc.
5. Self-Actualisation Needs : Potential, skills and abilities one is capable of.

II. Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory :
Motivation Hygiene theory or dual factor theory was propounded by US behaviour scientist Fredrick Herzberg. He along with his associates, researched at Psychological Service, Pittsburgh and developed ‘Two Factor Theory’. This theory is based on empirical research on job attitudes of 200 engineers and accountants of a company.
The researchers asked two questions from those two hundred employees :

1. When you felt exceptionally good about your job ?
2. When you felt exceptionally bad about your job ?

Herzberg grouped these responses into two categories :

1. Hygiene Factors: Company’s policy and administration, Job security, Salary or wages, Quality of supervision, etc.
2. Motivator Factors : Achievement, Recognition and honour, Development or advancement, etc.

III. ‘X’ and ‘Y’ Theory of McGregor :
Prof. Douglas McGregor propounded X and Y theory of motivation. He is a managment consultant and an author, who, in his book named ‘Human Side of Enterprise’, described two distinct sets of assumptions about peopole at work. He believed that these assumptions influence the thinking and attitude of most managers about the people at work. Me Gregor labelled these sets of assumptions as Theory ‘X’ and Theory ‘Y’. Theory ‘X’ presents a pessimistic or negative view of human nature, whereas Theory ‘Y’ reflects an optimistic or positive view of human behaviour.

IV. William Ouchi’s ‘Z’ Theory :
The credit to propound this theory of motivation goes to American management practictioner Prof. William G. Ouchi. He wrote a book entitled ‘Theory Z : How American business can meet the Japanese challenge’. This theory was published in 1981.

In this book, he described management practices in a number of US companies that are similar to those which successful Japanese companies have been practising for years. Theory Z refers to selected managerial practices adopted to the environment of United States as suggested by W. Ouchi. It is a hybrid management system which incorporates the strength of Japanese and American Management.

Question 4.
Explain in detail Maslow’s theory of Motivation.
Answer:
Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory :
Maslow’s Need hierarchy theory is considered fundamental to the understanding of motivation. Abraham Maslow, a well-known psychologist, in a classical paper published in 1943, outlined the elements of an overall theory of motivation. This theory was based on human needs. He felt that within every human being, there exists a hierarchy of five needs. These are :

• Physiological Needs :
  These needs are concerned with basic biological function of the human body. These needs are most basic in the hierarchy and correspond to primary needs.
  Eg : Water, clothing, food, shelter, rest, etc.
• Safety Needs :
  Safety needs are concerned with protecting the person from physical and psychological harm, as well as the assurance that physiological needs will continue to be met.
  Eg : Job security, economic and social security.
• Social Belonging / Affiliation Needs :
  These needs relate to the desire to have social interection, friendship, affiliation, acceptance, etc.
• Self-Esteem or Egiostic Needs :
  These needs arise when physiological, safety and social needs have been satisfied. These are of two types :
  1. Need of self respect or self esteem
  2. Need of esteem from others.
• Self-Aculatisation Needs :
  Self actualisation needs concern the needs for maximising the use of one’s skill, abilities, potential to become what one is capable of. Such needs relate to realisation of full potential of one’s skill for development, growth and fulfilment.

Question 5.
Explain the theory ‘Z’ given by William Ouchi.
Answer:
The credit to propound ‘Z’ theory of motivation goes to American management practictioner Prof. William G. Ouchi. He wrote a book entitled “Theory Z : How American business can meet the Japanese challenge.” This theory was published in 1981. Theory Z refers to selected managerial practice adopted to the environment of United States as suggested by W. Ouchi. Theory Z is a hybrid management system which incorporates the strengths of Japanese and American Management.

• Life-Time Employment :
  Theory Z suggests strong bond between organisation and its employees by providing life-time employment avoiding retrenchment and lay-off.
• Slow Evolution and Promotion :
  Ouchi has mentioned in his theory that the Japanese assume that productivity is the result of group efforts, and is not a one-man contribution. Therefore, in place of promoting a person on the basis of his achievements, promotion should be based on how that person motivates the working groups.
• Career Paths :
  In Japan, no emphasis is given on specialisation of managers. Theory Z assumes that there should be non-specialised career paths, the career paths should involve multiple-functions experience, and for this, there should be job rotation.
• Emphasis on Humanity Concern for the People :
  Theory Z suggests that there should be holistic concern for people. Such holistic concern should extend beyond the workplace and reflect genuine concern for the total employees’ personality and so on.
• Collective Decision-Making :
  This theory emphasises on employee participation in decision-making. Employees should be consulted and their suggestions should be considered while making decisions.
• Human Resource Development :
  According to this theory, managers should develop new skills among the employees. Mangers should, therefore, identify and recognise the potential of their subordinates.
• Informal Control :
  Theory Z recommends that managers should pay more attention to informal control procedures. Managers should lay more emphasis on mutual trust and cooperation, rather than on formal authority in ensuring control.

Thus, Theory Z provides a new dimension of motivation to employees. It calls for mutual trust and cooperation between managers and workers.

RBSE Class 12 Business Studies Chapter 4 Additional Questions

RBSE Class 12 Business Studies Chapter 4 Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
“Any need or desire that makes people to do some work.” This has been said by :
(A) Stanley Vance
(B) Dale S. Beach
(C) Both A & B
(D) none of these
Answer:
(A) Stanley Vance.

Question 2.
Which is true is context of Motivation?
(A) Motivation is a continuous process
(B) It is a psychological process
(C) Motivation is a energising force
(D) All of these
Answer:
(D) All of these.

Question 3.
Which is not true in context of Motivation?
(A) It is a continuous process
(B) It satisfies human needs / wants
(C) Human resource cannot be motivated
(D) None of these
Answer:
(C) Human resource cannot be motivated.

Question 4.
Considering the importance of motivation, who has regarded it as the cure of management:
(A) Rensis Lenkert
(B) Allen
(C) Me Farland
(D) Herzberg
Answer:
(A) Rensis Lenkert.

Question 5.
“Poorly motivated people can nullify the soundest organisation.” This has been said by:
(A) Allen
(B) Rensis Lenkert
(C) Stanley Vance
(D) Luthans
Answer:
(A) Allen.

Question 6.
Motivation techniques are of how many types ?
(A) Two
(B) Three
(C) Four
(D) Six
Answer:
(A) Two.

Question 7.
One is financial and other motivation technique is?
(A) Non-financial
(B) Monetary techniques
(C)Both A&B
(D) None of these
Answer:
(A) Non-financial.

Question 8.
Need Hierarchy Theory of Motivation i s given by?
(A) Herzberg
(B) Rensis Lenkert
(C)Maslow
(D) None of these
Answer:
(C) Maslow.

RBSE Class 12 Business Studies Chapter 4 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
State one characteristic / feature of Motivation.
Answer:
Motivation is a continuous process.

Question 2.
Define Motivation in words of Stanley Vance.
Answer:
“Any need or desire that makes people to do some work”.

Question 3
Is the need or reason that makes people to work.
Answer:
Motivation.

Question 4.
Which is the only resource that can be motivated?
Answer:
Human resource.

Question 5
Is the psychological energy which inspires the people to achieve organisational goals.
Answer:
Motivation.

Question 6.
Motivation is derived from which word?
Answer:
Motive.

Question 7.
What has Allen commented in context of Motivation?
Answer:
“Poorly motivated people can nullify the soundest organisation”.

Question 8.
Write any one importance of Motivation.
Answer:
Motivation helps in achieving determined goals.

Question 9.
How many types of motivation techniques are there?
Answer:
Two.

Question 10.
State the types of motivational techniques.
Answer:

1. Financial or monetary techniques.
2. Non-Financial or non-monetary techniques.

Question 11.
Give two examples of Financial techniques of motivation.
Answer:

1. Pay and allowances
2. Bonus of profit-sharing.

Question 12.
Give two examples of non-financial techniques of motivation.
Answer:

1. Job enlargement
2. Personal recognition.

Question 13.
Financial techniques of motivation are also known as by which name?
Answer:
Monetary techniques of motivation.

Question 14.
Define motivation in the words of Breech.
Answer:
“Motivation is the key to the effectiveness of all management functions”.

Question 15.
What is Group Discussion?
Answer:
A Group discussion is a group of employees of a work unit who meet frequently with their superiors to identify and solve work-related problems of their unit.

Question 16.
What is Job Enlargement?
Answer:
Job enlargement means enlarging or adding more and different but simple tasks to a specialised job. Thus, it increases the number and variety of tasks a manager should do.

Question 17.
What is Job Rotation?
Answer:
Job rotation is a technique in which employees are provided an opportunity to perform different jobs or functions by rotation.

Question 18.
What is Employee Empowerment?
Answer:
Employee empowerment means giving more autonomy and powers to subordinates. It makes people feel that their jobs are important.

Question 19.
Which theory of motivation is considered fundamental to understanding of motivation and who gave it ?
Answer:
Maslow’s Need Hierarchy theory, and this is given by Abraham Maslow.

RBSE Class 12 Business Studies Chapter 4 Short Answer Type Questions (SA – I)

Question 1.
Write down any four significance of motivation?
Answer:
Creation of desire to do work in motivation following are the four points of the significance of motivation:

1. Helpful is successful disposal of organisation.
2. Helping in bringing positive thinking amongst employees.
3. Reducing the rate of drop out points of employees from the organisation.
4. Helpful in better uses of resources of the organisations.

Question 2.
Why is it important to motivate employees in a business enterprise?
Answer:
Human being is alone considered the live and active means on t. of various means of production. This human means is always active and dynamic through motivation. As a result motivated persons increase reform in quality of other means of production and it becomes easier to achieve the target of the enterprise. It is therefore motivating to employees of an enterprise is important.

Question 3.
“Motivation is the key of practical management.” Clarify.
Answer:
According to E.F.L. Breech : Motivation is a key of practical management and an important task of management in disposal. In all managerial tasks, implementation motivation is essential. The pace of movement in management tasks can be brought by implementing motivation.

RBSE Class 12 Business Studies Chapter 4 Short Answer Type Questions (SA – II)

Question 1.
Write down the meaning and definition of Motivation.
Answer:
The term motivation is derived from the word motive. Motive implies action to satisfy a need, want, and desire. Motive prompts a person to do something. Numerous definitions have been given by different thinkers.

•  According to William G. Scott :
  “Motivation means a process of stimulating people to act to accomplish desired goals.”
• In the option of M. J. Jucius :
  “Motivation is the act of stimulating someone or oneself to get a desired course of action.”
• According to McFarland :
  “Motivation refers to the way in which urges, drives, desires, aspirations, strivings, needs direct control or explain the behaviour of human beings.”
• In the words of William Glueck :
  “Motivation is an internal situation that keeps human behaviour alive, streamed and active.”

Thus, motivation is the need or reason that makes people to work or take action. It includes the processes and forces in an individual that influence or encourage him to act or not to act in particular ways, towards achievement of goals contributing up to his/her maximum potential.

Question 2.
Clarify Maslow’s physical need.
Answer:
Physical needs are the primary needs of human beings. These needs are considered the most important, effective and powerful to which human beings want to fulfill at any cost. These needs are as soon as satisfied, they motivate the human beings for more satisfaction because some needs are felt again and again like the rising and falling of waves of sea. Such as food, clothing, shelter, sexual contact, clean air, sunlight etc.

RBSE Class 12 Business Studies Chapter 4 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain ‘X’ and T Theory of McGregor.
Answer:
Prof. Douglas McGregor was psychologist management consultant and an author, who in his book named ‘Human side of Enterprise’, described two distinct sets of assumptions about people at work. He believed that these assumptions influence the thinking and attitude of most managers about the people at work. McGregor labelled these set of assumptions as Theory ‘X’ and Theory ‘Y’.

Theory X is based on traditional approach and emphasize on controlling the man. X theory lists a set of assumptions which present a pessimistic view of human nature. The main assumptions of theory X about human nature are as follows :

1. The average employee/human being inherently dislikes work and considers as burden and avoids work, if possible.
2. Since human being dislike work they must by coerced and controlled with punishment to make efforts to achieve objectives.
3. The average human beings, by nature, resist change and like to work with traditional techniques/methods.
4. The wish to avoid responsibility.
5. They are relatively less ambitious and lack creativity.
6. They are inherently self-centered and indifferent to organizational objectives.
7. They work for economic and financial gains.
8. They want security above all other factors associated with the work.
9. The average human being/employee is gullible and can be easily cheated by charlatants.

Theory Y :
Views human behaviour in optimistic or positive terms. It assumes the responsibility and positive role in working environment as its base. The assumptions of this theory are :

1. Employees find that work is as natural as play or rest, if organizational conditions are appropriate.
2. They welcome new techniques and and changes are ready to accept them.
3. They learn not only to accept, but to seek responsibility.
4. They seek responsibility because it allows them to satisfy higher level needs which motivates them.
5. They are self-motivated and self-controlled. Employees will exercise self-direction and self-control of they are committed to objectives.
6. They are intellectual, imaginative and creative to solve problems.
7. They want to make maximum use of their potential.
8. They work not only for fulfilling their basic needs, but also for self-esteem and self¬actualization needs.

RBSE Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies