RBSE Solutions for Class 12 Geography Chapter 22 Planning and Sustainable Development

Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 22 Planning and Sustainable Development

RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 22 Text Book Questions

RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 22 Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1
According to the latest estimates, which of these Indian states has maximum number of poor – population?
(a) Bihar
(b) Odisha
(c) Uttar Pradesh
(d) Assam
Answer:
(a) Bihar

Question 2.
The state with highest poverty ratio is:
(a) Bihar
(b) Odisha
(c) Uttar Pradesh
(d) Rajasthan
Answer:
(c) Uttar Pradesh

Question 3.
Reason of unemployment in India is:
(a) Lack of proper planning of human resources
(b) Lack of natural resources
(c) Lack of political leadership
(d) All these
Answer:
(d) All these

Question 4.
In India, which state was the first to launch the employment guarantee program?
(a) Gujarat
(b) Maharashtra
(c) Rajasthan
(d) Madhya Pradesh
Answer:
(b) Maharashtra

Question 5.
Which statements are true regarding the Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana?
(a) Its main objective is to establish a large number of small – scale industries in rural areas.
(b) The targeted groups in this plan are the BPL families in rural areas.
(c) The amount allotted in this program is shared by the central and state government in the ratio 75 : 25.
(d) All these
Answer:
(d) All these

Question 6.
At present, which state has the highest population of poor people?
(a) Bihar
(b) Chhattisgarh
(c) Jharkhand
(d) Uttar Pradesh
Answer:
(b) Chhattisgarh

Question 7.
Which of the following evaluates the execution of poverty alleviation program in India?
(a) National Development Council
(b) Program Implication Ministry
(c) Finance Ministry
(d) Planning Commission
Answer:
(c) Finance Ministry

Question 8.
National Rural Employment Guarantee Program was launched on:
(a) 2 February, 2006
(b) 15 August, 2006
(c) 2 February, 2007
(d) 15 August, 2007
Answer:
(a) 2 February, 2006

RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 22 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 9.
When was Community Development Program Started?
Answer:
The Community Development Program was started in 1952.

Question 10.
Write the full form of TRYSEM.
Answer:
The full form of TRYSEM is “Training of Rural Youth for Self – Employment”.

Question 11.
Write the full form of MNREGA.
Answer:
The full form of MNREGA is “Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act”.

Question 12.
Write the full form of IRDP.
Answer:
The full form of IRDP is “Integrated Rural Development Programme”.

Question 13.
What is poverty?
Answer:
Poverty is a curse that leads to starvation, malnourishment, low life expectancy, low – level of education and the minimum level of human – development. According to Lord Boyd Orr, “A person who gets less than 2400 calories per day is poor”.

Question 14.
What is Prime Minister Jan – Dhan Yojana?
Answer:
This Scheme was started on 15 August 2014. Prime Minister Jan Dhan Yojana is national mission of India for financial inclusion to ensure access to finance services, namely – banking savings and deposits accounts, remittance, credit, insurance, pension, in an affordable manner.

RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 22 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 15.
What a short note on Agenda – 21.
Answer:
Agenda 21 is a non-binding action plan of the United Nations with regard to sustainable development. It is a product of Earth Summit (United Nations Conference of Environment and Development) held in Rio – de Janeiro, Brazil in June 1992. Representatives from 178 countries participated in the Summit. An outline was presented in this summit under the name of Agenda – 21. It is a detailed document in which problems related to environmental pollution and their remedies are highlighted. Agenda – 21 is an effort to save the earth from greenhouse effect as well as global warming.

Question 16.
Throw light on Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana.
Answer:
This project was launched in May 1985 – 86 in the name of Indira Awas Yojana. This project was merged with Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana. Under this program, ₹ 75,000 per residence are provided in urban areas and ₹ 70,000 per residence are provided in rural areas to scheduled casted and scheduled caste and scheduled tribe people living below the poverty line, bonded labour, rural labourers and to the widow/near relatives of soldiers who became martyrs in war to build residences. This scheme was started in may 1985 – 86, and Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana was changed in 2016. Under this, every family having a kutcha house with toilet will be provided ₹ 1,48,000.

Question 17.
Throw light on MNREGA program.
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act was notified on 5 September 2005. The act was started in the state of Andhra Pradesh and 200 most backward districts of country on 2 Feb. 2006. Later on, all 644 rural districts were also included in this program on 1 April 2008. Six most backward districts were also included in the first phase.

MNREGA provides unskilled work for rural population for at least 150 days per year. Under this plan, the wages are paid according to the wages specified for agricultural labourers in the state under the Minimum Wages Act 1948, unless the central government decides the wage rate.

Question 18.
What is sustainable development?
Answer:
The term ‘sustainable development’ was used for the first time in Brundtland Commission Report in 1987. Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The phrase “Sustainable Development” aims to provide everyone, a better environment, a better economy and better social condition.

RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 22 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 19.
Describe different programs running in the country for poverty alleviation.
Answer:
Poverty is a geographical and social dimension. Poverty means lack of development, insufficient development and backwardness. According to the director of United Nations Organisation, Lord Boyd Orr. “Every one who gets less then 2100 calories in urban areas and 2400 calories in rural area is poor.”

A brief description of the programs related to poverty alleviation is given further:

1. Training of Rural Youth for Self – Employment (TRYSEM):
This training program was started on 15 August 1979. It was merged in Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana on 1st April 1999.

2. Integrated Rural Development Program (IRDP):
This program was started in 1978 – 79. The plan was started to provide employment in rural areas. It was also merged in Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana on 1st April 1999. It is a plan to provide subsidy to poor families to purchase dairy cattle and for other minor works.

3 Jawahar Rojgar Yojana:
This plan was started in 1989 – 90. It was a plan to provide employment in rural regions. On 1st April 1999, it was renamed as Jawahar Gram Samriddhi Yojana.

4. Development of women and children in Rural areas:
This plan was also merged into Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana on 1st April 1999.

5 District Poverty Initiative Project (DPIP):
This plan was implemented to attach the rural poor people with non – government – organisations (NGOs) and to empower them in a significant manner.

6. Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana:
It was a plan for providing better houses to poor families, widows and martyr’s families.

7 Natioanl Rural Health Mission (NRHM):
This mission was started with an objective to provide health and medical – related facilities to the rural population.

8 Ganga Kalyan Yojana:
Under this plan, loan on minimum interest rate is provided for installing tube wells and pumping sets to small and marginal farmers.

9 National Social Help Program:
Under this program, there is a provision of providing grant under old – age pension, national family benefit plan, National labor – room benefit plan.

10 Annapurna Yojana:
Under this plan, senior citizens are provided food grains every month.

11 Antyodaya Yojana:
Under this plan, through public distribution system, BPL families are provided 25 kg of wheat at ₹ 2 per kg and rice at ₹ 3 per kg.

12 Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana:
It is a developmental intiative program, which provides sustainable income to the poorest of the poor people living in rural and urban areas.

13. Sampurna Gramin Rojgar yojana:
It was a scheme launched by the government of India to attain major objectives of providing gainful employment for the rural poor.

14 Kam Ke Badle Anaaj Yojana (Food for work program):
This scheme was started in 150 most backward regions with the objective to provide 100 days work to every poor family with some cash amount, 5kg of food grains per day given as wages.

Besides above schemes, several other programs are also operating in the country for removing poverty:

1. Prime – Minister Sadak Yojana.
2. Watershed Development Program.
3. 20 point programme.
4. National Rural Livelihood Mission.
5. Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana.

Besides, the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA) was introduced by the Indian Government to reduce rural poverty, through 100 days of guaranteed employment per capita per year.

Question 20.
Describe the rote and objectives of MNREGA in India.
Answer:
MNREGA offers a unique, right – based guarantee of employment to reduce poverty and ensures food security in rural areas. India is the first such country in the world where guaranteed employment scheme in rural areas has been enacted. This program was started on 2 February 2006 and was implemented in the entire country on 1st April 2008. At present, working days in MNREGA have been increased to 150 from 100 per year.

Role of MNREGA in India:
MNREGA is a demand – based plan under which water conservation, forestry, land development, flood control, construction and repair of roads, etc. programs have been included. With the help of MNREGA, purchasing power of every engaged labourer has increased and it also has affected the private sector so that the wages have increased in private sector.

In the year 2004 – 15, ₹ 33,000 crore were allotted for MNREGA, while in the year 2012 – 13, ₹ 30,000 crore were invested on the project by the Central Government of India. In 2013 – 14, about 4.39 crore families got employment through MNREGA. At the National level, the wages which were only ? 65 per day per capita in 2006-07 were increased to ₹ 181 per day in 2015.

The Objectives of MNREGA In India:
For implementing MNREGA in India, the following aims have been fixed.

1. Providing unskilled work for rural population in the rural areas.
2. Ensuring complete openness and ownership in the governance.
3. Formation of rural assets of utility.
4. Ensuring sustainable development by developing natural resources such as land and water.
5. Providing an important role to the Panchayati Raj Institutions.
6. Providing a security system to the rural poor and giving encouragement to local economy.
7. Ensuring empowerment of rural women.

In this way, MNREGA 2005 is a major piece of legislation which reaffirmed position of India as being a we’fare state. At the present time, it is widely hailed as definitely securing social justice to every section of society, which had until then remained largely ignored and sidelined.

Question 21.
Write an essay on effective changes that are seen in India due to MNREGA.
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA) is a job guarantee scheme for rural Indians. It was enacted by legislation on 5 September 2005. The scheme provides a legal guarantee for at least 150 days of paid employment in every financial year to adult members of any family willing to do unskilled manual work related to public works at the statutory minimum wages of ₹ 181 per day. If they fail to do so, the government has to pay this salary at their homes.

India is the only country in the world which provides guaranteed job to rural adults. Several changes can be seen in India due to MNREGA. Doubtlessly, MNREGA has been working towards the alleviation of unemployment as well poverty from the country. Under this scheme, rural Indians have been engaged in unskilled jobs like watershed development program, water conservation, road construction, digging ponds, forest, conservation and plantation in their villages. Similarly, MNREGA also provides employment to the population of drought effected areas, inaccessible hilly areas where people are at the edge of starvation.

Dr. Swaminathan writes:
The potential of employment in agriculture has become very low. So the Government should pay attention towords the development of non-agricultural fields and should make meaningful efforts to employ men there. In India MNREGA scheme has proved very profitable. Besides, it is also cooperating for the development of means of communication, medical facilities, education, etc.

Present Aspects of MNREGA:
Main aspects of MNREGA are given below:

1. The activities of the scheme have been expanded so that it might become more significant.
2. Electronic management system is used to pay the wages.
3. Extra 100 days per year paid work is provided in the drought effected regions.
4. To check the discrepencies in the employment records, it has been attached with Aadhar Card.
5. MNREGA has been attached to clean India Mission.
6. The paid wages under MNREGA are attached with CPI – AL so that the labourer might not face any pressure of inflation.
7. Social Audit System has been started in MNREGA.

Due to an increase in the income, the demand of agricultural products and other goods has increased and therefore demand of labour in other economic activities has also increased. And this has caused an increase in wages.

Question 22.
Describe the concept and the conferences of sustainable development.
Answer:
Concept of sustainable development : The term sustainable development was first used in the Brundtland Commission Report. In fact, it is made of two words ‘lasting’ or ‘sustain’ and development. ‘Bruntaland defined sustainable development in his document ‘Our Joint Future’, while presiding over the World Commission on Environment and development. In this document, he says, “Sustainable development is such development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the opportunity of future generations to meet their own needs.” This development is based on the sense of co – operation, association, respect and reverence of mankind for nature.

This concept not only deals with environment, but also concentrates on conservation of resources. Sustainable development not only maintains the stable relationship between man and his environment, but it also focuses on such a dynamic activity that maintains the balance among present and future needs, resources, capital and technology.

Several synonyms are used for sustainable development, some of these are-maintainable development, viable development, stable development, intensification of economy, etc. Conferences of sustainable Development: Several conferences mere organised in the world for sustainable development, environment and ecological balance and safety, among which, main conferences are as follows.

1. Earth summit or Rio Summit:
In June 1992, the United Nations organised a conference on environment in Rio – De – Janeiro city of Brazil. This conference is known as First Earth Summit or Rio Summit/conference. In this summit, a profile of Agenda-21 was presented. In this, the governing principles for sustainable development were explained.

2. Second Earth Summit:
It was organised in New York in June 1997. No absolute proposal was accepted for agreement in this summit.

3. Third Earth Summit:
It was organised in Johannesburg in August 2002. Its main theme was sustainable development. That’s why, it is also known as the sustainable development world summit. In this conference, considering sustainable development, the developing countries urged the developed countries to change their lifestyle, but the developed countries were not ready for it. In this conference, the only agreement done was that a ten year program will be implemented to make the production and consumption sustainable.

RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 22 Additional Questions with Answers

RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 22 Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
The main objective of economic development is:
(a) Increase in per capital income
(b) Eradicating starvation.
(c) Alleviation of poverty
(d) Increase in employment in rural India
Answer:
(c) Alleviation of poverty

Question 2.
The age limit for self – employment in the Training for Rural Youth Self Employment Mission is:
(a) 15 years to 20 years
(b) 18 years to 30 years
(c) 18 years to 35 years
(d) 20 years to 40 years
Answer:
(c) 18 years to 35 years

Question 3.
The scheme which is not merged into Swarna Jayanti Gramin Swarojgar Yojana is:
(a) Training for Rural Youth Self – employment Mission
(b) Integrated Rural Development Program
(c) Development of Rural Women and Children Program
(d) District poverty Alleviation Program
Answer:
(d) District poverty Alleviation Program

Question 4.
Which of the following schemes provides loan and other facilities for installing tube wells and pumping sets?
(a) Ganga Welfare Plan.
(b) National Social – help Program
(c) Annapurna Yojana
(d) Water Harvesting and Development Program
Answer:
(a) Ganga Welfare Plan.

Question 5.
Prime – Minister Jan – Dhan Yojana was started on:
(a) 5th September 2005
(b) 1st April 1999
(c) 15th August 2014
(d) 14th November 2015
Answer:
(c) 15th August 2014

Question 6.
Notification of MNREGA was issued on:
(a) 1 st April 2008
(b) 5th September 2005
(c) 15th November 2014
(d) 14 December 2010
Answer:
(b) 5th September 2005

Question 7.
The first country of the world who started the scheme such as MNREGA was:
(a) China
(b) Japan
(c) United States of America
(d) India
Answer:
(d) India

Question 8.
Which of the following is not included under the provision of MNREGA ?
(a) It is essential to provide job within 15 days after its demand
(b) Contract system is restricted in the implementation of MANREGA
(c) Priority to modern machinery system
(d) Provision of consideration of remuneration after the death of a man at work
Answer:
(c) Priority to modern machinery system

Question 9.
Average wages paid under MNREGA in 2015 were:
(a) ₹ 150
(b) ₹ 160
(c) ₹ 181
(d) ₹ 190
Answer:
(c) ₹ 181

Question 10.
Which word of the following is not used for sustainable development.
(a) Durable development
(b) Sustenance development
(c) Conservation development
(d) Protective development
Answer:
(d) Protective development

Question 11.
First Earth summit (1992) was held in:
(a) Rio – De – Janeiro
(b) New York
(c) Tokyo
(d) Johannesburg
Answer:
(a) Rio – De – Janeiro

Question 12.
Which of the following is an outcome of climate change?
(a) Change in seasons
(b) Global warming
(c) Rise in sea level
(d) All these
Answer:
(d) All these

Match the Following

Question 1.
Match the options given in column A with right options given in column B:

Column A	Column B
(i) Integrated Rural Development Program	(a) 1st April, 2001
(ii) District Poverty Abolishment Program	(b) May 1985 – 86
(iii) Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana	(c) 1st Feb. 1997
(iv) National Rural Health Mission	(d) 1978 – 79
(v) Ganga Welfare Program	(e) 30 May, 2005
(vi) Annapurna Yojana	(f) 22 July, 2000

Answer:
(i) (d), (ii) (f), (iii) (b), (iv) (e), (v) (c), (vi) (a).

RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 22 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What does poverty indicate?
Answer:
Poverty indicates hunger, malnourishment, low living standard, poor education and very low human development.

Question 2.
What is the chief objective of community development program?
Answer:
The chief objective of community development program is to improve the traditional lifestyle in rural areas and provide rural people equity and justice.

Question 3.
What is main objective of economic development?
Answer:
Main objective of economic development is to eradicate poverty from the country.

Question 4.
By whom and when was the concept of poverty line represented?
Answer:
The concept of poverty line was represented by Lord Boyd Orr, the director of Food and Agriculture Organization in United Nations Organisation in 1945.

Question 5.
Whom did Lord Boyd consider poor?
Answer:
According to Lord Boyd, a person who gets less than 2300 calories per day is poor.

Question 6.
What is absolute poverty?
Answer:
Absolute poverty is a condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information.

Question 7.
What is relative poverty?
Answer:
Relative poverty is the condition in which people lack minimum amount of income needed in order to maintain average standard of living in the society in which they live.

Question 8.
“Poverty is a geographical dimension”. How?
Answer:
Due to geographical causes, there are several backward areas that are less developed relatively. So in such areas, poverty has become a permanent trend. Therefore, poverty is called a geographical dimension.

Question 9.
“Poverty is a social dimension”. How?
Answer:
Since, poverty relates to some specific groups of society who have been in an unchanged condition since the beginning. Therefore, poverty is a social dimension.

Question 10.
What are the parameters of poverty in India?
Answer:
The parameters of poverty in India are:

1. Consumption of minimum calories.
2. Expenditure per capita per month.

Question 11.
According to Planning Commission, who all are included under BPL category in India?
Answer:
According to specific group formed by the Planning Commission, a person in rural area, who consumes less than 2400 calories and in urban area less than 2100 calories per day is included below poverty line (BPL).

Question 12.
What were the inferences of Tendulkar Committee about poverty?
Answer:
On the basis of minimum consumption-expenditure, Tendulkar Committee (2011 – 12) decided that every rural person with expenditure above ₹ 27 per day and urban person with expenditure above ₹ 33 per day will not be included below poverty line.

Question 13.
According to Tendulkar committee, what percentage of Indian population is included in BPL group?
Answer:
According to Tendulkar committee (2011 – 12), 26.9 per cent of Indian population included in BPL group.

Question 14.
According to Rangarajan Committee, what percentage population of India is included in the BPL group?
Answer:
According to Rangarajan Committee (2014) 36.30 per cent of Indian population is included in the group of BPL.

Question 15.
Name any two poverty alleviation programs in India.
Answer:

1. Integrated Rural Development programme.
2. Jawahar Rojgar Yojana.

Question 16.
What training is provided in TRYSEM?
Answer:
Under TRYSEM, the training for agricultural and related activities, industry, services and to obtain the skill for self employment is provided.

Question 17.
For what items was there a provision of subsidy under the Integrated Rural Development Programme?
Answer:
Under the Integrated Rural Development Programme, there was a provision of subsidy by the government for purchasing milch cattle (Cow, Buffalo, Sheep, Goat), bullock-cart, sewing machines, hand looms, etc.

Question 18.
What works were recommended under Jawahar Rojgar Yojana?
Answer:
The works like digging wells for drinking water, to construct school – buildings, hospitals, rural roads, minor irrigation-sources, soil conservation, etc. were recommended under J.R.Yojana.

Question 19.
Name the earlier operating development programs which were consolidated into Jawahar Rojgar Yojana?
Answer:
Two schemes operating in rural areas for providing employment which were consolidated into Jawahar Rojgar Yojana are:

1. National Rural Employment Program.
2. Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Program.

Question 20.
When was District Poverty Abolishment Program started and with whose cooperation?
Answer:
District Poverty Abolishment Program was started with the cooperation of World Bank on 22nd July 2000.

Question 21.
What were main provisions of Ganga Welfare Project?
Answer:
The project provided term loans and subsidy to small and marginal farmers for setting up tube wells and pumping sets. 50 per cent of total amount of this project per year was spent on the farmers belonging to the scheduled castes as well as the scheduled tribes.

Question 22.
Describe Annapurna Yojana briefly.
Answer:
This plan was started on 1st April 2001 and it provides 10 kg of food grains to senior citizens (above 65 years of age) per month.

Question 23.
Describe the provisions of Antyodaya Anna Yojana.
Answer:
Antyodaya Anna Yojana provides BPL families 25 kg of wheat at ₹ 2 per kg and rice at ₹ 3 per kg per month.

Question 24.
Of which schemes is Swarna JayantiGram Swarojgar Yoiana a combined form?
Answer:
Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana is a combined form of projects like IRDP, TRYSEM, DWCRA, SITRA, GKY, and MWS.

Question 25.
What plans are included into Sampurna Gramin Rojagar Yojana (Universal Rural Employment Program)?
Answer:
The Universal Rural Employment Program includes:
Employment Guarantee Plan and Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana.

Question 26.
Describe any three objectives of Universal Rural Employment Program.
Answer:
Three objectives of Universal Rural Employment Program are:

1. The arrangement of additional opportunities of employment in rural areas.
2. Food security.
3. The construction of permanent community assets.

Question 27.
Who selected the areas for “The Food for Work Scheme”?
Answer:
The selection of the areas for food for work scheme was made by planning commission on the basis of advice of central and state governments.

Question 28.
What is Prime Minister Rural Road Plan?
Answer:
The plan was started on 25 Dec. 2000. Its objective was to link every village with a minimum population of 500 (in hilly and desert areas – 250) to roads.

Question 29.
What programs were integrated into Watershed Development Plan?
Answer:
The programs that were integrated into the Watershed Development Plan are:

1. Drought Prone Area Development Program.
2. Desert area Development Program.
3. Integrated Wasteland Development Program.

Question 30.
How Watershed Development Program has been implemented?
Answer:
Watershed Development Program is operated through Project Implementation Committee on the basis of instructions given by Green Tribunal.

Question 31.
What is Watershed Management?
Answer:
Watershed management means proper management of surface and underground water. Watershed management includes conservation of all water resources, recycling and its proper use. Its main objective is to maintain a balance among all natural resources.

Question 32.
When was the 20 – point program implemented?
Answer:
The 20 – point program was announced and implemented in 1975. Its main aim was to improve the living standard of poor and the deprived population.

Question 33.
Describe three provisions of Prime Minister Jan – Dhan Yojana.
Answer:
There are three provisions in Prime Minister Jan-Dhan Yojana for poor families:

1. Opening a back account.
2. Providing a debit card.
3. Providing an insurance facility of one lakh.

Question 34.
What works are performed under MNREGA?
Answer:
Works like road – construction, flood control and soil conservation, land development, innovation of water sources, minor irrigation programs, drought control, water conservation, etc. are performed under MNREGA.

Question 35.
Who are included in the priority list of MNREGA?
Answer:
The priority is given to the people belonging to scheduled caste and tribes, women (one – third) and the BPL families.

Question 36.
Which programs have been merged into MNREGA?
Answer:
The program which have been merged into MNREGA are:

1. Universal Rural Employment Plan.
2. Food for work program.

Question 37.
What are two important concepts of MNREGA?
Answer:
The two important concepts of MNREGA are:

1. A five – year plan for every district.
2. The work done, wages paid, number of workers and other all information will be available online.

Question 38.
What services are being provided through MNREGA?
Answer:
During the employment period, MNREGA provides emergency medicare, drinking water, shade for children, swings for babies and children, etc.

Question 39.
Is there reservation system in MNREGA?
Answer:
No, there is no reservation system in MNREGA. Only, one third of total workers should be women at work in MNREGA.

Question 40.
What is the financial role of central government in MNREGA?
Answer:
The central government contributes total wages amount, one third amount of material cost and certain part of administration cost.

Question 41.
What is financial role of state governments in MNREGA?
Answer:
State government contributes entire amount of unemployment compensation, one fourth of material – cost and actual administrative expenditure.

Question 42.
What did M.S. Swaminathan say about MNREGA?
Answer:
Swaminathan’s statement about MNREGA:
“The possibilities of creating the employment in agriculture are very low. Therefore, state government should pay attention towards the development of non-agricultural sectors for creating employment and make meaningful efforts to employ skilled labourers”.

Question 43.
When was Agenda – 21 presented?
Answer:
Agenda – 21 was presented in Rio Summit, 1992.

Question 44.
What is the first guideline principle of Agenda – 21?
Answer:
The first guideline principle mentioned in Agenda – 21 is “In the center of adjustment with nature and its nutritional development is the human being”. And, “The environment safety is as essential part of development and the peace, development and environmental safety depend on others and is indivisible into parts”.

Question 46.
Mention any four negative effects of climate change.
Answer:
The negative effects of climate change are:

1. Season change.
2. Global warming.
3. Rise in sea level.
4. Change in crop – cycle.

Question 47.
What are the alternative sources of electricity production?
Answer:
The alternative sources of electricity production are wind energy, solar energy, thermal energy, biomass energy, etc.

Question 48.
What oath has India expressed through INDC?
Answer:
India has expressed its commitment to link with the problem of climate change and its determination to take every possible step towards it as its remedy.

Question 49.
What is Mahatma Gandhi’s statement regarding resources?
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi said that there are enough resources to fulfill every need of every person on the earth, but not enough for even one person’s greed.

Question 50.
Describe any three factors for sustainable development.
Answer:
Three factors for sustainable development are:

1. Development of eco – friendly technology.
2. The centralization of eco – conservation and production development.
3. The priority to participation of common man in all environmental programs.

RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 22 Short Answer Type Questions (SA-I)

Question 1.
What is the Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA) Program?
Answer:
Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas Scheme was introduced in 1982 – 85 as a sub – scheme of Integrated Rural Development Program (IRDP) at district level. The main objectives of this scheme at micro level are:

1. To improve the quality of life of women and children.
2. To involve rural women and children to realize their wants like hygienic environment, clean drinking water, nutritious food, schooling facilities, etc.
3. To provide opportunities for income generating activities for individuals through a group of women by building the existing skills and occupations, utilization of locally available resources and providing suitable marketing facilities.
4. Self subsistence, even after help is withdrawn.

Question 2.
How is District Poverty Alleviation Project conducted?
Answer:
Under this project, efforts are made towards the empowerment of the poor of the rural areas by developing their skills by joining them through Non – Government Organisations. This is conducted by NGOs which form common interest Groups. Under this projects, works such as community infrastructure, land based social services and income generation were done.

Question 3.
Describe National Rural Health Mission.
Answer:
National Rural Health Mission is an initiative undertaken by government of India to address the health needs of under – served rural areas. It was launched on 30 May 2005. The thrust of the mission is on establishing a fully functional community – owned decentralized health delivery system with inter – sectoral convergence at all levels, to ensure simultaneous action on a wide range of determinants of health, such as water, sanitation, education, nutrition, social and gender equality.

The institutional integration within the fragmented health sector was expected to provide a focus on outcomes, measured against Indian Public Health Standard for all health facilities.

The chief objectives of the programme are:

1. To provide health services to rural population, especially to the poor and backward.
2. To decrease mother and infant death rates.
3. To maintain the sex ratio and demographic balance.

Question 4.
What are the provisions of National Social Assistance Program?
Answer:
National Social Assistance Program is a centrally sponsored scheme of the government of India that provides financial assistance to the elderly, widows and persons with disabilities in the form of social pensions. The scheme was launched on 15th August 1995. The provisions of the scheme are given below:

1. ₹ 700 per month are given to a helpless elderly person above 65 years of age and ₹ 500 to above 60 years of age under Indira Gandhi Pension Plan.
2. ₹ 30,000 are given at the sudden death of the head of family in the form of a person family benefit.
3. ₹ 1400 are given as maternity benefit to every woman above 19 years at the time of delivery.
4. An amount of ₹ 50,000 is given at the time of birth of a girl baby for its education.

Question 5.
What is the Working Procedure of Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana?
Answer:
Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY) was launched on April 1, 1999 and is the only self employment program being implemented currently. The objective of the SGSY is to bring the assisted self – employed above poverty line by providing them income generation assets through bank credit and government subsidy.

The programme aims at establishing a large number of micro enterprises in the rural areas, based upon the potential of the rural poor.

SGSY is a centrally – sponsored scheme and funding is shared by the central and state Government in the ratio of 75 : 25 respectively. It provides sustainable income to the rural poor. It is proposed to cover 30 per cent of the rural poor in each block in the next 5 years. SGSY is a credit – cum – subsidy based program. It covers all aspects of self employment such as organization of poor into self-help groups, training, credit availability, infrastructure and marketing.

Question 6.
Write a short note on National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM).
Answer:
National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM), is a poverty alleviation project inplemented by ministry of Rural Development, Government of India. This scheme is focused on promoting self-employment and organisation of rural poor.

The basic idea behind this programme is to organize the poor into self-help groups and make them capable for self employment. In 1999, after restructuring Integrated Rural Development Program, Ministry of rural development launched Swarna Jayanti Gramin Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY) to focus on promoting self employment among rural poor. SGSY has been remodelled to form NRLM thereby plugging the shortfalls of SGSY programme.

This is one of the largest initiatives of the world to improve the livelihood of the poor. This programme is supported by World Bank with credit of 1 billion US dollars. The scheme was succeeded by Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojana on 25 September 2015.

Question 7.
What are the achievements of MNREGA?
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA) completed ten years of its implementation. By 2014 – 15, 48 crore of people have completed 100 working days. Total expenditure on the scheme has amounted to over 3 lakh crore rupees, since the implementation of MNREGA. Out of this, 71 per cent has been spent on wage payment to workers.

Also the percentage of scheduled caste (SC) workers has consistently been about 20 percent and that of scheduled tribe (ST) workers has been about 17.74 percent. Women participation has risen to 55.26 per cent-well above the statutory requirement of 33 per cent. Around 182 million beneficiaries (15 per cent of the population of India) have been provided social security by MNREGA.

Question 8.
Describe the funding system for MNREGA.
Answer:
Under the funding system for MNREGA, Central Government contributes 100 percent of wages for unskilled manual work, 75 percent of material cost of the schemes including payment of wages to skilled and semi – skilled workers. The State Government provides 25 percent of material including payment of wages to skilled and semi – skilled workers and 100 percent of unemployment allowance.

Question 9.
Describe the concept of sustainable development.
Answer:
Sustainable development is the organizing principle for meeting human development goals, while at the same time, sustaining the ability of natural systems to provide the natural resources and ecosystem service, upon which the economy and society depend.

The desired result is a state of society where living conditions and resource – use continue to meet human needs without undermining the integrity and stability of the natural system and sustainable development that meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generation.

The modern concept of sustainable development is derived mostly from the 1987 Brundtland Commission Report. It is also rooted in earlier ideas about sustainable forest management and twentieth century environmental concerns.

RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 22 Short Answer Type Questions (SA-II)

Question 1.
Describe any five fundamental facts related to poverty.
Answer:
The five fundamental facts related to poverty are given below:

1. Poverty is a curse that is an indicator of hunger, malnourishment, low living standard, poor education and very low level of human development.
2. The vicious circle of poverty goes on moving continuously.
3. According to Lord Boyd Orr, a person who consumes less than 2300 calories per day is regarded as poor.
4. Poverty is calculated on the basis of calories consumed per capita per day and the money spent per day per capita.
5. Poverty is a geographical and social dimension.

Question 2.
What are the provisions of providing employment under MNREGA?
Answer:
The provisions of providing employment under MNREGA are given below:

1. Any person from registered rural family is eligible to apply for doing unskilled work under MNREGA.
2. Having got the job card, an application is submitted to Gram Panchayat for work.
3. The wages for unskilled work is paid as decided by the labour commissioner or the central Government.
4. It is most essential to provide a job within 15 days of applying for it.
5. The contract system in MNREGA is completely restricted.
6. Emergency medical aid, drinking water, shade for shadow, swings for babies and children etc. facilities are provided at the work spot.

Question 3.
Describe the objectives of MNREGA.
Answer:
The objectives of MNREGA are given as below:

1. MNREGA is meant to create assets for the poor villagers by better connectivity and developing the basic livelihood resource base of the rural poor.
2. Providing unskilled work for rural population in the rural areas.
3. Ensuring complete openness and ownership in the governance.
4. Improving the entire system of demography.
5. Ensuring sustainable development by developing the natural resources of land and water.
6. Providing an important role to the Panchayati Raj.

Question 4.
Describe the benefits and the aims of MNREGA.
Answer:
The benefits and the aims of MNREGA are being given below:

1. To increase the livelihood security of rural poor by providing them unskilled work and employment opportunities.
2. To develop the related natural sources.
3. To construct community rural assets.
4. To develop rural economy by developing security means.
5. To empower the rural women.
6. To empower the principles of democracy.
7. To develop social and economic equity.
8. To support and make the Panchyati Raj strong.

Question 5.
Explain the principal concepts of MNREGA.
Answer:
The principal concepts under MNREGA are given below:

1. The activities of MNREGA have been expanded so that they may be made more meaningful.
2. The electronic based management system has been developed so that the wages may be paid without any delay.
3. Extra working days per family over and above 100 days in the drought-prone blocks.
4. The use of Aadhar Card has been made essential so that corruption in MNREGA may be checked at once.
5. MNREGA has been linked to Clean India Campaign.
6. The paid wages have been attached with CPI-AL so that the labourers may be made free from the pressure of inflation.
7. The social audit has been started.
8. The paid wages under MNREGA have been linked to cash-profit-transference.

Question 6.
Explain the side effects of new inventions and innovations on the society.
Answer:
As a result of global population growth and the improvement in life standard, a lot of inventions and innovations have taken place. The side effects of these are given below:

1. Due to increasing human expectation, exploitation of natural resources has reached at the top level. So they are dwindling speedily and are at the verge of complete exhaustion.

2. The rapid depletion of natural resources has changed the global climate, as a result, there is a great threat to the existence of all living beings on the earth.

3. The serious problems like global warming have risen up.

4. Due to unfavorable environmental conditions, many of the species like dinosaurs have become extinct forever from the surface of the earth. It is estimated that about 2050 species become extinct every year.

5. This rapid change in environment would be a cause of natural disasters like drought, flood, epidemics and rise in sea level.

Question 7.
In the United Nations Climate Change Conference held in Paris, which resolution did India present in the form of India’s Internal National Determined Contribution (IN DC)?
Answer:
India presented the following Internal National Determined Contribution (INDC) in the United Nations’ Climate Change Conference held in Paris:

1. To encourage the use of clean and renewable energy and to create an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tons of CO₂ equivalent through additional forest and tree coverage by 2030.
2. To develop such flexible urban centers which emit less carbon.
3. To promote safe, capable and reliable green transport network that utilizes trash and reduce its green gases emissions intensity by 33 to 35 per cent.
4. To collect additional funds from developing countries and forming a global structure for the spread of ultramodern techniques and for collective research and development associated with them.

RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 22 Long Answer Type Question

Question 1.
Explain the concept of Sustainable Development and means of its implementation.
Answer:
The word “Sustainable Development” was first used in the Brundtland Commission Report presented in 1987. Brundtland wrote in his document, “Our Common Future”- “Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” Sustainable development is not only based on the nature, but it is also based on human cooperation, respect and,loyalty towards nature.

Sustainable development is also known as cherished development and it deserves to be called so. The cherished development is a development that not only satisfies topical human needs, but also provides a firm base for future development.

In fact, sustainable development is the organizing principle for meeting human development goals, while at the same time, sustaining the ability of natural systems to provide the natural resources arid ecosystem services upon which the economy and society depend.

The concept of sustainable development has been still a subject of criticism. What exactly is to be sustained in sustainable development? It has been urged that there is no such thing as a sustainable use of a non-renewable resource. But it is clear, that every one on the earth should try one’s best to make the environment clean and safe.

Expedient for Sustainable Development:
Our earth is a limited unit which has limited resources. With the help of proper means and strategy, its sustainability can be maintained and increased.

1. For the increase in development and production, eco – friendly technology should also be developed.
2. Before setting up a project, the estimation of environmental protection, ecological balance and economic viability is most essential.
3. The centralization of environmental protection and production growth.
4. Stringent rules and regulations should be formed to check the environmental decay.
5. Popular participation must be encouraged in the environmental programmes.
6. Government, bureaucrats, media and non – government officials should play their responsible and constructive role in this direction.

RBSE Solutions for Class 12 Geography