RBSE Solutions for Class 12 History Chapter 6 Freedom Movement of Modern India

Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 12 History Chapter 6 Freedom Movement of Modern India

RBSE Class 12 History Chapter 6 Textual Questions

RBSE Class 12 History Chapter 6 Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Who established the Brahma Samaj ?
(a) Swami Dayanand Saraswati:
(b) Swami Vivekanand
(c) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
(d) Aatmarang Pandurang
Answer:
(c) Raja Ram Mohan Roy

Question 2.
Who established the Rama Krishna Mission?
(a) Ram Krishna Paramhansa
(b) Mahadev Govind Ranade
(c) Swami Vivekanand
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Swami Vivekanand

Question 3.
Where did Vivekanand participate in the world religious conference in 1893?
(a) San Francisco
(b) New York
(c) Chicago
(d) Bristol
Answer:
(c) Chicago

Question 4.
Where did Raja Ram Mohan Roy die?
(a) London
(b) Bristol
(c) Chicago
(d) Calcutta
Answer:
(b) Bristol

Question 5.
In the tenure of which Governor-General was the Sati System abolished due to the efforts of Raja Ram Mohan Roy?
(a) Warren Hastings
(b) Lord William Bentick
(c) Lord Dalhousie
(d) Lord Rippon
Answer:
(b) Lord William Bentick

Question 6.
Who gave the slogan, “Back to the Vedas”?
(a) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
(b) Swami Vivekanand
(c) Swami Dayanand Sarawati
(d) Keshavchandra Sen
Answer:
(c) Swami Dayanand Sarawati

Question 7.
Who gave the slogan, ‘Jai Hind’?
(a) Bhagat Singh
(b) Veer Savarkar
(c) Subhash Chandra Bose
(d) Chandrashekhar Azad
Answer:
(c) Subhash Chandra Bose

Question 8.
When were Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev hanged?
(a) 31 December 1929
(b) 26 January 1930
(c) 23 March 1931
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) 23 March 1931

Question 9.
Who was the first President of the congress?
(a) A.O. Hume
(b) Womesh Chandra Bannerji
(c) Surendranath Bannerji
(d) Gopal Krishna Gokhale
Answer:
(b) Womesh Chandra Bannerji

Question 10.
Who was the president of the Surat Session (1907) of Indian National Congress?
(a) Dadabhai Naoroji
(b) Raas Bihari Bose
(c) Surendra Nath Bannerji
(d) Gopal Krishna Gokhale
Answer:
(b) Raas Bihari Bose

Question 11.
During which movement did Mahatma Gandhi mention the deliverance of ‘Swarajya whithin one year?
(a) Champaran Satyagraha
(b)Non-cooperation movement
(c) Civil Disobedience movement
(d) Quit India Movement
Answer:
(b)Non-cooperation movement

Question 12.
Under Which Act was the diarchy system implemented in the provinces?
(a) 1909 Act
(b) 1919 Act
(c) 1935 Act
(d) None of these.
Answer:
(b) 1919 Act

Question 13.
Under which Act was the separate electorate provided for Muslims under commnal basis?
(a) 1909 Act
(b) 1919 Act
(c) 1935 Act
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) 1909 Act

Question 14.
In which conference did Gandhiji participate as the sole congress representative?
(a) First Round – table conference
(b) Second Round – table conference
(c) Third Round – table conference
(d) All three Round – table conference
Answer:
(b) Second Round – table conference

RBSE Class 12 History Chapter 6 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who ‘used the word ‘Swarajya’ for the first time?’
Answer:
Swami Dayanand Saraswati used the word ‘Swarajya’ for the first time.

Question 2.
Where did Swami Dayanand Saraswati die?
Answer:
Swami Dayanand Saraswati died on 30th October, 1883 in Ajmer (Rajasthan).

Question 3.
Who wrote the book ‘Satyarth Prakash’?
Answer:
Swami Dayanand Saraswati wrote the book ‘Satyarth Prakash.’ In this he wrote his thoughts in Hindi.

Question 4.
Who is considered to be the father of Indian nationalism and Indian renaissance?
Answer:
Nationalism was inaugurated in the second half of the 19th century. Raja Rammohan Rai is called the father of Indian Nationalism and Indian renaissance. 9 Act.

Question 5.
Who conducted the ‘Purification movement’?
Answer:
Swami Dayanand Saraswati conducted the ‘Purification movement’ (Shuddhi move ment).

Question 6.
Who gave the famous slogan “Give me blood and I shall give you freedom” ?
Answer:
Subhash Chandra Bose gave the famous slogan “Give me blood and I shall give you freedom”.

Question 7.
Who founded the ‘Indian Independence League’ and when?’
Answer:
Ras Bihari Bose founded the ‘Indian Independence League’ on 23rd Jane, 1942 in Bangkok.

Question 8.
Who was Birsa Munda?
Answer:
Birsa Munda was the chief leader of tribles. His led to Munda revolt. Munda tribe considered Birsa munda as God.

Question 9.
Who founded the “Indian Association” and when?
Answer:
“Indian Association” was founded by Surendranth Bannerjee and Anand Mohan Bose on. 26th July 1876.

Question 10.
Who founded the Congress and when ?
Answer:
Retired English officer Allen Octavian Hume founded Indian National congress in December 1885 CE.

Question 11.
When was the Partition of Bengal done, and during which Governer General’s tenure?
Answer:
The Partition of Bengal was done in 1905, and during Lord Curzon’s tenure.

Question  12.
In Which session of congress was it was divided into two fractions?
Answer:
Congress was divided into two factions in Surat session 1907.

Question 13.
When did the jallianwala massacre happen?
Answer:
Jallianwala Bagh massacre took place on April 13, 1919 in Amritsar on the occasion of Vaisakhi.

Question 14.
Due to which incident did Mahatma Gandhi suspend the non – cooperation movement?
Answer:
Due to Chauri – Chaura in Deoria district (UP) incident, 5 Febrary 1922, Gandhiji annouced to call of the non-cooperation movement.

Question 15.
When did Mahatma Gandhi start his Dandi march and with how many followers?
Answer:
On march 12, 1930, Gandhi ji began a march from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi with his selected 78 followers.

Question 16.
Under which Act was autonomy given to the provinces?
Answer:
Autonomy was given to the provinces under 1919 Act.

Question 17.
When and where did Gandhi ji give the slogan ‘Do or die’.?
Answer:
Gandhi ji gave the slogan ‘Do or die’ in a historical assembly held at Gwalia tank in Bombay on gth August, 1942.

RBSE Class 12 History Chapter 6 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Give the reasons for the rise of nationalism.
Answer:
In the second half of the 19th century, the political movement was inaugurated as a result of the development of national sentiment. There were many reasons for the rise of nationalism in Indians during the British rule. Among them exploitative economic policy, administrative unification, developement of the modes of transport and communication, role of press and literature, policy of Lord Lytton, Ilbert Bill controversy and establishment of various institutions were the main reasons. Thus Indians fought a long struggle to get freedom from the British rule through the political movement.

Question 2.
Explain the teachings of Arya Samaj.
Answer:
The main teachings of Arya Samaj are following:

1. Truth is the main reason for God’s wisdom.
2. God is shapeless, omnipotent and ubiquitous.
3. Vedas are the storehouse of truth and knowledge.
4. Every task should be considered by taking it into consideration and making the right decision.
5. The purpose of Arya Samaj is to do good to the world by physical, spiritual and social reforms.
6. Destruction of ignorance and propagation of knowledge.
7. Every person should take interest in the advancement of the general public.
8. There should be personal freedom but not at the cost of loss to society.

Question 3.
Write a short note on Chandrashekar Azad.
Answer:
Chandrashekhar Azad was born on 23rd July, 1908 in Bhavra village in Jhabua district of Madhya Pradesh. His father’s name was Sitaram Tiwari and his mother’s name was Jagrani Devi. He left his house and moved to Kashi and started studying in Sanskarit Vidhyalaya.

He participated in the non-cooperation movement while residing in Banaras being caught, when the magistrate inquired from him, he told his name as Azad, his father’s name as Freedom and his place of residence as Prison. The magistrate sentenced this child to a punishment of being hit with cane for 14 times.

At the time when he was being hit with the cane, he shorted the slogan Vande Mataram. For his bravery, he was greeted in Banaras. Azad played a role in Kakori train robbery and Sander’s murder: Under his leadership, Hindustan socialist Republican Army tried to bomb off the train of Viceroy Lord Irwin near Delhi, but the Viceroy was saved in this attempt.

On 27th february 1931, in Alfred Park of Allahabad, while talking to Sukhdev Raj, a police informer indentified him and informed the police Police inspector Natbavar seized him. He confronted the police bravely. When he found that he had only one bullet left, he shot himself on his temple and embraced death

Question 4.
What was the Santhal Revolt? Explain.
Answer:
The revolt of Santhal tribe was one of the most violent and important revolts which took place against the English rule after 1850 CE. The region from Bhagalpur to Rajmahal was an area dominated by the Santhals. The revolt of Santhals mainly spread up to Veerbhum, Bankura, Shinghbhum, Hazaribagh, Bhagalpur and Munger.

The major reason of this revolt was the British policy of colonial exploitation. The spirit of revolt got aroused in the Santhals because of excessive collection of land revenue, not getting justice from British court, atrocities and corruption of the police, exploitation by the moneylenders, the problem of credit etc.

Question 5.
What do you know about ‘Gadar party’?
Answer:
Portland was a major centre of the activities of Indian revolutionaries in America under the leadership of Sohan Singh Bhakema. An institution named ‘Hindustan Association of the Pacific Coast” was formed in Portland in America. Its objective was to protect the rights of the Indians and to create political awarness among the Indians for the cause of attaining freedom for India, After some time, this institution came forward in the name of ‘Gadar Party’.

In order to run the Gadar movement, Lala Hardayal formed the ‘Gadar Party’ on Ist November, 1913 at San Francisco in America. The chairman of Gadar Party’ was Sohan Singh Bhakna and its minister was Lala Hardayal Kashiram. At the time of the first world war, the Gadar Party organized an armed revolution.

Question 6.
Describe Abhinav Bharat.
Answer:
In order to celebrate Ganesh festival in Nasik, ‘Mitra Mela’ organization was formed an 1899 AD. From this Mitra Mela, a secret revolutionary organization named ‘Abhinav Bharat’ was born in 1904 AD under the leadership of Veer Savarkar. Its objective was to free India from British rule through Ganpati festival and Shivaji festival started by Tilak. This organization

conveyed revolutionary thoughts to the people. It spread its thoughs through assemblies and magazines. This organization started to prepare the youth to fight against the British by providing them training of operating stickes, swords, climbing the hills, horse riding, running etc. Abhinav Bharat established relations with many secret revolutionary organizations of Bengal and India.

Question 7.
Enlist the objectives and programmes of the congress.
Answer:
The objectives and programmes of the congress were following:

1. To establish personal contact and friendship among the Indians working in various parts of the country for the cause of national welfare.
2. To eliminate caste-based, religious and provincial differences among the patriots and to developing and strengthen the spirit of National Unity.
3. To expose the opinion of Indian educated class to an important issue of political and social importance.
4. To determine such policies and measures as were necessary for the politicians in context to public welfare in future.

Programmes: The major demands of congress included appointment of Royal Commission, including increased number of elected representives in legislative assembly or councils. Such councils were to be created in north-west region and Punjab. These councils were to be allowed to participate in debate associated with the budget. Exams of civil services were to be held in India also along with Britain. The cost of army should be reduced.

Question 8.
Write a short note on the Partition of Bengal was to be ?
Answer:
Viceroy Lord Curzon adopted the policy of ‘divide and rule’, Keeping in view the developement of the national movement and growing unity of the Indians, he tried to create difference between the Hindu and the Muslim. Lord Curzon divided Bengal in 1905 CE to crush the national movement.

He told that it was essential to divide it into two parts for the purpose of facilitation of administration. Bengal had become the centre of national movement. This plan was implemented on 16th october, 1905. Due to the growing discontent against the partition Bengal, this division was cancelled in 1911.

Question 9.
What was the Khilafat movement?
Answer:
The main objective of the khilafat movement was to oppose the partition of the Turkish Empire and to support the continuation of the post khalifa. His movement was primarily a reactionary one. The Muslims looked upon the Sultan of Turkey as the Khalifa or the religious head of Islam.

Prime Minister Georgl Lioyd assured the Indian Muslims that integrity of Trukey would be maintained, but with the British victory in Ist world war, the British attitude towards Turkey bagan to change. The muslims were worried about the safety of their holy places. After the Turkey defeat, Britain in collision with other victorious powers, partitioned the Turkish Empire.

A feeling of discontentment grew among Indian muslims, due to the treatment meted out to Turkey and the khalifa. Indian Muslims protested against this and launched a movement that came to be known as Khilafat movement.

Question 10.
Mention the main features of the act of 1919.
Answer:
The act of 1919 was called the Montague Chelmsford Reforms. The main features of this were following :

1. Dyarchy was established in the provinecs. The provincial subjects were divided into two parts : Reserved subjects and transferred subjects.
2. The governor’s Executive Council was not responsible to the State Legislative Assembly. But the Indian ministers were responsible to the Legistative Assembly.
3. There was a division of power between the centre and provinces. The centre adminstered subjects such as defence, foreign policy, railways, communication census, public debt etc. The provinces adminstered subjects such as local self governance, health, medical services, police etc.
4. Bicameral Legislature was established for the first time by this act.
5. Separate electoral systems were extended on communal basis in the provincial Legistative Assemblies.

Question 11.
What do you know about Swaraj party?
Answer:
After the suspension of non – cooperation movement, there arose a difference of opinion among the congress leadership about the future course of action. There was a dispute regarding the legislative assembly election to be held under provisions of Montague Chelmsford Reforms of 1919.

Leaders like C.R. Das, Motilal Nehru etc. believed that congress should take part in the elections. The policy of opposing the government should be adopted after entering the council. These were called the radicals. The radicals called an all India Convention of their supporters in march 1923 at Allahabad, and founded the Swaraj Party.

Its president was Chittarnjan Das and Motilal Nehru was its general secretary. It was decided to contest elections, enter the provincial legislative councils and central legislature and pressurise the British government to accept their national demands within a specified time frame.

Question 12.
Describe the Gandhi – Irwin pact.
Answer:
After prolonged talks, the Gandhi-Irwin pact was reached on march 5, 1931. For the first time, the government and the congress were kept as per on equal terms. The Gandhi – Irwin pact is also known as ‘Delhi pact. Under Gandhi-Irwin pact, the British government released all political prisoners from prison, except those who had indulged in uent acts, and also agreed to return their confiscated property.

The government allowed the people living on sea coasts the right to make salt for their domestic use. The government also agreed to take a soft stand against those who had resigned their government jobs. The Indians were given the right to stage peaceful ‘Dharanas.’ In return for these assurances, the congress agreed to end the civil disobedience movement. .

Question 13.
Describe the features of the Mountbatten plan.
Answer:
The British government published the Mount batten plan of partitioning India on June 3, 1947. The following were its main features.

1. India was to be partitioned into two parts – Union of India and Pakistan.
2. The constitution passed by the constituent Assembly would not be implemented : in those regions where it was not acceptable.
3. The determination of the boundaries of Punjab and Bengal would be done before the partition of India. The members of provincial assemblies of the Hindu majority regions of Punjab and Bengal and the members of provincial assemblies of Muslim majority regions would be called separately for conferences.
4. It would be decided by plebiscite in North – West frontiers province and Assam with whom the people wanted to be included. It would be decided by the voting with whom it will stay.
5. The native princely states would have the right to decide with whom they wanted to be included.

Question 14.
Descibe the main features of the act of 1935.
Answer:
The main features of the act of 1935 were following:

1. The diarchy system established in the provinces by the act of 1919 was abolished.
2. Bi – cameral legislatures were established in provinces. The legislative council was the Upper house and legislative Assembly was the lower House.
3. Provision was made for an ‘All India federation’ to be established.
4. Diarchy was implemented at the centre.
5. All subjects were divided into three lists—federal list, provincial list and concurrent list.
6. A federal court was established.
7. This act abolished India council established by Act of 1858.
8. The system of communal electorates was further extended.
9. Provision was made for a central bank which was called the Reserve Bank of India.
10. Burma was separated from India.

RBSE  Class 12 History Chapter 6 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the thoughts of Swami Vivekanand. Explain his contribution to the national revival.
Answer:
Swami Vivekanand the founder of Ramkrishna mission was born on 12th January, 1863 in Calcutta. His childhood name was Narendranath Dutt. His father’s name was Vishwanath Dutt his mother’s name was Bhubaneswari Devi. Swami Viveknand was a graduate from Calcutta University. Due to his religious and intellectual anxiety, Swami Vivekanand came into contact with Ramkrishna Paramhans.

Ramakrishna Paramhans was a priest of Dakshineshwar temple in Calcutta. Ramkrishna had deep faith in Hindu religion. He emphasized upon the spirit of unconditional reverence for attaining God. He believed in fundamental unity of all the religions and communities. Swami Vivekanand was influenced by the thoughts of Ramakrishna. Paramhans and became his disciple.

After the death of Ramakrishna in 1886 CE, Viveknand became a hermit. Participation in the parliament of religions : “Vivekanand travelled to various places in India and deeply studied various religious texts. With the assistance of the maharaja of khetri, Vivekanand visited Chicago city of America in september 1893 to participate in the parliament of religions. He started his renowned speech with ‘Brothers and sisters’.

In his speech, he forwarded the importance of Indian culture and religion in front of the western world in a very influential way. He proved the intellectual, spiritual and regilous prosperity of India through his interpretation. In context to this New York Herold (a newspaper) from America wrote, “Vivekananda is the best individual present in Chicago Parliament of Religions.

After listening to his speech, it looks as if how stupid it is to send Christian propagators in a universally developed nation such as India,” After this, Vivekanand travelled to America and England and propagated Hindu religion and culture over there. He established Vedanta Society in New York in 1896 CE.

Establishment of Ramakrishna Mission : Swami Vivekananda established the Ramakrishna Mission in Vellore on 5th may, 1897. He established the Ramakrishna Mission in the mame of his Guru Ramakrishna Paramhans. Its branches were openced in various parts of India and abroad. Swami Vivekananda expressed his thoughts through Ramakrishna mission. The teachings of Ramakrishna Misssion are mainly based on Vedanta philosophy.

Social Belifes and works of Vivekanand : Vivekanand opposed the narrow mindedness and social evils prevailing in society. He also opposed caste based discrimination and talked about equality. He believed that socio-religious traditions and beliefs should be accepted only when they seem to be suitable.

He advocated in favour of women resurgence. He wanted to eradicate poverty, ignorance and lack of knowledge.
He said, “As long as crores of people remain hungry, ignorant and lack knowledge.” I regard each and every such individual who gains education at the cost of such people as a traitor. In order to make the thoughts of Vivekanand a success, the Ramakrishna Mission gave immense importance to social service and works of charity.

Due to humane outlook in its working, the Ramakrishna Mission became very famous. Ramakrishna mission established various schools, orphanages, hospitals etc. and performed social service through these. At the time of drought and flood, Ramakrishna Mission provided assistance and service and inspired the people for social service.

Religious beliefs: Swami Vivekanand had immense faith in Hindu religion and philosophy. He forwarded the originality and characteristics of Hindu religion and culture in front of the world. He said that the soul of mankind is a part of God. He believed that serving the poor and needy is also a form of worship to. Ramakrishna Mission has always regarded the service of mankind as the service to God. Its mission is ‘Nar Sewa, Narayan Sewa.’

National Outlook of Swami Vivekanand : Swami Vivekananda extended significant contribution in the development of the spirit of nationalism. Vivekananda and Ramakrishna Mission developed the spirit of self confidence and dignity among the Indians. The spirit also inspired the youth towards the Indian freedom struggle. He voiced for freedom, equality and independent thinking and provided a new direction to the youth.

He said, “Arise, awake and stop not, till the goal is reached.”He was concerned with the backwardness, decline and poverty of India. He was an opponent of western culture in a blind way. Vivekanand emphasized on spiritual development. Through spiritual development of mankind, he first wanted to transform mankind into humans. He regarded this to be the very basis of all around development.

Vivekanand performed commendable work by propagating Hindu religion and philosophy in the entire world. He forwarded the ancient glory of India in front of the world. He advocated for such education which could help in character formation. He wanted to build a powerful and energetic society. He said that one day, the courage and bravery of mankind would force it to renounce evil ways.

Vivekanand wrote to the Maharaja of khetri, “Every task has to under-go three stages-taunt, opposition and acceptance. He preached remain rigid and sacred and keep immense faith in God, in order to make all the negatives disappear.

Evaluation of Swami Vivekanand: Swami Vivekanand was a great philosopher. He not only propagated the importance of Hinduism in India but also in all the world. He tried to coordinate the cultures of East and West. In this regard Rabindranath Togore’s statement wrote, “If anybody wants to understand India, he should read Vivekanand.” According to S.N.

Natrajan, “Vivekanand devoted his life to the service of millions of victicms of India. He wanted to rebuild the nation.” Shri Ramdhari Singh Dinkar’s statement is that “Swami Vivekananda awakened this pride among the Indians by his words and deeds that we are the heirs of Ancient civilization. Our religious textes are the most advanced ones and history is the oldest and great.”

Our religion is such that satisfies the science test and despite the essence of all the religions of the world, there is more to them all with the propagation of Swami ji. Cutural nationality originated in India first, political nationality was born later and the father of this cultural nationality was Vivekanand.

Question 2.
Describe the work done by Raja Ram Mohan Roy in the social and religious spheres.
Answer:
In nineteenth century, a socio – religious reform movement started under the leadership of Raja Ram Mohan Roy. Raja Ram Mohan Roy was called as the founder of change and revolt in Bengal, as the founder of renaissance in India, as the promoter of reform movement, and the first leader of modern India. He believed in the fundamental principles and philosophy of Hinduism.

He wanted to eradicate the prejeudices from the contemporary society. He wished to adopt a scientific outlook human dignity, social equality etc., and aimed at social, cultural, political and religious development in India. Raja Ram Mohan Roy was born in a Brahmin landlord family in Radhanagar in Bengal. He made deep study of Hindusim, Islam, Christainity and their important texts.

He had knowledge of English, French, German. Latin, Hebrew and various other languages. He served the East India company for some time, but later he resigned. In order to spread his thoughts, he worte books named ‘Gift to Monothiesť and ‘Precepts of Jesus’. He also wrote ‘Tohfatul at Muhiddin’ in Persian language.

He published : Mirat – ul Akhbar” in Persian language, ‘Samvand Kaumudi’ in Bangala language and “Bangadoot” in Hindi Language. He established ‘Atmiya Samaj’ in 1815 CE in Calcutta. He founded Vedanta college in 1825 in Calcutta. He spread his thoughts by establishing ‘Brahma Sabha’ in 1828 CE in Calcutta.

Later it was known as ‘Brahma Samaj,” Devendranath Tagore (father of Rabindranath Tagore) got influenced by the thoughts of Raja Ram Mohan Roy and established, “Tatvabodhini Samaj’. After Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Devendranath tagore revived the Brahma Samaj in 1843 CE. Keshav Chandra Sen increased the popularity of Brahma Samaj.

Devendranath Tagore wished to take Brahma samaj ahead on the path as suggested by Raja Ram Mohan Roy. Keshav chandra sen gave permission to propagate the study of all the religions in Brahma Samaj. He started taking more interest in social reforms. Due to this, conflict started to increase between both of them. In 1867 CE, Devendranath Tagore removed Keshav Chandra sen from the post of ‘Acharya’.

‘Brahma samaj got split into two parts. Samaj of Devendra Nath Tagore came to be called as ‘Adi Brahma Samaj’ and Samaj of Keshav Chandra sen came to be called as ‘Bharat ka. Brahma Samaj”. 1… Keshav Chandra Sen strongly opposed child marriage, But he got his 13 years old daughter married to the old king of kuchvihar.

Due to this, some of his followers became unhappy with him and Keshav Sen’s Bharat ka Brahma Samaj segregated in 1878 CE. People who believed that they were progressive, seperated from ‘Bharat ka Brahma Samaj’ and established Sadharan Brahma Samaj. Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Brahma Samaj worked singnificantly in soical, religious and educational sphere.

Social reforms of Raja Ram Mohan Roy:
Raja Ram Mohan Roy and his Brahma Samaj opposed the evils prevalent in the contemporary Indian society. On the basis of religious texts, Raja Ram Mohan Roy tried to prove that various social evils were against the fundamental principles of Hinduism. He opposed caste system, untouchabilitys, Sati system polygamy, child marriage, purdah (veil) system etc.

He ran a movement to eradicate sati system. On the basis of fundamental Hindu religions texts, he tried to prove that sati system did not have social acceptance and it was never present in the form of a custom in Hindu society. He further told that even the human brain cannot support such system. Through newspapers and magazines, Raja Ram Mohan Roy gathered public verdict against sati system.

With the effort of Raja Ram Mohan Roy, a law was formed during the time of Lord William Bentick and sati system was banned in 1829 CE. The courts were ordered that in such cases, the offenders should be tried for murder of a person and they should be punished accordingly. Initially, this law was implemented only in Bengal.

Later it was implemented in Bombay and Madras in 1830 CE. Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Brahma Samaj opposed the social evils and supported widow remarriage for the well being of women. He talked about providing economic rights to women. He made efforts for women education. Brahma Samaj laid the foundation of ‘Balika Vishvavidyalaya (Girls’ University).

Religious Reforms done by Raja Ram Mohan Roy:
Raja Ram Mohan Roy said that God is one. Through the Vedas, Upanishads etc., he tried to prove that the principle of one God is present in the fundamental Hindu religious texts. He opposed irrelevant communal rituals and prejudices. He believed that Vedanta philosophy is also based on factual evidences. Raja Ram Mohan Roy said that if a philosophy, tradition etc.

does not prove to be correct on the basis of facts, mankind should not refrain from renouncing it. He also criticized, the superstitions prevalent in Christianity. Raja Ram Mohan Roy believed in fundamental unity of all the world communities and religions. Brahma Samaj spread the beliefs of Raja Ram Mohan Roy regarding oneness of God and disbelief in idol worship.

Question 3.
Explain the contribution of Azad Hind Fauj in the Indian freedom movement.
Answer:
During the second world war, in December 1941, the Japanese defeated the Britsh army. After this, in Malaya, the thought of froming the Azad Hind Fauj came in the mind of Captain Mohan Singh. Captain Mohan Singh had surrendered in front of Japanes Army with his Indian soldiers. In february 1943, after the decline of Singapore, 40,000 Indian captivated prisoners were released by Japanese Major Fujihara and handed over to Captain Mohan Singh.

On 23rd Jane, 1942 the ‘Indian Independence league’ was formed in Bangkok under the chairmanship of Ras Bihari Bose. It was decided in the Bangkok conference that India National Army should be formed along with Indian soldiers and Indian national of Eastern Asia.

On Ist september 1942, Azad Hind Fauj was established comprising the Indian prisoners released by Major Fujihara Alongwith the formation of its first division, its formal establishment was done on Ist september, 1942. After being invited by Ras Bihari Bose, Subhash Chandra Bose visited Japan in a submarine. In June 1943, Subhash Chandra Bose reached Tokyo in Japan.

Subhash Chandra Bose declared an armed rebellion against the British rule on Tokyo radio. He reached Singapore, where Ras Bihari Bose handed him the leadership of Indian freedom struggle in East Asia. Subhash Chandra Bose declared to form a temporary Indian Government in Cath Hall of Singapore. The governments of Japan, Germay, Italy, Burma, China, Thailand, Philippines, Manchuria etc.

gave recognition to the temporary government of Azad Hind Fauj. Subhash Chandra Bose ordered the commander general of Japan for this cause that on Indo Burma border, the Indian National Army would also fight along with the Japanese army against the British army. Subhash Chandra Bose gave the slogan ‘Delhi Chalo’. In his speech, he said “Tum mujhe khoon Do, Main tumhe Azadi Dunga.”

Subhash Chandra Bose used the word ‘Father of nation’ for Mahatma Gandhi. On the radio, he addressed Gandhiji, and said, “The final struggle for freedom of India has startedHonourable father of the nation, We need your blessings and compliments for the cause of freedom of India in this sacred war.” Rangoon and Singapore were made the headquarters of Azad Hind Fauj. Gandhi, Subhash and Nehru brigade was formed.

A group of women called as Jhansi Rani Regiment was also formed. After occupying the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the temporary government of Azad Hind Fauj renamed Andaman as the Shaheed Dweep and Nicobar as Swaraj Dweep. Indian flag was hoisted on these islands. The soldiers of Azad Hind Fauj occupied Kohima with the assistance of Japanese soldiers and hoisted the Indian tricolour flag there.

Azad Hind Fauj reached up to Imphal. After June 1944, Japan cauld not proceed further ahead and Azad Hind Fauj had to face severe problems associated with food supply, arms and ammunition and medicines. In August 1945, Japan surrendered after defeat. As Subhash Chandra Bose proceeded from Tainoku Airport of Farmosa on 18th August 1945, his plain caught fire. According to Japanese reports, Subhash Chandra Bose was taken to a hospital in injured condition.

After the defeat of Japan in war, the officers and soldiers of Azad Hind Fauj were brought to India in the form of prisoners of war after their imprisonment case was registered on. At the Red fort of Delhi, Shahnawaz Khan, Gurudayal Dhillon and Colonel Shegal started a movement demanding for release of the officers and soldiers of Azad Hind Fauj, Tej Pratap Sapru, Asaf Ali, Pt.

Jawahar Lal Nehru, Kailash Nath Katju, and others acted as defence counsels in support of the case of these officers and soldiers in the court. The military court sentenced these officers to death. A public movement started in the entire country against this decision. Witnessing the voilent reaction of the Indian masses, the Viceroy Lord Wavell used his discretionary power and called their punishment off.

Evaluation of Azad Hind Fauj:
The sacrifice made by Azad Hind Fauj intensified the spirit of nationalism in the minds of Indians even further
Now people wanted to get freedom quickly. People from various classes participated in the movement which was being run in defence of the soldiers of Azad Hind Fauj.

Along with political parties, businessmen, Indian British soldiers, youth and others came forward in large numbers in their defence. Students boycotted the classes, and businessmen closed their shops. Its effect was also felt on British Navy and Army. The revolutionaries of British Navy demanded to release the soldiers of Azad Hind Fauj in February 1946.

The Director of Intelligence Bureau commented about the movement which was being run in support of getting them released and said, “Perhaps there was no other issue in which the Indian masses had taken so much interest, and it will not be wrong to say that in which support to such extremes may have been extended.”

Question 4.
Explain the causes of the non – cooperation movement, its main programmes and its importance.
Answer:
The economic crisis created by the first world war, Rowlalt Act, Jallianwalla massacre, dissatisfaction with Montague Chelmsford Reforms etc. were the main causes of non – cooperation movement. Gandhi ji had merged the demands of the congress and the Khilafat Committee. He demanded that the government should express regret and grief over the Jallianwala Massacre, soften its attitutde towards Turkey, and present a new plan to satisty the Indian people.

The reasons of non – cooperation movement – The main reasons of non-cooperation movement were following.
1. First world war : The British government in order to get the support of Indians during first world war had announced that the purpose of this war was to make the world safe for democracy and every nation had the right to make self determination. But after the end of the war, the British government turned away from its promise.

2. Russian Revolution of 1917 CE : The Russian Revolution of 1917 CE was such a phenomenon that demonstrated to the Indians how the common masses could achieve their right on the basis of courage

3. Act of 1919 CE : Dyarchy system was established by the act of 1919. But some congress leaders described them as insufficiently disappointing. This led to a split among the congress leaders, and all the other liberal leaders, except Gandhi ji, separated from the congress.

4. Rowlatt Act : The government had got the right to ban anyone, prosecute and purush any person without trial by the Rowlatt act. Through this act, the system of appeals, lawers and arguments ended. .

5. Jallianwala Massacre : On 13 April 1919, General Dyer ordered his men to open fire on the assembled crowd with rifles, without issuing any warning. 379 people were killed in this massacre. Hunter commission blamed Indians. This made the flaming fire more intense in the hearts of Indians.

6. Khilafat movement : During the first world war, the English declared that the integrity of Turkey Empire and holy place would be kept secured. Therefore, Indian Muslims participated in the first world war and supported the British government but after the end of the war, Turkey was forced to accept abusive terms and the Turkey Empire was dissipated. The Britishers deceived the Indian Muslims.

So they started the khilafat movement and the congress also supported them under the leadership of Gandhi ji. Now Gandhi ji was not the supporter of British government. Gandhi ji had merged the demands of the congress and the Khilafat Committee. He demanded that the government should express regret and grief over the Jallianwala massacre, soften its attitude towards Turkey and present a new plan for safety of the Indian people.

A special convention of the congress was held in Calcutta in september 1920 under the presidentship of Lala Lajpat Rai. The programme of noncooperation was accepted in the special Calcutta convention. It was decided in this convention to boycott the elections to be held in November 1920 in accordance with Montague Chelmsford Reforms (1919).

The programmes of non – cooperation movement :
The annual convention of congress was held in 1920 at Nagpur under the presidentship of Vijay Raghavacharya. The following programmes were planned for the non – cooperation movement.

1. Leaving government posts and unpaid posts.
2. Boycott of government and semi – government functions.
3. Boycott of government schools, colleges and courts.
4. Boycott of foreign goods.

Besides these, resigning from government jobs and refusing to pay taxes were also included in the programme. Constructive activities:
Establishment of national schools and colleges, establishment of panchayats to settle disputes, propagation of indigeneously manufactured cloth using the spiring wheel, encouraging hand – woven and hand spun textiles, prohibition of liquor, encouraging Hindu-Muslim unity, eradication of untouchability etc.

Progress of Non – cooperation Movement:
Gandhi ji gave an assurance that if these programmes were implemented entirely, selfrule could be attained in one year. Mahatma Gandhi gave up the title of ‘Kesar – e – hind’ awarded to him by the British government. Inspired by Gandhi ji Jamnalal Bajaj gave-up the title of ‘Rai Bahadur’. Many people returned their titles and positions, many leaders like Motilal Nehru, Chittaranjan Das, Rajendra Prasad etc.

gave – up their law practice and foreign goods were boycotted. Many national schools and colleges were owened. Kashi Vidyapeeth, Gujarat Vidyapeeth, Bihar Vidyapeeth, Jamia Millia University etc. were founded. 17 November 1921, the British crown prince, the prince of Wales reached Bombay. Preparations were made for welcoming the prince of Wales, but the people of Bombay took out a procession in protest of the visit.

Workers shut down factories and declared a strike. Demonstrations were held at various places. The police opened fire on the demonstrators, in which many people were killed. In 1921, there were 396 strikes in which 6 lakhs workers participated. Major leaders like Motilal Nehru, chittaranjan Das, Lala Lajpat Rai, Dr.Kichloo, Mohammad Ali, Maulana Shaukat Ali etc. were arrested.

Gandhi ji was not yet arrested. British government tried to hold talks through Madan Mohan Malviya and Mohammad Ali Jinnah. In December 1921, a delegation under the leadership of Madan Mohan Malviya met the Viceroy Reading. but no agreement could be reached.

Ahmedabad Congress Conference (Session) – In the meantime, the annual convention of congress was held in December 1921 at Ahmedabad. Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das was elected congress President. But as he was in prison, Hakim Ajmal Khan assumed the post. Sarojini Naidu read out Chittaranjan Das’ speech.

It was decided in this convention to direct for the non-cooperation more efectively. More than 30,000 people had been aerested. Gandhi ji warned Viceroy Lord Reading that if the government did not end their oppression in a week and release all imporisoned revolutionaries, he would begin a collective civil-disobedience movement at Bardoli.

Chauri – Chaura incident : In the mean while an incident occurred at a place called Chauri-Chaura in Deoria district. (UP), the police tried to stop a peaceful procession at Chauri- Chaura, and the zealous crowd seized the police station and set it on fire. The station officer and 21 policemen died in this incident. Gandhi ji decided to end the non-cooperation movement due to this incident.

On february 12, 1923 Gandhi ji announced the postponement of the non-cooperation movement at congress committee meeting at Bardoli. The imprisoned Lala Lajpat Rai, Chittaranjan Das and Motilal Nehru protested this decision of Gandhi ji and wrote a letter. Subhash Chandra Bose and Jawahar Lal Nehru were also saddened at Gandhi’s Decision. The British oppression did not cease even when the movement was discontinued. On 10th march 1922 Mahatma Gandhi was arrested on charge of treason.

He was sentenced to 6 years in prision, but was later released from prision in 1924. After this, he put his entire attention towards encouraging Khadi, eradicating untouchability etc. • Importance of non-cooperation movement-Non-cooperation movement has a special significance in India’s independence struggle. This movement is criticised on the grounds that it was not successful in obtainning self-rule.

Gandhi ji could not honour his promise of attaining self – rule within a year. The question of Khilafat also ended. This movement could not also bring Hindu-Muslim unity. On the contrary, communal feelings were fuelled. The constructive activities of this movement, however, were quite successful. Important achievements like establishment of national educational institutions, adoption of the charkha and production of khadi, adopting indigeneous goods etc.

were made. The congress was given a new direction by this movement. The movement of congress took the form of popular mass movement. It aroused intense desire for self rule among the masses. This movement organised the people in challenging the British Government.

Question 5.
Expalin the programmes and importance of the civil Disobedience movement.
Answer:
The civil disobedience movement which began in 1930, was an important movement in the history of national movement. The Indian leaders were disgruntled by the rejection of the Nehru report, and the refusal of British government to accord dominion status to India. After the declaration of complete independence in December 1929 congress convention at Lahore, a feeling of hope and exhilaration pervaded the Indian people.

Mahatma Gandhi put his 11 – point demands before the Viceroy Lard Irwin, through his newspaper ‘young India’ When the British government refused to accept these demands, it was decided to begin the Civil Disobedience movement. These demands included reduction in Lagaan (Land Tax), reduction in military expenditure, abolition of salt tax, reduction of the exchange rate of the rupee, controlling the import of foreign clothes, cases sale of intoxicants, release of political prisoners etc.

When Viceroy Irwin ignore these demands, the path of civil disobedience was adopted. The congress executive committee handed over the task of launching the Civil Disobedience movement to Mahatma Gandhi. On March 12, 1930, Gandhi ji began a march from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi with his selected 78 followers. Walking 240 miles in 24 days, Gandhi ji reached Dandi with his followers.

On April 6th, 1930 Gandhi ji picked up a fistful of salt from the sea coast and broke the Salt law. Breaking the salt law was a symbol that indicated India’s refusal to obey British laws hence forth. Salt law was broken at many places in the country. Subhash Chandra Bose compared Gandhi ji’s march on foot, with Nepolean March from Elba to Paris.

Launch of civil Disobedience movement and Dandi March The following were the main programmes of this movement
Breaking the salt law and making salt one self, women staging dharnas at liquor, opium and foreign garment shops, spinning yarn, lighting bonfires of foreign clothes, boycott of schools, colleges by students, resigning from government jobs, giving up untouchability.

In this public movement, a very large number of youngsters, women, farmers and workers played active role in demonstrations, strikes, boycott and dharnas etc. The prominent leaders Mahatma Gandhi, Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel, Jawahar Lal Nehru and thousands of satyagrahis were arrested and imprisoned.

Forest laws were broken in Maharashtra, Karantaka and Central India. People refused to pay. chaukidari tax in Bihar far from the sea coast. Chaukidars guarded the villages. They also acted as spies for the government. A movement was started in Uttar Pradesh refusing to pay lagaan. On the appeal of Chandra Singh Gahwali, Garhuwali soldiers refused to open fire on revolutionaries at Peshawar, thus displaying patriotism.

In Sholapur, the revolutionaries burnt down many British institutions and unfurled the national flag, Here the revolutionaries removed the British administration, and took on the administration in their own hands, thus setting up a parallel goverment. Sholapur city remained under revolutionaries control for one week. In north – east frontier region, the Nagas carried out a movement against British government under Yadunang’s leadership.

Yadunang was sentenced to death by hanging. After Yadunang, the revolt continued under the leadership of Naga queen Gendinleiu. At a very young age, the queen was sentenced to life imprisonment by the British. This brave daughter of the country could be released only after Indian independence. Muslim participation in this movement was less as compared to the non – cooperation movement of 1920.

Nevertheless, Abdul Ghaffar khan’s organisation ‘Khudai Khidmatgar’ played an important role in this movement in the north – west frontier province. In spite of the extreme oppression of the British government, this public movement spread out rapidly. In the meantime, the first round-table conference began in London in November 1930, in order to discuss Indian constitutional reforms. The British government released the leaders of congress including Gandhi ji, on January 26, 1931, with the purpose of talking to the congress.

Gandhi – Irwin Pact (March 1931) – After prolonged talks, the Gandhi-Irwin pact was reached on march 5, 1931. For the first time, the government and the congress were kept at par, on equal terms. The Gandhi-Irwin Pact is also called the ‘Delhi pact.’ Under GandhiIrwin Pact, the British government released all political prisoners from prison, except those who had indulged in violent acts, and also agreed to return their confiscated property. The government allowed the people living on sea coasts the right to make salt for their domestic use. The Indians were given the right to stage peaceful ‘Dharnas’. In return for these assurances, the congress agreed to end the civil disobedience movement.

IInd Round – table conference:
Gandhi ji went to London to take part in the second round table conference. No proposal of the British government was deemed worth accepting in this conference. Due to this, Gandhi ji returned to India in December 1931. When the second round table Conference was in progress in London, the goverment’s oppressive policies continued to be implemented in contradiction of the Gandhi – Irwin Pact.

Resumption of civil disobedience movement:
Gandhi ji tried to hold talks with the new Viceroy Lord Willington, who had replaced lord Irwin, but his attempts failed. In such circumstances, Gandhi ji, re – startecd the civil disobedience movement on January 3, 1932. The Congress boycotted third round – table conference held in London in 1932. The British government imprisoned Gandhi ji for launching the movement again.

Gandhi ji started hungerstrike in the jail. Seeing Gandhi’s deteriorating condition, the government released him from jail on 23rd August, 1933. Gandhi ji stayed away from politics after his release from jail, and engaged himself in the task of emancipation of the untouchables. The civil disobedience movement was discontinued without any pre-condition at the Patna congress session on 18th May, 1934.

This movement created political awareness among a very large social class of people. Women, youngsters, workers, farmers and less educated rural people also participated in this movement. This surprised the British too. The IG of police of Bengal said, “I had no idea that congress would recieve the support of illiterate and uncultured people in such manner.”

The way in which the farmers of Awadh, tribals of Maharashtra, central India and Karnataka, and workers of Maharashtra displayed active support in this movement, it was wonderful. The economic effect of this movement was significant. The quantity of imported cloth decreased to one-third during the movement.

Question 6.
In Which conditions did the Quit Movement begin? Explain its importance.
Answer:
The circumstances and causes of the Quit India Movement:
The Quit India movement was such a public movement in India’s freedom movement which shook the roots of British government. This movement lent a new direction to the attainment of Indian Independence.

Failure of the Cripps Mission : The Indian people were disappoinetd at the failure of the Cripps Mission in March 1942. The feeling of discontent had grown amongst Indians because of rising prices were against this proposal of commodities. During the IInd world war Britain was retreating in Malaya, Singapore and Burma. Japan had occupied these regions.

In such situation, Gandhi ji, asking the British to quit India in his newspaper “Harijan” wrote that the British presence in India was an invitation to the Japanese to attack India. Gandhi ji told the British to leave India in God’s hand or to Face anarchy. Gandhi ji decided to launch a non-violent agitation against the British government.

Abul Kalaam Azad and Jawarhar Lal Nehru were against this proposal. They thought Gandhiji’s plan to be impractical. “We shall raise such an agitation from India’s soil which would be larger than congress itself” was Gandhiji’s statement.

The Wardha proposal : (14th July, 1942 CE):
During the wardha congress session on 14th July 1943 the congress gave consent to the programme of non-violent agitation proposed by Gandhi ji. In a meeting of All-India congress working committee, held in August, this proposal was to be ratified.

Proposal of Quit India :
On August 7th, 1942, a proposal was presented in the metting of All-India congress committee in Bombay. This proposal of ‘Quit India’ was passed on August 8, 1942. Mahatma Gnadhi gave the slogan of ‘Do or die’ at a historical assembly held at Gwalia Tank in Bombay on August 8, 1942. He said. “I give you a small mantra, keep it preserved in your hearts, and chant it with every breath. This mantra is ‘Do or Die’.

Either we shall free India or die in attempt to do so, but we shall not live to see the permanancy of our slavery”. Gandhiji wanted to meet the Viceroy and get his assent to the congress resolution. He assumed this to take two to three weeks.

Extension of Quit India Movement:
Before the Congress could launch the movement, Gandhiji and other congress leaders were arrested in the early morning of August 9, 1942. Congress was once again declared illegal. Mahatma Gandhi and Sarojini Naidu were out under house arrest at Aga Khan place in Pune, and other congress leaders were detained in the Ahmednagar Fort. Rajendra Prasad did not come to Bombay, and he was thus arrested in Patna and put under house arrest.

No definite plan was made for this movement. Due to the arrest of top congress leaders, the people were rendered leaderless. Public anger grew with the arrest of national leaders. Large processions were taken out in cities such as Bombay, Ahmedabad, Poona, Delhi, Kanpur, Allahabad, Patna. Strikes were observed in schools, colleges and factories. Fresh agitations occurred on their own at various places. The people, incensed by British oppression, restored to voilent acts.

Crowds attacked places symbolising the British rule such as the places symbolising the British rule such as police stations, post offices, courts, railway stations etc. Tricolour was unfurled at city squares. Activities like removing railways tracks, bowing up bridges and disconnecting telephone and telegraph lines took place. Government officers, police officers and informers were attacked.

Socialists like Achyut Patwardhan, Jaiprakash Narayan, Dr Ram Manohar Lohiya, Aruna Asaf Ali went underground and contributed to the movement. Jaiprakash Narayan was kept in Hajaribagh jail. Jaiparkash Narayan, along with five other inmates escaped by forming ‘Azad Dasta.’

The people provided place to underground leaders to hide. Sumiti Morarji provided a new car for Achyut Patwardhan everyday and saved him from being arrested. Ram Manohar Lohiya continued speaking on the congress radio. Aruna Asaf Ali remained active in Bombay. She unfurled the tricolour at Gwalia Tank.

Establishment Parallel Government:
The revolutionaries established parallel governments at many places. The first such government was formed in Ballia under the leadership of the Chittu Pande. Assuming all the powers of the collector, his government released all the arrested leaders. At Midnapore in Bengal, a communal goverment remained in power as national government from 17 December, 1942 to september 1944.

The communal government built court to settle mutual disputes of Satara in Maharashtra was the longest surviving one Nana Patil was its main leader. This government continued till 1945. Gandhi ji began a hunger – strike in jail on 10th february 1943. The British government put pressure an Gandhi ji to condemn the voilent activities which occurred during the Quit India movement.

Gandhi ji believed that the British government was responsible for the violent acts that took place during the movement. Demands for Gandhi’s release grew stronger. Three members of the Viceroy’s excutive council. M.S. Ani, N.R. Sircar, H.P. Modi resigned. On one hand, the various classes of Indian people were demanding Gandhi ji’s release, on other hand, the British government was preparing for Gandhiji’s final rites. Gandhi ji was released from jail on may 6th, 1944 on health base.

Suppression of Movement :
The congress leaders did not accept responsibility for the voilent acts that happened during the movement. The government used great cruelty in suppressing this movement. Ballelts were fired on the agitators. They were bombed. Atrocities were lashed on the imprisoned agitators. The revolting villages were slapped with heavy penalties.

More than sixty Thousand people were arrested by the end of 1942. More than ten thousand people were killed in police and army firing.

Muslim league’s Absolute policy (Absolutism policy of Muslim league):
The muslim league remained neutral in this agitation. The muslim league leader, Mohammed Ali Jinnah exhorted the Muslims to keep away from this movement. When congress leaders were in jail, Jinnah called upon the Muslims to celebrate Pakistan Day on 23rd March 1943. The communists asked the congress to take back the Quit India movement. The Communist party supported the British.

Importance of Quit India movement:
This leaderless movement is a unique example of the struggle and sacrifice of the people of India. Seeing its extensiveness the British realised that they could not stay in India for long and it was impossible for them to rule India any further. The youth, women, farmers etc. and other classes very bravely participated in this movement and suffered untold torture.

Farmers from eastern U.P. Bihar, Bengal, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, etc. remained active in the agitation. Among big landlords, the Raja of Darbhanga did not support the British and helped the arrested people. Women like Aruna Asaf Ali and Sucheta kripalani went underground and worked from there. Usha Mehta was a member of the radio operating group of the congress.

The working class played active role in this movement: Factories were shut down for many days at Ahmedabad, Bombay, Jamshedpur etc. Factories remained closed at Ahemdabad for about three and a half month. Students spread the message of this movement by travelling from village to village.

The greatest success of this movement was that as consequence of it, the demand for India’s freedom became the first demand of the national movement. Now, talks with the British government were to be focussed only on transfer of power. The people were prepared for the greatest sacrifices for freedom.

RBSE Class 12 History Chapter 6 Other Important Questions and Answers

RBSE Class 12 History Chapter 6 Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
When was the law to prohibit Sati system passed ?
(a) 1827 CE
(b) 1825 CE
(c) 1828 CE
(d) 1829 CE
Answer:
(d) 1829 CE

Question 2.
Who was the author of the Samwad Kaumudi Magazine?
(a) Devendranath Thakur
(b) Keshavchandra sen
(c) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
(d) Shiv Chandra Das
Answer:
(c) Raja Ram Mohan Roy

Question 3.
Who is known as the forerunner of Indian Journalism?
(a) Krishnamohan Bannerjee
(b) Shiv Chandra Das
(c) Ramgopal Ghosh
(d) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Answer:
(d) Raja Ram Mohan Roy

Question 4.
Who founded the Prarthna samaj ?
(a) Aatmarang Pandurang
(b) Dayanand Saraswati
(c) Vivekanand
(d) Keshavchandra Sen
Answer:
(a) Aatmarang Pandurang

Question 5.
The main factor of the Indian Renaissance was :
(a) Reform Movement in Christianity
(b) Publication of riewspapers
(c) Influence of social reformers
(d) Youth Bengal movement
Answer:
(d) Youth Bengal movement

Question 6.
‘Tatva Bodhini Sabha’ was established:
(a) By Raja Ram Mohan Roy
(b) By Dayanand Saraswati
(c) By Maharishi Devendranath Thakur
(d) By Keshav Chandra sen
Answer:
(c) By Maharishi Devendranath Thakur

Question 7.
When was ‘Arya Samaj’ established ?
(a) 1866 CE
(b) 1870 CE
(c) 1875 CE.
(d) 1880 CE
Answer:
(c) 1875 CE.

Question 8.
The scholar author of the ‘Satyarth Prakash’ was.
(a) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
(b) Rabindranath Tagore
(c) Dayanand Saraswati
(d) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Answer:
(c) Dayanand Saraswati

Question 9.
The Main objective of the theosophical society was.
(a) The spread of divine power
(b) Improving the status of untouchables
(c) Spread of education
(d) Universal Brotherhood
Answer:
(d) Universal Brotherhood

Question 10.
In 1893 CE, who represented India in Chicago world Religions, conference ?
(a) Dayanand Saraswati
(b) Swami Vivekanand
(c) Mahadev Govind Ranade
(d) Vyomesh Chandra Chatterjee
Answer:
(b) Swami Vivekanand

Question 11.
Freedom is my birth right and I will have it. This statement was given by:
(a) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(b) Lata Lajpat Rai
(c) Vipin Chandra pal
(d) Gyanendranath Ghosh
Answer:
(a) Bal Gangadhar Tilak

Question 12.
The incident which took place in Asia in the beginning of the twentieth century and affected India’s national movement was :
(a) Japan’s victory over Russia .ro
(b) Boer war
(c) Opposition to the partition of the Turkey Empire
(d) Italy’s defeat by Ethiopia
Answer:
(c) Opposition to the partition of the Turkey Empire

Question 13.
Which song written by. Rabindra Nath Tagore is today’s national anthem?
(a) Jana – gana – mana Adhi nayak
(b) Vande Matram
(c) Sare jahan se achha Hindustan hamara
(d) Hum sab ek hain.
Answer:
(a) Jana – gana – mana Adhi nayak

Question 14.
Who was known as the father of revolutionaries?
(a) Shyam ji krishna
(b) Lala Hardayal
(c) Veer Sawarkar
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Shyam ji krishna

Question 15.
With whose efforts was the Hindustan Republicon Association formed in 1924 ?
(a) Yogesh Chatterjee
(b) Shachindra sanyal
(c) Chandra shekar Azad
(d) Ram Prasad Bismil
Answer:
(b) Shachindra sanyal

Question 16.
Which leader of the tribals challenged the British power in eastern India?
(a) Khudi Ram Bose
(b) Varindra Ghosh
(c) Birsa Munda
(d) Raja Mahendra Pratap
Answer:
(c) Birsa Munda

Question 17.
Gandhi ji observed the first satyagraha in India at:
(a) Ahemdabad
(b) Kheda
(c) Lucknow
(d) Champaran
Answer:
(d) Champaran

Question 18.
The system of governance that was implemented in the provinces by the act of 1919.
(a) Provincial self rule
(b) Dyarchy
(c) Parliamentray System
(d) Unitary Government
Answer:
(a) Provincial self rule

Question 19.
Who wrote the book named ‘Geeta Rahasya’?
(a) Lala Lajpat Rai
(b) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(c) Raja Ram Mohan Rai
(d) Vipin Chandra Pal
Answer:
(b) Bal Gangadhar Tilak

Question 20.
Who founded the Forward Block Party ?
(a) Subhash Chandra Bose
(b) Ras Bihari Bose
(c) Khudiram Bose
(d) Mahatma Gandhi
Answer:
(a) Subhash Chandra Bose

Question 21.
Who gave the slogan “Dilli Chalo”?
(a) Khudiram Bose
(b) Shubash Chandra Bose
(c) Bhagat Sngh
(d) Ashfaqulla Khan
Answer:
(b) Shubash Chandra Bose

Question 22.
Who is the author of ‘Poverty and Un – British rule in India’ ?
(a) Subhash Chandra Bose
(b) Mahatma Gandhi
(c) Dada Bhai Nauraji
(d) Womesh Chandra Bannerjee
Answer:
(c) Dada Bhai Nauraji

Question 23.
Who was the president of the first session of congress ?
(a) Womesh Chandra Banerjee
(b) Surendra Nath Bannerjee
(c) Bankim Chandra Chatterjee
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Womesh Chandra Banerjee

Question 24.
Who was the viceroy of India during the partition of Bengal in 1905?
(a) Lord Ripon
(b) Lord Litton
(c) Lord curzon
(d) Lord Irwin
Answer:
(c) Lord curzon

Question 25.
When did Simon commission come to India ?
(a) August 7, 1928
(b) February 3rd, 1927
(c) August 7, 1942
(d) August 8, 1942
Answer:
(a) August 7, 1928

Question 26.
When was ‘full Independence day celebrated
(a) 26 January, 1930
(b) 27 January, 1927
(c) 20 February, 1920
(d) 25 February, 1930
Answer:
(a) 26 January, 1930

Question 27.
The negative impact of communal award 1932, on Hindu society was :
(a) Electioners were devided into 17 parts
(b) Dalit classes were kept separate from Hindus
(c) Injustice was done to the Hindus
(d) Increased feeling of hatred among Hindu-Muslims.
Answer:
(b) Dalit classes were kept separate from Hindus

I. Match the Following:
Book                                                                   Author
1. Geeta Rahasya                                           (A) Dayanand Saraswati
2. Poverty and Un – British rule In India      (B) Jyotiba phule
3. Precepts of Jesus                                      (C) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
4. Satyarth Prakash                                       (D) Dada Bhai Naroji
5. Freedom struggle                                     (E) Raja Ram Mohan Rai
6. Ghulam Giri                                               (F) Veer savarkar
Answers:
1. (C), 2. (D), 3. (E), 4. (A), 5. (F), 6. (B)

II. Match the Folloing:

Answers:
1. (C), 2. (D), 3. (E), 4. (F), 5. (H), 6. (1), 7. (J), 8. (K), 9. (G), 10. (B), 11. (A).

RBSE  Class 12 History Chapter 6 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why is the nineteenth century called the Indian renaissance era ?
Answer:
In the nineteenth century, the exchange of ideas in Indian society began to bring new enlightenment and the national feeling became awakened, hence it is called the Indian Renaissance era.

Question 2.
Describe the two major principles of Brahma Samaj ?
Answer:
The two major principles of Brahma Samaj:

1. Prayer is necessary for spiritual advancement.
2. Soul is immortal.

Question 3.
When and by whom was Brahma Samaj established ?
Answer:
Brahma Samaj was established by Raja Rammohan Rai in 1828 CE.

Question 4.
Who wrote ‘Gift of Monothiest’ and ‘Precept of Jesus’?
Answer:
Raja Ram Mohan Rai wrote ‘Gift of Monothiesť and ‘Precept of Jesus’.

Question 5.
In which two parts was the Brahma Samaj divided ?
Answer:
Due to difference in Brahma Samaj, it was divided into two parts:

1. Aadi Brahma Samaj (Devendranath Tagore)
2. Bharat Ka Brahma Samaj (Keshav Chandra Sen).

Question 6.
Why and by whom was ‘The Tatva Bodhini Sabha’established ?
Answer:
Maharishi Devendranath Tagore established the ‘Tatva Bodhini Sabha’ for the study of vedic literature.

Question 7.
When and by which efforts was the sati system banned ?
Answer:
With the efforts of Raja Rammohan Rai, a law was formed during the time of Lord William Bentick and sati system was banned in 1829 CE.

Question 8.
When and by whom was the Arya Samaj established ?
Answer:
The Arya Samaj was established in 1875 CE by Swami Dayanand Saraswati.

Question 9.
When and by whom was ‘The Prarthna Samaj’ established ?
Answer:
The ‘Prarthna Samaj’ was established in 1867 CE in Bombay by Atmarang Pandurang.

Question 10.
Who gave the slogan of ‘Back to the Vedas’?
Answer:
Swami Dayanand Saraswati gave the slogan ‘Back to the Vedas’.

Question 11.
What were the issues that Arya Samaj opposed ?
Answer:
Arya Samaj opposed polytheism, anthropomorphism, idol worship, animal sacrifice etc.

Question 12.
When and where was Swami Vivekanand born ?
Answer:
Swami Vivekanand was born in 12th January 1863 at Calcutta.

Question 13.
When and by whom was ‘Ramakrishna Mission’ established ?
Answer:
The ‘Ramakrishna Mission’ was established by Swami Vivekanand on 5th may, 1897 at Vallore.

Question 14.
Write the names of two major countries which were visited by Swami Vivekanand ?
Answer:
The names of two major countries visited by Swami Vivekanand were:

1. France (Paris)
2. America (California).

Question 15.
When and where did Vivekanand participate in World Riligious Conference ?
Answer:
With the assistance of the Maharaja of Khetri, Vivekananda visited Chicago city of America in September 1893 to participate in the Parliament of Religions.

Question 16.
Who gave the slogan ‘Nar Seva Narayan Seva’? ·
Answer:
Service of the people is the service of God is the principle of Ramakrishna Mission and ‘Nar Seva Narayan Seva’ is a very important slogan given by this Mission.

Question 17.
What was the main difference between the views of Maharishi Devendranath Tagore and Keshav Chandra Sen ?
Answer:
Maharishi Devendranath Tagore did not want to imitate western ideas and civilization, while Keshev Chandra Sen was influenced with western civilization and ideas.

Question 18.
What did Vivekananda write to the Maharaja of Khetri ?
Answer:
Vivekananda wrote to Maharaja of Khetri “Every work has to go under three stages i.e. ridicule, protest and acceptance.”

Question 19.
When and by whom was the ‘Satya Shodhak Samaj formed ?
Answer:
The Satya Shodhak Samaj’ was formed by Jyotiba Phule in 1875 CE.

Question 20.
When and by whom was the “Theosophical society’ formed ?
Answer:
The Theosophical society was formed by a Russian lady Helen Petravana Blawataski and American Army officer H.S. Alcott in 1875 CE in New York.

Question 21.
Who was the writer of ‘Sarvajanik Satya Dharma’ and ‘Gulamgiri’?
Answer:
Sarvajanik Satya Dharma and ‘Gulamgiri’ were written by Jyotiba Phule.

Question 22.
Describe the two main objectives of Theosophical society.
Answer:

1. Spirit of universal brotherhood.
2. Study of ancient philosophy.

Question 23.
Who ran the Ahmadiya movement ?
Answer:
Gulam Ahmad Kediyani was the originator of the Ahamadiya movement.

Question 24.
When and by whom was the ‘Religious reform council established ?
Answer:
The Religious reform council was established by Dada Bhai Nauraji, Nauraji Rardon and S.S. Bengali in 1851 CE.

Question 25.
When and by whom was the ‘Indian Women University’ opened ?
Answer:
The ‘Indian Women University was opened by Kurve in 1906 CE in Bombay.

Question 26.
When was ‘Sharda Act implemented and by whose efforts ?
Answer:
With the efforts of Harvilas Sharda, the Sharda Act was implemented in 1930 CE.

Question 27.
When did the Khond tribe revolt start and under whose leadership?
Answer:
The Khond tribe living near the border of Orissa revolted under the leadership of Chand Bisai in 1846 CE.

Question 28.
When did the Santhal rebellion occur and under whose leadership ?
Answer:
The rebellion of the santhals occured on 30th June 1885 CE under the leadership of Sidhu and Kanhu.

Question 29.
Which tribe’s leader described himself as one of the five Pandavas ?
Answer:
Koro Malya described himself as one of the five Pandavas.

Question 30.
When and by whom was the ‘India house’ formed ?
Answer:
The ‘India house’ was formed in 1905 CE by Shyamji Krishna Verma.

Question 31.
Describe three motivational elements of nationalism.
Answer:
The three motivational elements of nationalism were:

1. Growing number of transport means.
2. English education.
3. Religious and cultural awakening.

Question 32.
When and where was the first session of congress held ?
Answer:
The first session of congress was held on 28 December 1885 in Gokul Tejpal Sanskrit college building in Bombay.

Question 33.
How did the protest of Ilbert Bill affect national unity in the coming years?
Answer:
The protest of the Ilbert Bill by the British made Indians feel the need for an organization which had an all India base and fixed political objectives.

Question 34.
What was the predecessor of the Indian National Congress that first proclaimed the spirit of nationalism ?
Answer:
The predecessor of the Indian National Congress was the ‘Indian Association’ which first declared the spirit of nationalism.

Question 35.
What was the name of the founder of the organization of “Tarun Samaj’ and its main objectives ?
Answer:
The founder of “Tarun Samaj” were Chapeker Bandhu. The main objective of this institution was to eliminate the British officers.

Question 36.
What was the message of Tilak, which became the chief slogan of the national movement forever ?
Answer:
“Swaraj is my birth right and I will take it” was his message that became the chief slogan of the national movement forever.

Question 37.
What was the purpose of the government behind the partition of Bengal ?
Answer:
The purpose of the government behind Bengal partition was to divide national powers by weakening a group of opposing regimes.

Question 38.
When was the Swadeshi movement started and what was the its main purpose ?
Answer:
Swadeshi movement was started in 1905 CE. Its main objective was to create a cultural ground on which freedom could flourish.

Question 39.
What was the economic purpose of Swedeshi movement ?
Answer:
Increasing the production of indigenous items, making India self-reliant in the economic sector was its economic purpose.

Question 40.
When and by whom was ‘Shanti Niketan’ established ?
Answer:
‘Shanti Niketan’ was established in 1902 by Rabindranath Tagore.

Question 41.
When and by whom was ‘Gadar Party formed ?
Answer:
The “Gadar Party was formed by Lala Hardayal on 10th may 1913 CE in the city of California.

Question 42.
When and by whom was ‘Homerule movement started ?
Answer:
The ‘Homerule movement was started by Annei Beasant on Ist September 1916 in Madras.

Question 43.
When and by which act was the policy separate electorates adopted in British period ?
Answer:
It was adopted by the Marley Minto reforms act in 1909.

Question 44.
When and why was Marley Minto reforms act brought ?
Answer:
The Marley Minto reforms act 1909 was brought to create differences between liberals and radicals.

Question 45.
When and where did the first division of congress take did place?
Answer:
The first division of congress took place in Surat Session in 1907 CE.

Question  46.
What was the main purpose of Khilafat movement ?
Answer:
The main purpose of Khilafat movement was to restore of Khalifa’s power

Question 47.
What was the programme which was adopted in the Non – Cooperation movement, was also included in the programme of the Swaraj Dal ?
Answer:
It was boycott of Foreign goods and adoption of Khadi.

Question 48.
Who were hanged together on the same day ?
Answer:
Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev were hanged together on March 23rd, 1931.

Question 49.
What was the main provision of Rowlatt Act ?
Answer:
Through this law, the government could arrest political agitators without warrants, that is, no appeal, no lawyer, no argument.

Question 50.
Write the name of the four revolutionaries, involved in Kakori train robbery case.
Answer:
The four revolutionaries of Kakori train robbery case were-

1. Ramprasad Bismil
2. Ashfaqullah Khan
3. Rajendra Lahiri
4. Roshan Singh.

Question 51.
When and where was the first session of the ‘Swaraj Dal’ held ?
Answer:
The first session of the Swaraj Dal was held at the residence of Motilal Nehru in March, 1923.

Question 52.
Write any two points of Nehru Report.
Answer:

1. In the colonial Swarajya, for the center and the provinces.
2. Termination of communal election system and provision of safeguarding the interests of minorities with joint election method.

Question 53.
What was the difference between the report of Motilal Nehru and the report of the Simon Commission regarding the separate electorate ?
Answer:

1. There was lack of colonial independence in the Simon Commission report while there was a provision for colonial independence in Nehru report.
2. Simon Commission recommended separate electrol system while the Nehru Report recommended the protection of the interests of minorities with joint election method.

Question 54.
Name three prominent leaders of Dandi march.
Answer:

1. Mahatma Gandhi,
2. Jawaharlal Nehru,
3. Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel.

Question 55.
When did the first Round table conference begin ?
Answer:
The first Round table conference began on 12th November 1930.

Question 56.
Which Indian leader was the recipient of the title of ‘Kesar – A – Hind?
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi received the title of ‘Kesar – A – Hind’.

Question 57.
Name the two Indian territories controlled by The Azad Hind Fauj.
Answer:
The two Indian zones of Azad Hind Fauj’s victory were :

1. Assam
2. Manipur.

Question 58.
Who was the first person to use the word ‘Pakistan’?
Answer:
A student of cambridge University named Rahamat Ali first used the word ‘Pakistan’.

Question 59.
When and where did Gandhiji start ‘Dandi March’?
Answer:
Gandhiji started the ‘Dandi March’with his 78 followers from Sabarmati Ashram on March 12th, 1930 CE.

Question 60.
Mention a single event under the leadership of Sarojini Naidu during the Salt Satyagraha.
Answer:
Bharat – Kokila Sarojini Naidu led satyagrahis to launch a rally on the salt reserves after Gandhiji was arrested.

Question 61.
Who was the first Indian woman to become the president of the United Nation’s General Assembly?
Answer:
Ms. Vijay Laxmi Pandit was the first Indian woman to become the president of the United Nations General Assembly.

Question 62.
Which organization was formed by Khan Abdul Gaffar ?
Answer:
‘Khudai Khidmatgar’ was formed by Khan Abdul Gaffar.

Question 63.
In which armed revolution did women participate ?
Answer:
Women actively participated in the armed revolution of Chatgoan on April 18, 1930. Preetilata was the chief among.

Question 64.
In which five provinces did congress get clear majority in 1837 election ?
Answer:

1. Madras
2. Bihar
3. Central provinces
4. Orissa
5. United Provinces.

Question 65.
Who was the Prime Minister of England and Viceroy of India at the time of India’s independence ?
Answer:
Lord Atley was the Prime Minister of England and Viceroy of India was Lord Mount Batten at the time of India’s independece.

Question 66.
Name three leaders of the Congress Socialist Group.
Answer:

1. Jawaharlal Nehru
2. Jai Prakash Narayan
3. Aruna Asaf Ali.

Question 67.
When did the formation of Indian constitution begin and when it was implemented ?
Answer:

1. The formation of Indian constitution started in 1946.
2. It was implemented on 26th January, 1950.

Question 68.
What was the Rajgopalachari Plan and when it was started ?
Answer:

1. ‘Rajagopalachari Yojna’ was a plan of agreement with the league in relation to resolving India’s independence and partition issues.
2. It was planned in 1944.

RBSE  Class 12 History Chapter 6  Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the reasons of Social Reforms movement.
Answer:
(i) Along with the British merchants, Christian priests and religious teachers had started coming to India in large number after 1813 CE. The Christain missionaries criticised Hinduism and started to convert the Indians to Christianity. For the protection of religion and culture, the need of socio-religious movement now seemed to be necessary.

(ii) The spread of western culture created doubts in the minds of Indians. They tried to save India from the influence of western culture. The social reforms inspired Indians to retain their faith in Indian religion and culture and made efforts to eliminate the stereotyped prevailing in the contemporary society.

Question 2.
Mention the religious views of Raja Ram Mohan Roy.
Answer:
Raja Ram Mohan Roy said that God is one through the Vedas, Upanishads etc. he tried to prove that the principle of one God is present in the fundamental Hindu religious texts. He opposed irrelevant communal rituals and prejudices.

He believed that the Vedanta philosophy is also based on factual evidence. Raja Ram Mohan Roy said that if a philosophy or tradition did not prove correct on the basis of facts, the mankind should not refrain from renouncing it. He also criticized the superstitions prevalent in Christainity.

Question 3.
Discuss the contribution of Raja Ram Mohan Roy in the field of education.
Answer:
Raja Ram Mohan Roy was a supporter of western education and English education. He believed that modern education is an essential requisite for spread of modern thoughts. He established a college and a school in Calcutta and promoted english education.

He translated Vedas and Upnishads in Bangala language. He Compiled Bangla grammar. He performed commendable work in the field of journalism. That is why, he is also called “The Forerunner of Indian Journalism’.

Question 4.
Mention the religious views and works of Swami Dayanand ?
Answer:
In religious field, Dayanand Saraswati not only made efforts to reform the faults which had got imbibed in Hindu religion along with lapse of time, but he also exposed evils prevalent in christainity and Islam. Dayanand Saraswati regarded the Vedas to be the actual basis of Hinduism. While believing in pure Vedic tradition, he gave the slogan – Back to the Vedas’.

He believed the Vedas to be inspired by God. Along with regarding the Vedas to be divinely knowledge, he said that the interpretation of Vedic mantras should be done rationally on the basis of factual evidence. He argued that the language of the Vedas is very ancient.

Dayanand and Arya Samaj did not believe in polytheism, anthropomorphism, idol worship, animal sacrifice etc. He opposed religious rituals and superitions. He regarded God as shapeless, Omnipotent and ubiquitious. Through ‘Shuddhi movement, Arya Samaj purified the converted Hindus and reunited them in their native religion.

Question 5.
Write a comment on Vivekananda’s Chicago religous conferences visit ?
Answer:
On 11 September 1893, in the parliament of World Religions, Vivekananda started his renowned speech with brother and sisters’. In his speech, he forwarded the importance of Indian culture and religion in front of the western world in a very influential way. He proved the intellectual, spritual and religious properity of India through his interpratation.

In context to this, ‘New York’ Herold a newspaper from America wrote “Vivekananda is the best individual present in the Chicago Parliament of religions. After listening to his speech it is lookes as if how stupid it is to send Christian propagators in a universally developed nation such as India.”

Question 6.
Swami Vivkekananda was a true nationalist. Explain it.
Answer:
Swami Vivekanand extended a significant contribution to the development of the spirit of nationalism. Vivekananda and Ramakrishna Mission developed the spirit of self-confidence and dignity among the Indians. This spirit also inspired the youth towards the Indian freedom struggle. He voiced for freedom, equality and independent thinking and provided a new direction to the youth.

He said “Arise, awake and stop not, till the goal is reached.” He was concerned with the backwardness, decline and poverty of India. He opposed western culture in a blind way. Vivekananda’ emphasized on spiritual development. Through spiritual development of mankind, he first wanted to tranform mankind into humans. He regarded this to be the very basis of all around development.

Question 7.
Describe Keshav Chandra Sen’s contribution to the social reform movement.
Answer:
Keshavchandra Sen did important contribution to propagation of Brahma Samaj after Raja Ram Mohan Roy. He was born on November 19, 1838 CE in Kalutola Mohalla of Calcutta. He become a zealous activist of Brahma Samaj on coming in contact with Devendranath Tagore. Keshavchandra Sen gave permission to propagate the study of all the religions in Brahma Samaj. He started taking more interest in social reforms.

Due to this, conflict started to arise between Devendranath Tagore and Keshavchandra Sen. In 1867, Devendranath Tagore removed Keshavchandra sen from the post of Acharya. Brahma Samaj split into to parts. Samaj of Devendranath Tagore came to be called as ‘Adi Brahma Samaj’ and Samaj of Keshav Chandra Sen came to be called as ‘Bharat ka Brahma Samaj’.

Keshav Chandra Sen strongly opposed child marriage, but he got his 13 years old daughter married with the old king of Kuchuihar. Due to this, some of his followers became unhappy with him and Keshav Chandra Sen’s ‘Bharat ka Brahma Samaj segragated in 1878 CE. People who believed that they were progressive separated from ‘Bharat ka Brahma Samaj’ and established ‘Sadharan Brahma Samaj.

Question 8.
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was an effective reformer. Explain.
Answer:
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was an influential reformist among the Muslims. He was deeply influenced with modern scientific contemplation. He started a movement in Aligarh with the assistance of his supporters that was called ‘Aligarh movement’ He supported modern western education. He tried to reconcile modern progressive ideas with Islam throughout his life. He interpreted “The Quran’ according to the contemporary world.

He declared Unless the freedom of contemplation develops, civilization cannot begin. He opposed religious fanaticism and urged the people to become liberal and tolerant. He founded the Mohammedan literary society’ in Kolkata in 1863. He opened schools of English education in many cities, Mohammedan Oriental College’ was established in Aligarh, which became famous in 1920, by the name of Aligarh Muslim University.

Question 9.
What do you know about ‘Santhal revolt?
Answer:
The revolt of Santhal tribe was the most voilent and important revolt which took place against the British rule after 1850 CE. Region from Bhagalpur to Rajmahal was an area dominated by Santhals. The revolt of Santhals mainly spread up to Veerbhum, Bankura, Singhbhum, Hazaribagh, Bhagalpur and Menger got.

The policy of British colonial exploitation was the major reason for this revolt. The spirit of revolt got aroused in the Santhals due to excessive collection of land revenue, not getting justice from British courts, atrocities and corruption of the police, exploitation by the moneylenders, the problem of credit etc.

Question 10.
Describe Veer Savarkar’s contribution in the freedom movement.
Answer:
As a revolutionary leader of India’s freedom struggle, the name of Vinayak Damodar Savarkar is prominent. Owing to his patriotism and sacrifice, he came to be known as Veer Savarkar. He inspired youths to participate in revolutionary activities against British rule.

He was born on 28 May, 1883 in Bhagur (Maharashtra) while studying in Fergusson College, Pune during, he came in contact with the nationalist leader Balgangadhar Tilak. In 1901, he protested against the funeral process organized on the death of Queen Victoria, Culling Edward VII’s coronation celebration as “a celebration of slavery.

He went to London in 1906 CE. In ‘India house’ founded by Shyam Ji Krishna Verma in London, he organized great celebrations of birth anniversaries and seminars of great men and awakened the spirit of patriotism among Indian youth.

Question 11.
Highlight Delhi Conspiracy Case’ of 1912.
Answer:
Lala Hardayal founded a revolutionary organization. On 23rd December 1915, a bomb was thrown on Lord Harding in Chandni Chowk area of Delhi, By Master Amirchand, Dinanath, Awadh Bihari, Balmukund, Basant Kumar Biswas etc.

The Viceroy from a shoulder injury. Rash Bihari Bose, the major leader of this bombing escaped successfully. The Delhi conspiracy case was run and Amirchand, Awadhbihari, Balmukand and Basant kumar were hanged on May 9^th in 1915. Lala Hardayal went to London.

Question 12.
Describe the Komagata Maru Incident 1914.
Answer:
Komagata Maru was the name of a steamship which was taken on rent from Hong-Kong 376 Punjabi Indian passengers were boarding it. This Ship reached Vancouver in Canada after passing Hong Kong, Shanghai and Yokohama. The Canada government did not allow it to stop at Vancouver.

On 23rd July 1914, it proceeded from Vancouver and stopped at Bajbai port in Calcutta on 29th September 1914. The government wanted to send its passengers to Punjab. The passengers fought with the police, in which about 20 passengers were killed.

Copies of Gadar Party’s major newsletter ‘Gadar’ were loaded in this shin According to the report of the British government, when this ship was at Vancouver, efforts had been made to purchase weapons and load them on this ship. The Komagata Maru incident was opposed by the members of the Gadar Party.

Question 13.
Give a brief account of Kakori incident.
Answer:
The revolutionaries needed money to continue their activities. For this, a plan was made to rob the government treasury. On 9th August 1925, a train was stopped near Kakori village near Lucknow and the government treasure was robbed by the revolutionaries. In context to the Kakori incident, youth were imprisoned in large number and case was registered against them.

Ramprasad Bismil, Ashfaqullah Khan, Roshan Singh and Rajendra Lahiri were hanged. Shachindra Sanyal was sentenced to life imprisonment. The British Government remained unsuccessful in imprisoning Chandra Shekhar and he continued to run revolutionary activities in a secret form.

Question 14.
What was the role of the press and literature in the rise and development of nationalism ?
Answer:
Press played an important role in emergence of national awareness. It provided political education to the people. It spread economic and political thoughts. It criticized the exploitative policies and activities of the British. News regarding atrocities lashed by the British, racial discrimination done with the Indians etc. were spread through newspapers, thoughts regarding democracy, representative government, independence etc.

were spread among the Indians. The main newspapers wereSamvad Kaumudi, Somprakash, Hindu Patriot, Amrit Bazar Patrika etc.. Patriotic literature also played a major role in creating national awareness. Bhartendu Harishchandra, the father of modern Hindi exhibited the miserable condition of India during the British rule through a play named ‘Bharat Durdasha’ in 1876.

Question 15.
What was the contribution of the social and religious reform movement in the rise of nationalism ?
Answer:
Brahma Samaj of Raja Rammohan Roy, Arya Samaj of Dayananda Saraswati and Ramakrishana Mission of Vivekanand made efforts to eradicate the evils prevalent in India society and unified Indians in social form. They exposed the glory of Indian culture and developed the feeling of dignity. These reform movements created the spirit of nationalism amongst Indians. In this way, these movements made important contribution to the rise of nationalism.

Question 16.
Mention the work of Annie Besant through Theosophical society.
Answer:
Theosophical society was established in New York city in the United states of America in 1875 CE by a Russian lady Helen Petrovana Blavatsky and an American Colonel, Henry Steel Olcott. In 1889, Ms Annie Besant gave her support to this society. She was an Irish lady and had adopted the Hindu religion.

Its major objective was development of humanity and providing assistance in the study of ancient religion, philosophy and scientific knowledge. It supported the principles of ancient Indian religion and philosophy. Its followers said that Brahma is one and world wide fraternity should be established by erasing casteism and apartheid. This society rescuess Indians from being trapped in the clutches of Christian pries.

Question 17.
“Maximum self – sacrifice also could not made the revolutionary movement successful.” Based on this statement, write down major four reasons for the failure of the revolutionary movement.
Answer:
Even after the excessive self – sacrifice, the revolutionary movement did not succeed because :

1. This movement lacked broad public support.
2. Revolutionary organizations belonged to different provinces and there was no interconnection.
3. They also lacked arms.
4. The government’s suppression policy and the ‘betrayals of betrayers also played an important role in making this unsuccessful.

Question 18.
Whąt was liberalism and its programme ?
Answer:
The period from 1885 to 1905 is called as the leberalist period of the congress. During this period, the outlook of Indian leaders was liberal. They forwarded their demands before the British government in a constitutional form.

They forwarded their demands in the form of requests, reminder letters etc. in front of the British government. Their objective was to bring the Indian people in the wave of nationalistic politics in large numbers. They wished to educate the Indians politically and bring awareness.

Question 19.
What do you think of the extremist nationalistic movement ?
Answer:
Disputes started to rise among moderates of congress during 1905 to 1907. The extremist wished not to keep the swadeshi and boycott movements limited only to Bengal, rather they wanted to spread them in other parts of country also, while the moderates wished to limit these movements to Bengal itself. In the Calcutta session of congress held in 1906 CE, there was a dispute on the issue of the post of chairman.

The extremists wished to appoint Balagangadhar Tilak as the chairman. After Dadabhai Nauroji was appointed the chairman, this dispute ended at that time. With the efforts of extremists, four proposals associated with swadeshi, boycott, national education and self – rule were passed in the Calcutta session of the congress held in 1906 CE. ::

Question 20.
What do you think of Swadeshi Movement ?
Answer:As a result of movement in context to Bengal, boycott and swadeshi became powerful weapons in the hands of the Indians against British imperialism. Movement started in Bombay, Madras and Northern India to adopt Swadeshi, to boycott foreign goods and for national education.

Various voluntary organizations and public committees were formed to strengthen the Swadeshi movement. Boycott of foreign clothes, sugar, salt etc. was done. Strikes were organized at shops which sold foreign goods. Boycott was done against the shop – owners who sold foreign goods. Bonfire of foreign clothes was burnt. In public meetings, people were made to take pledge of shunning foreign goods and adopting swadeshi goods.

Question 21.
When was Muslim league established ? What was its objective ?
Answer:
Salimulla Khan formed the Muslim league in Dhaka, on 30th December, 1906 in a meeting of Muslims. In this meeting, the Muslim league was formed under the chairmanship of Nawab Waqur ul Mulk. Its objective was to support the British government and obtain facilities for Muslims. It wanted to check the increasing influence of the congress. The Muslim league supported the partition of Bengal in 1905 CE.

Question 22.
Mention the Surat session of congress and congress’ split.
Answer:
In December 1907, the annual session of the congress was held on the banks of river Tapti in Surat. In this session, dispute arose among the extremists and moderates on the issue of the post of the chairman, The extremists wished to appoint Lala Lajpat as the chairman but the moderates appointed Ras Bihari Bose as a chairman in place of Lala Lajpat Rai.

The dispute extended to such level that chains and shoes were thrown during the session; a shoe hit Firozshah Mehta and Surendranath. Extremists were expelled from congress because of this incident. Thus Congress got splil into two groups. Annie Besant described Surat’s split at the most tragic event in the history of congress.

Question 23.
Give a brief introduction of Homerule Movement.
Answer:
Homerule movement was a movement for spread of intelligence. Its objective was to obtain self rule under the British Empire through constitutional procedure. Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Annie Besant ran a movement for attaining self rule. In 1914 CE, Bal Gangadhar Tilak was released from jail and came out.

Tilak wished to re – enter the congress and ran the selfrule movement; but the congress leadership was not in favour of running a movement at that time. On 28th April 1916 CE, Tilak’established The ‘Indian Home Rule League’ in Poona.

Question 24.
What do you know about Champaran Satyagraha ?
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi carried out his first successful ‘Satyagraha’ in Champaran district of Bihar in 1917. Here, the European indigo plantation owners perpetrated many atrocities on farmers. They forced the farmers to grow indigo on their land. The farmers had to sell indigo at rates fixed by the indigo plantation owners.

Gandhi ji, upon the invitation of farmer Rajkumar Shukla, reached Champaran in 1917 along with Rejendra Prasad, Majharul Haq., J. B. Kripalani, Marhari Parikh etc. Gandhi ji efforts brought much relief to the farmers.

Question 25.
What was the Rowlatt Act?
Answer:
The British government very cruelly suppressed revolutionary activities through The Indian defence law during the first world war. With the primary objective of stopping revolutionary activities after the first world war, sedition committee was constitued under the chairmanship of a judge of the British High Court, Sir Sidney Rowlatt in 1947.

The comittee submitted its report in April 1918. A bill was presented in the central legislature on the basis of the recommendation of this committee. Despite vociferous protest of Indians, this act was passed on March 18, 1919. This law was named the ‘Rowlatt Act.

Question 26.
What do you know about Chauri – Chaura incident?
Answer:
Non – cooperation movement was in progress when an incident occurred at a place called ‘Chauri-Chaura’ in Deoria district of Uttar Pradesh. The police tried to stop a peaceful procession at Chauri-Chaura, and the zealous crowed surrounded the police station and set it on fire.

The station officer and 21 policemen died in this incident. Gandhi decided to end the noncooperation movement due to this incident. On February 12, 1922, Gandhi ji announced the postponement of the non – cooperation movement at congress committee meeting at Bardoli.

Question 27.
When did Simon Commission come to India ? What were its objectives ?
Answer:
The British government appointed the Simon Commission (Indian Statutory Commission) in November 1927. In this commission constituted under the chairmainship of Simon, there was not a single Indian representative. The objective of this commission was to render suggestions for constitutional reforms.

This commission had to study and investigate the Indian administrative system and prepare a report suggesting if it would be suitable to implement a responsible government or not. The Indians citing the contravention of the principle of selfdetermination, deemed it on insult that no Indian member was included in this commission.

Question 28.
What were the main points of the Nehru Report in 1928?
Answer:
The task of this report of May, 1928 was to prepare a framework for the future constitution of India. Motilal Nehru was the chairman of this committee. The main features of this were following:

1. India should be accorded the order of Dominion status (Independence under British Common wealth).
2. Such declaration of rights be made in which all citizens of India be given religious and political freedom.
3. Separate electroates on communal basis be abolished, although seats be reserved for Muslims in both central and provincial legislatures.
4. Bi – cameral legislature be maintained at the centre.
5. Autonomy be given to the provinces.
6. All powers should reside with the government of India which would be responsible to central legislature. Only foreign affairs and defence to kept under British control.

Question 29.
When was absolute self – rule resolution brought?
Answer:
The date for implementation of the Nehru report expired on 31st December 1929. Thus congress raised its demand for complete independence. The congress convention was held in 1929 at Lahore under the presidentship of Jawahar Lal Nehru. The main resolution of this convention was demand for complete independence.

It was decided that the congress would, from then onwards, focus its entire attention on achieving complete independence. Having passed this resolution, the flag of India’s independence was hoisted on the banks of river Ravi at the midnight of 31 December 1929 in Lahore. The congress observed ‘Complete Independence Day’ on 26 January, 1930 and later on this day was observed by the congress continually every year till the independence of India.

Question 30.
Write a short note on second round-table conference.
Answer:
The second round-table conference began in September 1931. Mahatma Gandhi was the sole congress representative in this conference, Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar and Madan Mohan Malviya also took part in it. Deciding the communal issue was a difficult task in this conference.

Like the Muslims, Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar also demanded a separate electorate. There was a disagreement among the delegates on the issues of division of power between the centre and provinces and setting up a responsible government at the centre. Gandhiji returned disappointed to India in December 1931.

Question 31.
What do you know about August proposal (8 August, 1940) ?
Answer:
Viceroy, Linlithyow put the August proposal on 8 August 1940, which included the following points :

1. A consortium of Indian representatives would be formed after the war to prepare the framework of Indian constitution.
2. The Viceroy’s executive council would be expanded and Indians would be inducted in it in large numbers.
3. A war advisory council would be appointed which would include representatives of Indian native states and other Indians.
4. The aim of British government was to accord Dominion status (colonial self rule)
   in India.
5. The government would not implement any constitutional changes without the consent of minorities.
   The Congress did not accept the August proposal.

Question 32.
What were the main points of Cripps mission (1942) ?
Answer:
The British government was terrified with the thought of Japanese attack on India. Thus, to gain India’s support, The British government sent a mission to India under the leadership of Sir Stafford Cripps on March 23, 1942. After holding talks with various Indian leaders, Cripps presented a proposal. It included the following points—

1. India would be accorded dominion status after the war. India would be given the right to separate itself from the British Common Wealth.
2. A Constituent Assembly would formed immediately after the culmination of the war, in order to prepare a new constitution of India.
3. If any province of British India or any native Indian state did not like the new constitution, they could retain their earlier status and stay separated from the Indian federation.
4. Until the duration of the war and the formation of the new constitution, the responsibility of India’s security would lie with the British government.

Question 33.
Evaluate the Cripps Mission plan.
Answer:
De Facto Power was not immediately given to the Indians. Gandhji called it ‘a post dated cheque’ on a falling bank. The congress opposed the proposal on the grounds that the provinces and native states were accorded the right to opt for separation from the Indian Federation.

The proposals indicated indirectly that the right to provinces and native states to separate from Indian federation and to form their own constitution meant agreeing to the demand of creation of Pakistan.

However, the Muslim League was of the view that their demand for Pakistan was not clearly accepted. The Congress, Muslim League, Hindu Mahasabha, Sikhs, Dalit representatives and the liberals did not accept these proposals.

Question 34.
What was the Wavell plan?
Answer:
The British Prime Minister Churchill wished to resolve the constitutional impasse in India Viceroy Wavell presented the framework of the constitutional reforms in June 1945, which was called the Wavell Plan’. According to this,

1. The executive council of the viceroy was to be re – constituted. The number of Muslims and General Hindus would be equal in it. Except for the Governor General and the Army chief, all other members would be Indians.
2. Mixed, responsible governments would constituted in the provinces.
3. These proposals will have no bearing on the future constitution of India. The constitution of India will be made later, by Indians themselves.

Question 35.
Write a short note on Navy revolt (February 1946).
Answer:
On February 1946, the Indian soilders aboard the ship ‘Talwaar’ revolted. They went on a hunger strike protesting against the racist behaviour of the British and the poor quality of food given to them. ‘Britishers, leave India’ was written on many ships. The very next day, this strike spread out to 22 ships.

The protestors formed a ‘Strike Committee under the leadership of M. S. Khan. Its main demands were that Indian sailors be given good quality food, their soldiers should be equal to those of Britishers, the soldiers of ‘Azad Hind Fauj’ be released from custody. Indian soldiers be recalled from Indonesia etc.

Question 36.
What proposal did Cabinet Mission send ?
Answer:
On May 16, 1946, the Cabinet Mission, after consultation with the Viceroy and British cabinet published its proposals with following suggestions:

1. An Indian Federation should be established in which British India and native states be included. This Federation should have the responsibility of defence, foreign relations and communication system.
2. Provinces should have the right to form separate groups.
3. A Constituent Assembly should be formed to prepare the constitution. Its members should be elected indirectly by the present Legislative Assemblies. One representative should be elected for per ten lakh population.
4. An interim government should be established at the centre which must include members from major Indian parties.

Question 37.
What was the ‘Direct Action Day’?
Answer:
The Muslim League decided a direct action to obtain Pakistan. Muslim League declared the observance of ‘Direct Action Day’ on August 16, 1946. The direct action day was observed against the Hindus to get Pakistan. The Muslim league adopted the policy of violence.

We shall take Pakistan and ‘We shall fight to take Pakistan’ were the slogans which the league used in their action to get Pakistan. First of all, direct action day was observed in Calcutta, where the government was under Muslim league’s Suhrawardy.

RBSE Class 12 History Chapter 6 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Mention the causes of social reform movment in India.
Answer:
The British administrative system influenced the Indian society. The Indian citizens reacted against the British empire and its expansion of colonial culture. During the first half of the nineteenth century, the movement which started in social and cultural life of India came to be known as Indian Renaissance.

On one a hand, efforts were made to eradicate various stereotyped customs which had emerged with the passage of time in socio – religious sphere, and on the other and, the spirit of dignity was imbibed in the mindset of the Indians by expressing the glorious past of India.

Due to an intense relationship between social behaviour and religious faith, religious reform was essential for social reform. The social reformers challenged the stereotyped customs and conventions on the basis of facts. In order to eradicate the Sati custom, Raja Ram Mohan Roy told the people that the custom had not been religiously accepted.

Dayananda Saraswati opposed the caste system based on birth on the basis of Vedic treatises. The social reformers were influenced by liberal and humane outlooks. The educated intellectual class was in its roots. The Indian intellectuals made efforts to determine the causes of misery and backwardness of the country and tried to make the country progressive.

Through social movements such as Brahma Samaj, Arya Samaj, Ramakrishna Mission and others, efforts were made for social and religious reforms. The major reasons for the emergence of social and religious reform movements

1. Propaganda by Christian Priests:
The main reason for the rise of social movement was the propaganda by Christian priests. Along with the British merchants, Christian priests and religious teachers started coming into India in large number after 1813 CE. The Christian Missionaries started criticizing Hinduism and started to convert the Indians to Christian.

For the protection of religion and culture, the need of socio-religious movements now seemed to be necessary. Efforts were made to eradicate the evils of the contemporary society and prevent the spread of Christianity.

2. Works of Asiatic Society of Bengal:
European scholars such as William Jones, Max Muller and others studied Indian history, religion and literature and told the ancient Indian civilization is one of the greatest civilizations of the world. Asiatic society of Bengal translated several ancient Indian texts in English. The spirit of pride and dignity emerged among the Indians as they came to know about their glorious past.

3. The spread of western civilization:
One of the reasons for Indian social reform or renaissance was the spread of western civilization in the country. Indian civilization came in contact with western civilization at the time while intellectualism and individualism were on the ideology of Europe.

The spread of western culture filled the Indian minds with suspician. They tried to save India from the influence of western culture. The social reformers inspired Indians to retain their faith in Indian religion and culture and made efforts to eliminate the stereotyped prevailing in the contemporary society.

4. Role of newspapers and magazines:
Newspapers and magazines played an important role in Indian renaissance. The misbehaviour done by the British started to be published in the newspapers. The social reformers infused awareness in the society through newspapers and magazines.

5. Emergence of English educated middle class:
An Engish educated middle class emerged on the basis of study of western societies and by getting information about social changes taking place over there, they infused spirit of social equality and unity amongst Indians.

Based on the above description, we can say that interaction with western civilization, with exchange of ideas, with the emergence of English education, with the works of Asiatic society, and the emergence of social and religion reformers, a new conciousness was communicated in the social, political and religious life of the Indians.

Question 2.
Describe the works of Swami Dayananda Saraswati in the social reform movement. (Or)  Evaluate Swami Dayananda’s contribution in social and religious reform movement.
Answer:
Life introduction of Swami Dayananda Saraswati-Dayananda Saraswati, the founder of the Arya Samaj, was born in a Brahmin family in Tankara near Morbi in Gujrat in 1824 CE. His childhood name was Mulshanker. His father Ambashanker was a scholar of the Vedas. Right from childhood, Dayananda was a thoughtful person. In 1860, he met with Swami Virjanand in Mathura.

Influenced with Virjanand, Swami Dayananda became his disciple. In the form of a religious and social reformer, Swami Dayananda travelled to various places in the country and performed debates with the scholars with the advice of Keshav Chandrasen who was a social reformer of Bengal. Now started to express his thoughts in Hindi instead of Sanskrit language.

Dayananda Saraswati expressed his thoughts in Satyartha Prakash’, a book written in Hindi language.
Establishment of Arya Samaj-Dayananda Saraswati established the Arya Samaj in Bombay in 1875 CE and formed its principles and rules. The principles of Arya Samaj were reedited in Lahore in 1877 CE. The Arya Samaj movement emerged in the form of reaction towards the effects of British empire and western beliefs.

Arya Samaj was different from the contemporary social reform movements. It mainly performed the work of reform in the religion and society. Its major objective was to eridicate the social evils which had emerged with lapse of time and re – establish the Vedic religion in a refined form.. Principles of Arya Samaj

1. Truth is the main reason for God’s wisdom.
2.  God is shapeless, omnipotent and ubiquitous.
3. The Vedas are the storehouse of truth and knowledge.
4. Every task should be considered by making the right decision.
5. The purpose of Arya Samaj is to do good to the world by physical, spiritual and social reforms.
6.  Destruction of ignorance and propagation of knowledge.
7. Every person should take interest in the advancement of the General public.
8. There should be personal freedom but not at the cost of loss to society.

Social reforms:
While working for the cause of social reform, Arya Samaj talked about social equality and harmony. In place of birth, the Arya Samaj regarded actions to be the basis of caste system. It opposed caste system and untouchability. It made efforts to improve the condition of women. Efforts were made to eradicate social evils such as child marriage, veil system, dowry system, polygamy etc. It tried to improve the conditions of widows.

Various ashrams were established for the widows. It advocated for equality among men and women. On the basis of the Vedas, Dayanand Saraswati told that women are not disallowed from studying the Vedas and adopt yagyopaveet. He told that all those Hindu customs, traditions and beliefs that were are not allowed by the Vedas should be renounced.

Religious beliefs and works:
In religious field, Dayananda Saraswati not only made efforts to reform the faults which had got imbibed in Hindu religion along with lapse of time, but he also exposed evils prevalent in Christianity and Islam. Dayanand Saraswati regarded the Vedas to be the actual basis of Hinduism.

While believing in pure Vedic traditions, he gave the slogan ‘Back to the Vedas’. He believed the Vedas to be inspired by God. Alongwith regarding the Vedas to be divine knowledge, he said that the interpretation of Vedic mantras should be done rationally on the basis of factual evidence. He argued that the language of the Vedas is very ancient.

Dayanad Saraswati and Arya Samaj did not believe in polytheism, anthropomorphism, idol worship, animal sacrifice etc. He opposed religious rituals and superstitions. He regarded God as shapeless, omnipotent and ubiquitous. Through ‘Shudhi movement’. Arya Samaj purified the converted Hindus and reunited them in their native religion.

Political thoughts:
Talking about self rule, Dayanand Saraswati said that any foreign rule, howsoever it may be good, can never be beneficial. He preached that it is better to reign in hell than to serve in heaven. Swami Dayanand Saraswati was the first person to use the word ‘Swaraj. He advocated for Swedeshi , Swabhasha and Swaabhiman (dignity).

Work in educational sphere:
Arya Samaj performed commondable work in field of education. After the death of Dayanand Saraswati, Dayanand Anglo Vedic School was established in Lahore in 1886, which came into existence as Dayanand Anglo Vedic College on 1889 CE. Dayanand Anglo Vedic institutions spread in various parts of the country. Conflicts arose in Arya Samaj on the issue of imparting knowledge on the basis of western education system.

In order to provide education through Vedic education system. Gurukul was established in Kangri near Haridwar. Both Dayanand Anglo Vedic institutions and Gurkul Kangri propagated the achievement of Indian culture and sprouted the feelings of dignity in the minds of Indians. Through these educational instituions, efforts was made to eliminate superptisitons and social evils. Dayanand Saraswati also made effort to establish Hindi as the national language.

Question 3.
Give an introduction of Tribal movement in India.
Answer:
Before the revolt of 1857 CE and after the revolt of 1857 CE, various revolts took place against the British rule. The tribal resistance was led by people of local tribal community. Leaders of Kol, Santhal, Bheel, Munda etc. and tribal communities. led the revolt in their respective areas. During British rule, the British rulers were forced to face tribal resistance at various places.

After the estabishment of colonial rule, the tribal society was affected by the changes which took place in land revenue system, administrative system and judicial system. Under the British administrative system, police and administrative officers entered the tribal regions and exploited the tribal community. Various types of bans were imposed upon them and atrocities were lashed upon them.

Alongwith the British officers, the contractors, merchants, moneylenders and others started to work as the middlemen of the British. The forests were occupied and various types of rules were formed in the name of protection of forests and bans were imposed. They were made to do forced labour. Various types of taxes were imposed on commodities produced in tribal regions.

Interference of Christian missionaries increased in tribal regions. The agitated tribals struggled against the British government. When colonial government crushed this resistance in an extremely cruel manner. Their resistance transformed into an armed rebellion.

The tribal people never attacked one another. They did not attack those who had played important role in the tribal economy and with whom they had trade relations. They did not attack the ironmen, carpenters, pottery makers, weavers, hair dressers etc. and on the servants who used to work for outsiders.

In northern India, revolt was done by Chuar, Khasi, Singo, Naga, Kuki, Khond, Santhal, Kol, Munda, Bhumj etc. Bheel, Ramosi and others revolted in western India. Kora, Malya, Konda and Dora tribal revolts took place in the south. The description of these rebellions is as follows:

Khasi rebellion:
Various revolts took place in northern India against the colonial exploitation. Khasi tribe which resided in the mountainous region near the border of Assam revolted in 1829 CE. The British started the task of building, roads that passed through their region.

For this task, when the people from Khasi tribe were forcefully employed in the form of labourers, agitation increased in their community. Under the leadership of Tirat Singh, the Khasi attacked the British. The British suppressed this revolt cruelly.

Kol rebellion:
Kol people were dissatisfied with the administrative system of the British, their rigid land revenue system and due to the misbehaviour done by local officers and workers. This revolt started from Chotanagpur in 1831 CE and soon spread in Ranchi, Hazaribagh, Palamu, Manbhumi and other places of the Bihar state.

Bhumi rebellion:
Bhumi tribe revolted in Veerbhumi and Jangal Mahal under the leadership of Ganganarayan in 1832 CE.

Khond rebellion:
Khond tribe, which resided near the border of Orissa, revolted against the British rule under the leadership of Chand Bisal in 1846 CE.

Santhal rebellion:
The revolt of Santhal tribe was the most violent and important revolt which took place against the British rule after 1850 CE. Region from Bhagalpur to Rajmahal was an area dominated by the Santhals. The revolt of Santhals mainly spread up to Veerbhumi, Bankura, Singhbhum, Hazari Bagh, Bhagalpur and Munger.

The policy of British colonial exploitation was the major reason behind this revolt. The spirit of revolt got aroused in the Santhals due to excessive collection of land revenue, not getting justice from British courts, atrocities and corruption of the police, exploitation by the moneylanders, the problem of credit etc..

Expansion of rebellion;
On 30th June 1855, thousands of Santhal tribals gathered in Bhagnidiha. They decided to end the foreign rule and to establish a rule based on justice and religion. Sidhu and Kanhu were the major leaders of the Santhals. They declared to end the rule of British company and declared themselves independent.

They said that God himself had chosen them for this job and they had received that message from heaven. In every village, one leaf plate, rice dried in sunlight, oil and turmeric were sent by Sidhu and Kanhu. It was said that the internal power of the Santhals would increase as they consumed this and they would be inspired for struggle.

They attacked the police station and other buildings which were symbols of colonial rule. They robbed rich people. Army was called for assistance of the British administration to suppress this revolt. Sidhu was caught in 1885 CE and was killed. Kanhu was caught in 1855 CE. In this way, the Santhal rebellion ended in 1856 CE.

Munda rebellion:
The Munda tribe revolted between 1899 – 1900 CE under the leadership of Birsa Munda. This revolt took place in Ranchi. The Munda tribe started to consider Birsa Munda as an incarnation of God. Birsa Munda induced the Mundas to run an armed rebellion against the British officers, Christian priests, contractors and landlords. He urged his people to kill them. The Munda attacked churches and the policemen. Birsa Munda died in jail in 1900.

Romosi rebellion:
Among the tribal revolt of the west, Romosi rebellion took place under the leadership of Chittar Singh in the region surrounding Satara in 1822 CE. Romosi were agitated within the British administrative system.

Bhil rebellion:
Bhil revolt took place under the leadership of Sevaram in 1825 CE. Bhils were dissatisfied with the British rule due to agricultural reforms. The British sent a battalion of army to suppress Bheel revolt.

Kora Maalya rebellion:
Among the revolts which took place in the south, Kora Maalya revolt which took place in 1900 CE, was the major one. This was a revolt that opposed British imperialism. Kora Maalya called himself as one of the five Pandavas and said that he had the power to transform bamboo into guns and the guns held by the police into water.

He gathered around 5000 people and attacked the police station. He also declared that he would throw the British out of India. In Godavari Agency areas a revolt took place against forest act and custom duty. The revolutionaries addressed themselves as the army of Lord Rama. One of its leaders, Rajan Anatya called himself as the incarnation of Lord Rama.

Konda Dora rebellion:
Konda Dora tribals started revolt against the atrocities of the British government, exploitation of the Pradhan, forced labour etc. This tribe resided in the Krishandevpeta hills of Vishakhapattnam district. Under the leadership of Tapsvi Ramraja, an armed rebellion started in 1922 CE. Gautam Dora, Mallu Dora, Angiraj, Jyeny Raja etc. were some of its prominent leaders.

They assassinated British officers Colonel Scott and Haetarson. Ramraja wrote a letter to the chairman of the ‘congress session of 1923 stating that if they got many thousands of guns, he and his companions could end the British rule from India and establish self-rule.

This tribe revolted and prepared a plan to form a parallel government to the British government in Orissa and Andhra. The British government suppressed this revolt in 1924 CE in an extremely cruel way. Gautam Dora was killed. Witnessing the increasing atrocities by the British, Ramaraja surrendered, but the British imprisoned him and shot him.

On one hand, the British officers, armed with modern weapons and assisted by the army at several places, were suppressing the tribal revolt; on the other hand, the tribal people were fighting with bows and arrows, spears, axes etc. In this armed struggle on the basis of their selfconfidence, various tribes exhibited unparellel bravery against the British colonial rule.

The merchants and moneylenders who were working as the middlemen of the British were also attacked upon. Most of the revolts had been suppressed but this tribal resistance proved that . they would but not accept exploitation.

Although these revolts were restricted to a limited region, they forced the British rule to consider their problems. As a result of armed resistance, various reforms related with land were enacted and implemented. Chotanagpur Tenancy Act was formed in 1908 CE.

Question 4.
“The revolutionary movement has an important place in the history of Indian freedom struggle.” Elaborate.
Answer:
Various revolutionary incidents took place in India and abroad. Among these, Abhinav Bharat Anusheelan Samiti, Gadar Party, Hindustan Socialist Republic Party, Azad Hind Fauz etc. were the revolutionary organizations that played significant role. In India; Maharashtra, Bengal and Punjab were the major centres of revolutionary activities.

In abroad, London in England, Paris in France, San Francisco and Portland in America, Berlin in Germany and Tokyo in Japan were the major centres of revolutionary activities. The revolutionaries also tried to take the Indian army along with them. In revolutionary movements, assistance was also taken from the foreign powers that opposed the British. Gadar movement and Azad Hind Fauz are examples of this.

With the help of Germany, the Gadar party and with the help of Japan, the Azad Hind Fauj made efforts to end the British rule from India. In 1905 CE, Shyamji Krishna Verma formed the ‘India House’ in London. This became a centre of revolt of Indians who resided in London. He published a journal named ‘Indian Sociologist.

Many revolutionaries such as Veer Savarkar (leader of Abhinav Bharat), Lala Hardayal (leader of Gadar party) and Madan Lal Dhingra became its members. Shyamji Krishna Verma was called as the Father of Revolutionaries’. In Paris, S. R. Rana, Bhikaji Rustom Kama etc. were the activists.

Abhinav Bharat:
In order to celebrate Ganesh festival in Nasik, Mitra mela’ organization was formed in 1899 CE. From this Mitra mela, a secret revolutionary organization named ‘Abhinav Bharať was born in 1904 CE under the leadership of Veer Savarkar. Its objective was to free India from foreign rule.

Through Ganesh festival and Shivaji festival started by Tilak, this organization conveyed revolutionary thoughts to the people. It spread its thoughts through assemblies and magazines. This organization started to prepare the youth to fight against the British by providing them training of operating sticks, swords, climbing hills, horse riding, running etc. Its branches were established in several colleges and schools of Poona and Bombay in Maharashtra.

Abhinav Bharat collected pistols and other weapons from abroad. Veer Damodar Savarkar (Veer Savarkar) sent weapons from London into India. Abhinav Bharat sponsored Pandurung Mahadev Bapat and sent him abroad to master art of making bombs.

Bapat obtained a copy of Russian book Bomb Manual and translated it into English. Abhinav Bharat established relationship with various secret revolutionary organizations of Bengal and India.

Curzon Willey murder case:
Madan Lal Dhingra assassinated Curzon Willey in 1909, CE. Madan Lal Dhingra had gone to London from Amritsar to study engineering. He was disturbed by the atrocities done by Curzon Willey against the Indians. In the obtiuary meeting of Willey, Veer Savarkar opposed the condemnation motion moved against Madan Lal Dhingra who had killed Curzon Willey.

Veer Savarkar:
Vinayak Damodar Savarkar of Abhinav Bharat holds an important place among the revolutionary leaders of the freedom struggle of India. Due to his patriotism renouncement and sacrifice, he started to be called Veer Savarkar. He inspired the youth to participate in the revolutionary activities against the British rule. He opposed the obituary meeting held on the occasion of death of Queen Elizabeth in 1901 CE. He called the coronation ceremony of Edward-VII as the ‘ceremony of slavery’ and ‘the revolt towards the country and the community and opposed it.

Nasik conspiracy case:
Anant Laxman had assassinated the District Magistrate Jackson on 21st December, 1909. This was called as Nasik conspiracy case’. Major revolutionaries of this case were hanged. Veer Savarkar was imprisoned in London and brought to India. He jumped into the sea but he was caught. Veer Savarkar was convicted for Nasik conspiracy case and sent to jail in Andaman islands. Veer Savarkar was tortured excessively in jail. He was released from jail in 1937 CE.

Delhi conspiracy case (1912 CE) – On 27th December 1912, a bomb was thrown on Lord Harding in Chandni Chowk area of Delhi. He survived. Ras Bihari Bose, the major leader of this bombling escaped successfully. The Delhi conspiracy case was run and Amirchand, Avadh Bihari, Balmukund and Basant Kumar were hanged. Lala Hardayal went away to London.

Revolutionary events in abroad (Gadar party):
America was a major centre of revolutionary activities abroad. The Indians who resided in America and Canada realised that due to the British in India, discrimination was being done with Indians. Portland was a major centre of the activities of Indian revolutionaries in America. Under the leadership of Sohan Singh Bhakna, an institution named ‘Hindustan Association of the Pacific Coast was formed in Portland in America.

Later this institution came forward by the name of ‘Gadar party’. Lala Hardayal formed the ‘Gadar party in San Francisco of America. There were two departments of the Gadar party; first was communication department and the other was one millitary department. During the first world war, Gadar party planned to rebel in India.

People from various communities propagated the spirit of revolution by assisting in distributing the literature of Gadar party. In August 1914, the revolutionaries established contact with Germans.

Komagata Maru incident (1914):
It was a ship that was hired from Hong Kong. 376 Punjabi Indian passengers were boarding it. It reached the Bajbai port of Calcutta on 29th September, 1914. The government wanted to send its passengers to Punjab. The passengers fought with the police, in which about 20 passengers were killed.

Lahore Armed Rebellion (February 1915):
In 1915, the Gadar party revolted in Singapore. The plan of the Gadar party to invade the British with the help of Germany in southeast Asia became unsuccessful. The Lahore armed revolt became famous as the first Lahore conspiracy case.

The Gadar party spread the spirit of revolt amongst Indian army and people and made efforts to get India freed through armed rebellion. A temperory government was formed in Kabul by Raja Maher Pratap Singh. It established a direct contact with the Afghan government.

Hindustan Socialist Republican Association Revolutionary activities that had started in the end of the nineteenth century in India became inactive by the end of the first world war and revolutionary Rash Bihari Bose went away to Japan. Sachindra Nath Sanyal was sentenced to life imprisonment under the Banaras conspiracy case in 1915 CE.

Various revolutionary participated in non-cooperation movement run by Mahatma Gandhi. The other revolutionaries were Sardar Bhagat Singh, Ramprasad Bismil, Rajendra Lahiri and Ashfaqulla Khan.

Question 5.
Which different organizations were created before the establishment of the congress.
Answer:
Along with the socio – religious reforms organizations, various political institutions were formed in the nineteenth century. These organizations were formed on the basis of sectional interests. The landlords merchants and educated middle class formed various institutions for the interest of their respective sections. These organizations played important role in the emergence and development of political awareness. The major ones among these organizations were following:

1. Landlord Society:
Land holders society was established in 1838 CE in Calcutta. This was basically an association of the landlord section. Just like the organizations of the Burjua section of Europe, this was the first political organization of India. Prasanna Kumar Thakur, Radhakant Dev, Dwarkanath Thakur etc.

were its important members. When the British India society was formed in London in 1839 CE, the land holders society established contact with it. It forwarded its beliefs before the British parliament and tried to gain British verdict in its favour.

2. Bengal British India Society:
Bengal British India society was formed on 20th April 1943 Calcutta. Its chairman was George Thompson and its secretary was Prarichandra Mitra. Just like the Land holders association, this was also an association of the Indians and nongovernment British upper middle class people were included in this society. From the platform of the Bengal British India Society, the Indians learnt the first chapter of politics.

3. British India Assocaition:
It was established in 1851 СE. Its chairman was Radhakant Dev and its secretary was Devendranath Tagore. This was an organization of newly made Indian landlords. In order to give it massive form, traders and new intelligentsia were included in it. Charter of the East India Company was due for renewal in 1853 CE. It tried to run a charter movement on an all India level.

Reminders were distributed while forming an organization of three presidencies. This organization demanded for inclusion of Indians in the administration of India. It demanded from the British parliament that such institutions should be established as may work as state legislatures and they Indian representatives. Womesh Chandra Bannerjee (who later became the first president of the Congress). Ramesh Chandra Dutt (first barrister of Calcutta High Court) etc. were its major and renowned members.

4. East India Association:
It was formed by Dada Bhai Nauroji in London on Ist December 1866. Its objective was the benefit of India through reasonable procedure. It provided information regarding Indian issues to the British parliament and citizens. In 1873 CE, when Dadabhai Nauroji.was made the Diwan and he came to India have the retired British officials established their control over ths institution.

Dada Bhai Nauroji was the first economic thinker of India. Through his articles, he proved that the reason for the poverty of India was exploitation of India by the British and the drainage of wealth from India to Britain. In his book ‘Poverty and Un-British Rule in India’ Dada Bhai Nauroji described the way in which drainage of wealth of India to England took place. He is known as the grand old man of India.

Poona Saarvajanik Sabha:
It was established on 2nd April, 1870. Its founder was Ganesh Vasudev Joshi, who was also its secretary. N. S. Sathe, H. S. Chiplunkar and Mahadev Govind Ranadey were among its active members. Its objective was to function as a mediatary between the government and the public.

It was regarded as a prominent organization of progressive people in western India. Poona Saarvajanik Sabha developed political awareness in Bombay presidency and organized the public. The members of this institution used to put the sense of miserable condition of the country before the people in their meetings and suggested the measures to overcome this condition. The group that used to perform Kirtan in their meeting sang patriotic songs.

Indian League:
The Indian league was formed on 25th September 1875 in Calcutta by Shishir Kumar Ghosh. Shishir Kumar Ghosh was the owner and editor of Amrit Bazar Patrika’. Its temporary chairman was Shambhu Chandra Mukherjee. The objective of this institution was to spread the spirit of nationalism amongst Indians and provide political education to them.

Indian Association:
It was formed on 26th July 1876 in Calcutta by Surendranath Bannerjee and Anand Mohan Bose. This institution wished to form a block by uniting entire India. Due to its objective of forming an all India association, it was named as Indian Association Its major objectives included the following – making efforts to unite all the Indians on the basis of mutual nationalistic feelings and political interests, making effort to form cordial relationship between the Hindus and the Muslims and including the common people in political movements.

This organization opposed the decision of Viceroy Litton of decreasing the age for civil services from 21 years to 19 years and formation of Vernacular Press Act 1878 CE and Arms Act 1878 This organization had played an important role in the movement which was run against Ilbert Bill at the time of Lord Rippon. After being criticised by the judge, the government had ordered to arrest Sunrendranath Banjerjee in May 1883. He was later on released after two months on 4th July, 1883.

Madras Mahajan Sabha:
Madras Mahajan Sabha was formed on 16th May 1884. P. Rangia Naidu was its chairman and P. Raghavachari and Anand Charlu were its secretaries. It became the central political institution of Madras presidencey. In its meetings, Madras Mahajan Sabha performed discussions and debates on issues such as reforms in the legislative councils, separation of the judiciary from the executive, change in government structure, problems of farmers etc.

Bombay Presidency Association:
Bombay Presidency Association was formed on 31st January, 1885. Declaration of formation of this association was made in a meeting consisting of the citizens of Bombay called under the chairmanship of Sir. Jamrod Jija Bai, Kashinath Trayambak Tailong, Badruddin Taiyabji and Feroz Shah who played an important role in its formation. It performed the work of creating public awareness in Bombay presidency.

Indian National Congress:
Along with various associations and people from the country, the Indian Association called for a national conference under the leadership of Ramtanu Lahori in Albert Hall of Calcutta on 29-30 December, 1883. Apart from Bengal, representatives from Ahmedabad, Madras and North India also participated in it.

In this way, this was the first effort in the direction of formation of a joint All India National Organization. In this conference, discussion was held on issues such as conducting the civil services exam in India and to increase the age of participation in the exam, establishment of representative legislative assemblies in India etc.

At the same time, Hume had called for a conference of Indian National Congress in Bombay. Due to this reason, Surendranath Bannerjee was unable to participate in the first session of the congress held on 28 – 30 December.

Question 6.
Explain the basic purpose of establishing the Indian National Congress and tell how it was born ?
Answer:
Establishment of Congress Before the formation of the Congress, various political institutions which were formed earlier had extended sizgnificant contribution to the development of political awareness and the spirit of nationalism. In various parts of the country, the spirit of organizing the national movement by unifying various movements run by different political organizations was intensifying. Due to the need of an All India Organization, the Congress was born.

On 1^st March 1883, Hume wrote a letter addressed to the graduates from Calcutta University and urged them to form a political organization oonsisting of Indian individuals. In May 1885, Hume met with Lord Defferin in Shimla. Before forming the Congress, he first took advice from Dufferin and gained his support. In July 1885, Hume viisted Britain in the form of a representative of Indian National Union and talked with the political leaders there.

Before the formation of Congress, its name was ‘Indian National Union’. With the assistance of liberal intelligentsia, retired British officer Allen Octavian Hume formed the Indian National Congress in December 1885. The first meeting of the Congress was scheduled in Poona. Due to the spread of dysentry, this meeting took place in Bombay.

First meeting of the Congress was held on 28th December 1885 in Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College situated in Gawalia Tank of Bombay under the chairmanship of Vyomesh Chandra Banerjee 72 representatives participated in it. Among them, representatives from Bombay, Madras, Bengal presidency, Punjab, north-western region and Awadh etc. were included.

In place of Indian National Union, it was renamed as ‘Indian National congress’. The word ‘Congress’ has been taken from the History of America and it means ‘a group of people’. Dada Bhai Nauroji, Ferozshah Mehta, Kashinath Tailang, Dinesh Wacha, etc. were the major leaders who participated in the first session of the Congress.

In the beginning, the congress adopted a liberal outlook and had limited objectives. In order to fulfill its objectives, it adopted the path of running constitutional movements. It created political awareness in various parts of the country and performed the work of educating and organizing the citizens in political form.

Objectives of the Congress:

1. To establish personal contact and friendship among the Indians working in various parts of the country for the cause of national welfare.
2. To eliminate caste-based, religious and provincial differences between the patriots and to develop and strengthen the spirit of national unity.
3. To expose the opinion of Indian educated class on important issues of political and social importance.
4. To determine such policies and measures as were necessary for the politicians in context to public welfare in future.

The major demands of Congress included appointment of Royal Commission, including increased number of elected representatives in legislative assembly or councils, these councils be allowed to participate in debate associated with the budget, exam of civil services to be held in India also along with Britain, expenditure on defence be reduced etc.

Various political organizations were urged to support the proposals raised by the Congress. The second session of Congress was held in Calcutta on 28th December 1886. A. O. Hume was elected as the chief secretary. While, ending the first session of the Congress, Hume appreicated the British Empress Victoria.

On one hand, Hume tried to use the Congress in the form of a Safety valve’to stop the increasing dissatisfaction among the educated Indians, and on the other hand, the liberal intellectual Congress leaders made efforts to use it in the form of lightening conductor to escape from the blow of the British..

Representatives from various sections participated in the first session of the Congress. Congress started organizing its sessions in various parts of the country. Dada Bhai Nauroji presided as the chairman in the second session of the Congress held in Calcutta. Badruddin Taiyabji presided as the chairman in the third session of the Congress held in Madras in 1887 CE.

He was the first Muslim chairman of the Congress. George Yule was the chairman of the annual session of the Congress held in 1888 CE. He was the first European chairman of the Congress. William Wedenburn became the chairman of the Bombay session of the Congress held in 1889 CE.

Question 7.
Who were liberalists ? Mention their main ideas and achievements.
(Or)
“There was the influence of moderates on the initial policies of Congress from 1885 to 1905.” Explain it.
(Or)
Describe in brief outline of the programme and movement of the liberalists.
Answer:
The period from 1885 to 1905 is called as the liberalist period of the Congress. During this period, the outlook of Indian leaders was liberal. They forwarded their demands before the British government in a constitutional form. They forwarded their demands in the form of request, reminders, letters etc. infront of the British government. Their objective was to bring the Indian people in the wave of nationalistic politics in large numbers.

They wished to educate the Indians pacifically and bring awareness. They believed that at both places, Britain and India, they had been successful in gaining the support of British rulers by interpreting, the demands of Indian people as judicious and they could achieve justice. In this context, the Congress sent various groups of representatives. These groups of representatives told about the relevance of the demands of Indians to the British Parliament and British citizens.

Working procedure of liberalists:
The working procedure of liberalists was following:
1. During this period, the Congress did not adopt the policy of opposing the government. The liberal leaders of this period were of the view that it was not practical to directly confront the British government at that time. Dada Bhai Nauroji, Gopal Krishna Gokhle, Surendra Nath Banerjee, Ferozshah Mehta, Dinesh Wacha etc. were the prominent liberal leaders of the Congress.

2. The liberalists strongly opposed the economic aspect of British imperialism and created economic awareness amongst Indians. They exposed economic exploitation done by the British in agriculture, trade, industry and other sectors. They interpreted that the cause of economic backwardness and poverty of India was economic exploitation of India being done by the British.

3. The liberalists demanded that the national economic policy should not be formed on the basis of the interests of England, rather it should be formed on the basis of the interests of India.

4. They started a movement against the colonial imperialistic economio policy. They demanded for industrialization of India in modern form, protection of Indian industries, reduction in land revenue, spread of irrigation facilities etc. Organizing industrial exhibitions became a part of programmes of the Congress.

5. The liberalists raised many demands regarding administrative reforms. Among these demands, appointment of Indians in public services, Indianisation of public servies, separation of working of executive and judiciary, removal of Arms Act, reduction in defence expenditure etc. were the major ones.

6. During this period, the liberalists continued to raise demand of introducing reforms in legislative councils in a constitutional form. The British government passed the Act of 1892 CE. Through this act, the number of Indian members was increased in central and provincial legislative councils.

Arrangement was made for a type of indirect election system. The members were granted the right of raising questions and performing debates on the budget. The Indians were not satisfied with the act of 1892 and they demanded for grant of more rights.

7. The liberalists remained active for the protection of various rights of the citizens such as freedom of speech, freedom of expression and opinion, freedom to form organizations, etc. During this period, the Congress did not achieve much success.

However, they created awareness among the Indians towards common political, economic and cultural interests. They trained the public for political jobs. They carried the thoughts of democracy, freedom of citizens and nationalism to the citizens.

Policy of British government towards the Congress:
In 1885 CE, Viceroy Dufferin organized a reception in the honour of Congress representatives in Calcutta. The British government became doubtful towards the Congress, as the Congress changed its form in 1888. In 1990, Lord Duffrin called Congress as the representative of a very minute part of the Indians.

Viceroy Curzon wished to eliminate the Congress. In 1990, Lord Curzon wrote to the Indian Secretary, “Congress is gradually declining, and I, while remaining in India, have an intense desire to be helpful in its peaceful death.” The British government became concerned due to the development of nationalistic movement and increasing spirit of unity among the Indians. The British followed the policy of ‘Divide and Rule’.

It induced Sir Syed Ahmad Khan and other supporters of the British to start on Anti-Congress movement. They tried to divide the Hindus and the Muslims. Through an organization named ‘United Patriotic Association’, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan brought people who opposed the Congress on a single platform and made them stand in support of the British government.

Partition of Bengal:
Viceroy Lord Curzon divided Bengal in 1905 CE to crush the national movement. Under pretext of calling Bengal as a very large province, Lord Curzon told that it was essential to divide it into two parts for the purpose of facilitation of administration. At that time, Bengal had become the centre of national movement. The British wanted to stop the spread of nationalism in Bengal.

Bengal was emerging as the centre of political movement of the entire country. Imperialistic Lord Curzon followed his British policy of ‘Divide and Rule’ and tried to create difference between the Hindus and the Muslims. He separated the Muslim dominated east Bengal from the Hindu dominated rest of Bengal. This plan was implemented on 16th October 1905 CE.

Question 8.
Write the history of National movement from 1907 to 1919.
(Or)
Throw light on Bal Gangadhar Tilak’s contribution to the national independence movement.
Answer:
Surat session of the Congress and Congress split (1907 CE):
In 1907, the session of the Congress was proposed to be held in Nagpur which has regarded as the home of the extremists. In December 1907, the annual session of the Congress was held on the banks of river Tapti in Surat. In this session, dispute arose among the extremists and moderates on the issue of the post of chairman. The extremists wished to appoint Lala Lajpat Rai as the chairman.

Ras Bihari Ghosh was elected as chairman in place of Lala Lajpat Rai by the moderates. The extremists wanted the guarantee of passing the proposal of swadeshi, boycott, national education and self-rule passed in Calcutta session of 1906 CE. The dispute extended to such level that chairs were thrown during the session. A person threw a shoe on the stage, which hit Ferozshah Mehta and Surendranath Bannerjee.

Chaos was created in the camp. The extremists were debarred from Congress. In this way, Congress got split into two parts (groups), moderates and extremists. Tilak tried to prevent this split but due to the rigid stand of Ferozshah Mehta and his supporters, this could not happen.

The British government followed its policy of ‘Divide and Rule’, crushed the extremists and tried to gain the support of moderates. Governor General Lord Minto wrote to the Indian Secretary Marley that the decline of Congress in Surat was a very significant victory of them. Annie Besant called the Congress split as the saddest incident in the history of Congress.

Opposition by English Officers:
When plague broke out in 1897 CE, Tilak published the news of British officers forcefully intruding the house of the Indians and their misbehaviour in his newspaper. On 27th June 1897, two plague commissioners – Commissioner Rand and dietnant Ayrist were assassinated by two brothers Damodar and Balkrishna Chapekarn. Tilak was charged for inducing the youth and was arrested. He was charged for anti – government activities and was sentenced to 18 months, imprisonment for committing treason.

Political view of Tilak:
Tilak was the leader of extremist group. He was in favour of adopting the path of struggle rather than the path of request in order to attain Swaraj. He said, “Swaraj is my birth right. I shall take it.” Tilak talked about Swaraj, Swadeshi, boycott and national education. In 1907 CE, the Congress got split in the Surat session and Tilak was forced to separate from the Congress. Tilak never remained the chairman of Congress.

With the help of his friends, he established a new English school in Poona in 1880. He was associated with the formation of Deccan Education Society and Ferguson College. In order to create public verdict, he published two newspapers named ‘Maratha’ (an English weekly) and ‘Kesari’ (a Marathi daily). Through religious festivals, he developed the spirit of nationalism among the people and provided political education to them.

For this purpose, he started ‘Ganesh festival in 1893 CE and ‘Shivaji festival in 1896 CE and performed the work of organizing the people. He established akharas, Lathi club and committees which opposed the killing of cows for moral and physical development of youth.

He was called as the ‘Crown – less Emperor of India. Taking advantage of the split in Congress, the British tried to lessen the influence of extremists such as Tilak. In 1908 CE, when he was sentenced to six months imprisonment and sent to Mandley Jail in Burma, the people organized a huge procession against this. Tilak said, “Probably God desired that instead of remaining free, the objectives of my life should be fullfilled while I remain in troubles.”

Leadership of Lal, Bal and Pal and allegation against them:
Lala Lajpat Rai, Bipin Chandra Pal, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Aurobindo Ghosh were the major extremist leaders. The first three among these became famous as ‘Lal, Bal, Pal. A case of treason was registered on the main extremist leader, Bal Gangadhar Tilak under pretext of an article that was written against the British government and published in the newspaper ‘Kesari’.

In 1908 CE, he was sent to Mandley jail for 6 years. Lala Lajpat Rai went away to America. Bipin Chandra Pal took temporary retirement from politics. Aurobindo Ghosh spread nationalistic feelings through a newspaper named Vande Mataram’. Aurobindo Ghosh went away to Pondicherry in 1910 CE and adopted the path of sacrifice in politics.

Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilk:
Tilak was such a nationalistic leader who created close relationship with the masses and tried to organize and activate them. He adopted the path of struggle to gain Swaraj. People called him ‘Lokmanya’ Tilak. He was born on 23rd July 1856 in a Brahmin family in Ratnagiri in Maharashtra. The ancestors of Tilak had remained in service of the Peshwas. Tilak had gained education of law.

In Mandley jail, he wrote a book named ‘Gita Rahasya’. He also wrote a book named ‘Arctic home of the Aryans’. In 1914 CE, Tilak was released from jail. He played an important role in the Lucknow Pact which took place between the Congress and the Muslim League in 1916 CE. He ran the Home Rule Movement along with Annie Besant to attain self rule.

As the writer Valentine Cherale called Tilak as the ‘Father of Indian Unrest, Tilak registered a case of defamation against Cherale. He also went to London for this purpose. Due to his death in 1920 CE, the entire country was drowned in grief. About 5 lakh people in his funeral procession.

Question 9.
Describe the features of the act of 1919. Or Discuss the major provisions and defects of the governance system enforced by: the Government of India Act 1919.
Answer:
The Indian people had hoped during the first world war that the British government would give them some facilities and grant them the right to self-rule after the war. The Congress and the Muslim league had reached an agreement in 1916 at Lucknow. It was now a possibility that the two parties would work together.

Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Annie Besant started the Home Rule Movement to demand self-rule in India. The influence of the extremist fraction increased in the Congress. Indian Secretary Montague, announced on 20 August 1917 that the institution of self – rule would be encouraged in order to gradually establish a responsible government in India.

Due to all these reasons, the basis of the Montague Chelmsford reforms of 1919 was founded. Montague was the Indian secretary while Chelmsford was the Viceroy of India. The Act of 1919 made on the basis of the reports of these two was called the Montague Chelmsford Reforms. Act Mantague Chelmsford Reforms had the following features

1. Dyarchy in the provinces:
Dyarchy was established in the provinces. The provincial subjects were divided into two parts-reserved subjects and transferred subjects. The reserved subjets were administrated by the Provincial Governor with the advice of his Executive Council.

The reserved subjects mainly included police, jail, establishing law and order, justice etc. The transfered subjects were administered by the Governor with the advice of his Indian Ministers. The transferred subjects included local self-rule, health, medical care and public works etc.

2. The Governor’s executive council responsible towards the governor:
The Governor’s Executive Council was not responsible to the State Legislative Assembly, but to the Governor, while the Indian ministers were responsible to the Legislative Assembly. The Governor had the right to appoint and remove the ministers. The Governor could dissolve the legislative assembly and also he had the power to dissolve the annual bill passed by the Provincial Legislative Assembly.

3. Division of power between centre and provinces:
There was a division of power between the centre and provinces. The centre administered subjects, such as defence, foreign policy, railways, communication census, public debt etc. The provinces administered subjects such as local self governance, health, medical services, police, education, public works, forest, irrigation, agriculture etc.

4. Bicameral system in centre:
Bicameral legislature was established for the first time by the Act of 1919 at the centre. The upper house of the Central Legislature was called Council of States, and the second lower house was called the Legislative assembly.

5. Separate election system on the communal basis:
Separate electroral system was extended on communal basis in the provincial legislative assembly. Apart from Muslims, Sikhs, Europeans, Anglo – Indians, Indian Christians were given the right to elect their representatives in separate electorates.

6. Indian High Commissoner’s Provision:
Provision was made for Indian High Commission for functions like some tasks of India Council, education of Indians in England, etc. The crown appointed the Indian High Commissioner on the advice of the government of British India.

Defects in the Act of 1919:
This act was mainly criticised for the system of dyarchy in the provincial administration. The division of subjects under the reserved and transferred list in the provinces under diarchy system was not practical. Education was a transferred subject. Industrial development was a transferred subject but labour department was reserved subject.

The focus point of entire administration was the finance department which was a reserved subject, while the subjects requiring funds i.e., education, public work, etc. were with Indian ministers. The reserved subjects lay with the members of the Governor’s executive council, who were answerable to the Governor.

The transferred subjects lay with Indian ministers who were responsible to the legislative assembly of the province. There was lack of collective responsibility in the ministers. That is why the diarchy system was a failure in principle.

The Governor General (Viceroy) and his council was still responsible and answerable to the secretary of India and the British Parliament. The Governor General could reject the recommendations of his executive council. The extension of electoral system on communal basis was an attempt to prevent the organisation of India on a national basis.

Question 10.
Describe the main features of the act of 1935.
Answer:
The act of 1935 was an extensive act. This was the last significant provision implemented by the British in India. There were many reasons for its implementation. The Montague – Chelmsford reforms of 1919 could not satisfy the Indians. The Indian people had opposed the Simon Commission appointed to offer suggestions related to constitutional reforms in Indian.

The civil disobedience movement intensified the anti – British empire sentiments. The Gandhi – Irwin Pact could not provide any solution. The British government published a white paper after the three round table conferences which mentioned the new reforms. After making some amendments in these, the British Parliament passed the Government of India Act in 1935.

The features of the Act of 1935: The main features of the Act of 1935 were as follows

1. The dyarchy system established in the provinces by the Act of 1919 was abolished. Provinces were accorded full autonomy.
2. Bi – cameral legislatures were established in provinces. Bi-cameral legislatures were set-up in six provinces—Bengal, Madras, Bombay, United Provinces, Assam and Bihar. The Legislative Council was the upper house, while the legislative Assembly was the lower house.
3. Provision was made for an ‘All India Federation’ to be established. This federation was established including the provinces ruled by Governors and native princely states. No declaration could be made in this regard until the stipulated number of native states did not wish for the establishment of the federation.
4. Dyarchy was implemented at the centre.
5. All subjects were divided into three lists. Federal list, provincial list and concurrent list. The subjects of federal list were with the centre. Subjects of provincial list lay with provinces, while the subjects under concurrent list lay with both the centre and the provinces.
6. A federal court was established. Appeals against its decisions could be made in the privy council situated in England.
7. This Act abolished Indian Council established by Act of 1858. In its place, provision was made for appointment of advisors to the Indian secretary.
8. The system of communal electorates was further extended. Electorates for Dalits were also provided on communal basis.
9. Provision was made for a Central Bank which was called the Reserve Bank of India.
10. A Federal Railway Authority was set-up for the control, construction, maintenance and operation of the railways.
11. Burma was separated from India. New provinces of Sindh and Orissa were made (British India comprised of 11 provinces after this).

Responsible governments were set – up in the provinces, but discretionary powers were given to the provincial governors in order to restrict this. The Indian Federation could not be established because of the clause of sufficient stipulated numbers of native states which were needed to join the federation.

When talks were initiated with native states in this regard, they began discussing on such topics and issues which could not possibly be resolved immediately. The federal court too was not the ultimate court. Appeals could be made against it in the privy council of Britain.

A large part of this act became an integral component of the constitution of India. Except for the provision of Indian Federation, all other provisions of this act were put into effect from 1 April 1937. The Congress criticised the Act, but it took part in the provincial elections in 1937 and formed its governments in the provinces.

Formation of the Provincial Governments:
The Act of 1935 was implemented in provincial regions from Ist April 1937. Elections were held in the provinces according to it. The Congress won a majority in 6 provincial legislatures-Madras, Bombay, United Provinces, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Orrisa. In July 1937, Congress government was formed in 6 out of 11 provinces of British India.

A coalition government of Congress was formed in north frontier province and Assam. A coalition government of Krishak party and Muslim league under Fazalul – Haq was formed in Bengal. In Punjab, government was formed under the leadership of Hayat Khan of the Unionist party.

Congress formed its government in 8 out of the 11 provinces. Noncongress ministerial councils were formed in only three provinces – Bengal, Punjab and Sindh. Muslim league’s performance remained dismal even in Muslim electorate regions.

RBSE Solutions for Class 12 History