RBSE Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 23 State Administration and Local Self Government: Present Perspective with Reference to 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment

Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 23 State Administration and Local Self Government: Present Perspective with Reference to 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 23 Text book Questions

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 23 Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Under which Article of the Indian Constitution does the President of India appoint the Governor of a state?
(a) Article 154
(b) Article 155
(c) Article 160
(d) Article 356
Answer:
(b) Article 155

Question 2.
The actual executive power of the state vests with :
(a) The Chief Minister
(b) The Governor
(c) Speaker of the assembly
(d) Leader of the opposition
Answer:
(a) The Chief Minister

Question 3.
Who is the Constitutional head of the state?
(a) Finance Minister
(b) Governor
(c) Chief Minister
(d) Speaker of the Assembly
Answer:
(b) Governor

Question 4.
Under which Article, does the Chief Minister give information to the Governor about the state?
(a) 167 (1)
(b) 163 (1)
(c) 162 (1)
(d) 155 (1)
Answer:
(a) 167 (1)

Question 5.
From which district was the three-tier system of Panchayati Raj started in Rajasthan on 2nd October, 1959?
(a) Jodhpur
(b) Nagaur
(c) Jhalawar
(d) Bikaner
Answer:
(b) Nagaur

Question 6.
Which historian called the Indian villages as Republics?
(a) Altekar
(b) Padhindhikar
(c) James Todd
(d) Ashok Mehta
Answer:
(a) Altekar

Question 7.
Which of the following institution is not related to the village self governance?
(a) The Village Panchayat
(b) Panchayat Committee
(c) City Council
(d) District Council
Answer:
(c) City Council

Question 8.
After which amendment of the Constitution, one-third seats have been reserved for women in the Panchayati Raj system?
(a) 72nd amendment act
(b) 73rd and 74th amendment act
(c) 75th amendment act
(d) 43rd amendment act
Answer:
(b) 73rd and 74th amendment act

Question 9.
The elected head of the municipal corporation is called :
(a) Chairman
(b) President
(c) Commissioner
(d) Mayor
Answer:
(d) Mayor

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 23 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who is the nominal chief executive of the state?
Answer:
The Governor is the nominal executive of the state.

Question 2.
Who advises the Governor?
Answer:
State Council of Ministers.

Question 3.
Whom does the Governor appoint as the Chief Minister?
Answer:
The Governor appoints the leader of the majority party in the Legislative Assembly as the Chief Minister.

Question 4.
What indicates the use of the phrase ‘Union of States’ in the constitution of India?
Answer:
The use of the phrase ‘Union of states’ in the constitution of India, indicates that in India, state administration cannot go against national stream despite autonomy.

Question 5.
Which amendment of the constitution fixes the number of the state council of Ministers at maximum 15 per cent of the total members of the assembly?
Answer:
91st amendment of the constitution fixes the number of the state council of Ministers at maximum 15 per cent of the total number of the members of the assembly.

Question 6.
How many levels of the local administration are there in the Panchayati Raj System?
Answer:
There are two levels of the local administration in the Panchayati Raj System :

Rural Local Administration (Panchayati Raj).
Urban Local Administration.

Question 7.
When is the ‘Panchayati Raj Day’ celebrated?
Answer:
The ‘Panchayati Raj Day’ is celebrated on April 24 every year.

Question 8.
Which is the smallest elected institution in the local village administration.
Answer:
‘Village Panchayat’ is the smallest elected institution in the local village administration.

Question 9.
Write the name of the biggest institution of the urban self government system?
Answer:
Municipal Corporation is the biggest institution of the urban self government system.

Question 10.
Which institution holds the elections to the local bodies?
Answer:
State Election Commission.

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 23 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write five Characteristics of the state administration.
Answer:
The five characteristics of the state administration are :

Indication of Development :
The state administration is indicative of a development process or administration in which the role of all the citizens is ensured.
Dependent on center :
Since the state administration execute their funtions in the direction of the center, it is dependent on the center.
Based on public interaction :
The state administration is not self governed, but based on public participation, and operates its functions.
Governor is the representative of the President in the state :
In the state, the constitutional head is Governor, who is the nominal executive of the state like the President in the center.
Independent entity :
state administration has its own independent existence.

Question 2.
Write the prominent recommendations of Sarkaria Commission for the election of the Governor.
Answer:
The prominent recommendations of Sarkaria Commission :

The governor should not be given the post of reinstatement after his tenure.
The leader of the ruling party at the center cannot become the governor.
The governor can contest the election for the post of President and Vice President but cannot be active in party politics.
Arrangement for consultation with the Chief Minister in the appointment of the governor should be made by making necessary amendments and changes in article 155.
Appointment of a person in the office of the Governor who is a celebrity in any area.

Question 3.
Elucidate the relations of the Chief Minister and the Governor.
Answer:
The relations of the Chief Minister and the Governor :
The Chief Minister and the Governor are complementary to each other. The interpersonal relations between them can be clarified on the following grounds :

The Governor appoints the leader of the majority party / parties as the Chief Minister in the state assembly and administers the oath of secrecy of the post.
The Chief Minister gives advice to the Governor in appointing his ministers and allotment of their departments, change or acceptance of their resignation letter or to reject them.
The decision taken by any minister can be taken by the Chief Minister on the request of the Governor, for consideration in the full ministerial council.
The Chief Minister acts as the contact between the governor and the council of ministers, whereby the governor has no problem.
If a minister wants to meet the Governor, then he has to give prior information to the Chief Minister.

Question 4.
Write a note on the composition of the state legislature?
Answer:
The composition of the state legislature :
The constitutional governance has been established in the states also by the constitution. In the constitutional regime, the actual executive power of the state lies in the Council of Ministers which is responsible to the state assembly. Under Article 163, the Governor will have a Council of Ministers for taking advice in this work. The Chief Minister chooses the other ministers and then gives the names of the ministers and their departments to the Governor. On the basis of 91st constitutional amendment, it has been arranged that the number of members of the state council of ministers including the Chief Minster in the state cannot exceed 15% of the total number of members of the Legislative Assembly.

There are three types of ministers in the council of ministers :

Cabinet Ministers
State Ministers
Deputy Ministers

Sometimes, Parliamentary secretaries are also appointed. All of these must be members of the state legislature. The Chief Minister divides the work among them.

Question 5.
Write a short note on the relations between the Chief Minister and State Legislature.
Answer:
The relations between the Chief Minister and State Legislature :

The Chief Minister is the leader of the majority party in the Assembly, thus he is the leader of the house.
The Chief Minister advises the Governor to convene or prorogate a session of the state legislature.
The Chief Minister may advise the governor to dissolve the assembly even while having his majority in the assembly.
The Chief Minister announces the policies of the government in the legislature.
The majority members of the Legislative Assembly are bound to support the chief minister due to party discipline.

Question 6.
Mention the two Prominent recommendations of Ashok Mehta Committee.
Answer:
The Recommendations of Ashok Mehta Committee :
In order to study the working system of the Panchayati Raj institutions and suggest necessary changes in their current structure, the Janata party government formed the Ashok Mehta Committee in December 1977. This committee submitted its report in August 1978 and made 132 recommendations for reviving and strengthening the decadent Panchayati Raj System in the country.

Its two major recommendations are as follows :

a three-tier system can be removed and a two-tier system be adopted. Mandal Panchayat should be formed on 15,000-20,000 population and the Gram Panchayat should be terminated. The district should be considered as the first level of decentralization.
All the officers, including the District Collector, should be kept under the Zilla Parishad.

Question 7.
What are the three levels in the three-tier system of Panchayati Raj?
Answer:
The three-tier system of Panchayati Raj :
Panchayati Raj has been given a three-dimensional form in India. It has the Gram Panchayat at the village level, the Panchayat Samiti at the intermediate level and the District Council at the District level, as described below :

1. Gram Panchayat :
Gram panchayat is the smallest unit of local self-government in rural areas. Gram Panchatyat is divided into at least 9 wards. The head of the village Panchayat is called the Sarpanch who is elected directly by the voters of Panchayat area; Voters of each ward elect one Panch. Tenure of Gram Panchayat Secretary is 5 years. In the village Panchayat the post of panchayat secretary is in the form of a government representative. The main task of the village Panchayat is to implement rural development related activities in Panchayat area.

2. Panchayat Samiti :
The Panchayat Samiti is the middle level institution of Panchayat Raj System in which there are representatives elected by the public, who select the head and the sub-head of their own. As administrators, there are development officers and other employees. Its tenure is also for 5 years. Its main work is to prepare annual plans and to implement and evaluate rural development programs.

3. District Council :
It is the Supreme institution of Panchayati Raj System. Its members are elected directly. Its head is called District head. The term of the Zila Parishad is of 5 years. As for the administration, there are Chief Executives and state employees. Its main work is to maintain coordination between all the Gram Panchayats and Panchayat Samitis of the district.

Question 8.
Write any two functions of State Finance Commission.
Answer:
Under Article 243 of the constitution, the governor of each state constitutes a State Finance Commission at a gap of 5 years by which the financial status of Panchayats is viewed and recommendations are given to the Governor in respect of the measures to be taken for improvement.

Two major functions of State Finance Commission :

It provides the right to Panchayats to earn income from taxes on certain items, fees and path taxes.
Suggesting appropriate measures for financial position of Panchayats to the state government.

Question 9.
What is the provision of Article 40 of the constitution?
Answer:
Article 40 of the constitution constitutes the Panchayats and provides them with such powers to be given by the state which makes them powerful.

Power of Gram Panchayat.

Construction and maintenance of wells, reservoirs and ponds for drinking water.
Preparation of statistics of unemployment, preparation of records of Panchayats, registration of death-birth and marriage, etc.

Question 10.
Which are the three units of urban local governance?
Answer:
The three units of urban local governance are as follows :

Municipality :
Panchayat has been given the name of municipality in the town. It is set up in towns, which has die population from 10,000 to 1 lakh. Its head is called chairman.
Municipal Council :
Municipal Council is established in cities with population of one lakh to three lakh. It is divided into several wards. A councilor is directly elected by the public from each ward. The head of the Municipal Council is called chairperson.
Municipal Corporation :
Municipal Corporation is established in big cities having population of more than 3 lakh. Its head is called Mayor. Their election is done by direct or indirect method which has been prescribed by the legislature of the State Government. Their tenure is of 5 years but these elected bodies can be dissolved earlier by the motion of no confidence.

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 23 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write an essay on the state Governance.
Answer:
State administration can be clarified on the following grounds :

i. Federal control over states :
The Central Government has complete control over the state government during a crisis. Although in ordinary period, the state governments generally have full autonomy in their area yet the central government controls them to some extent. Thus, the center has considerable control over the state administration.

ii. Assigning federal work to state governments :
According to the conditions laid down in Article 258, the union can transfer some of its administrative functions to states and the state can delegate some administrative functions to the union. When the federal government delegates its administrative work to the state Governments, the federal government will bear the expenses incurred in completing these tasks.

iii. Subsidy Grant :
According to article 275, Parliament can also provide assistance and grant, to the states. Parliament can also control its expenditure by imposing certain conditions on states.

iv. Indicator of Development :
State Administration is an indicator of development administration in which the emphasis is on the all round development of the citizens. Welfare schemes are implemented for citizens.

v. Emergency :
When the President announces an emergency under article 325, then the federal government has absolute control over the states.

vi. Other base of state administration :

State administration has an independent existence in itself.
State administration is based on public participation.
Secretariat is an important pivot of state administration.
The Chief administrators of the state administration are selected from All India Services.
In the state administration, the Governor is the representative of the President.

Question 2.
Describe the working system of the state administration in the context of the relation between the Governor and the Chief Minister.
Answer:
The relationship between Governor and Chief Minister can clarified on the following grounds :

According to Article 163 of the constitution, where the head of the state executive is Governor, in reality the real head of governance is the Chief Minister.
The Governor’s first task is to appoint the Chief Minister. If a political party has a clear majority in the assembly and the majority party has chosen its leader, then the Governor appoints him as the Chief Minister.
The Chief Minister selects the ministers and gives the list to the Governor which the Governor accepts, and Governor appoints them on the basis of the list of Chief Minister.
The Governor effects dissolution of the Assembly when the Chief Minister advises him to do so.
According to the constitution, the Chief Minister mediates between the Council of Ministers and the Governor.
The Chief Minister gives the information of the cabinet’s decision to the Governor and communicates the views of the Governor to the cabinet.
The Governor acts as per the advice of the Chief Minister, including the council of ministers.

Functioning of state administration :
The most important unit of the council of ministers in the state administration is the cabinet and the cabinet takes decisions on every important matter. The Chief Minister can call the cabinet meeting whenever he wants to. These meetings are headed by the Chief Minister. There is no quorum of the meeting. The two main rules of the cabinet’s action are :

Collective liability :
In the cabinet meetings almost all decisions are taken unanimously. In the case of differences, decisions are taken on the basis of mutual consultation and this decision is considered as a joint decision of all the ministers. If a minister finds himself unable to accept it, then he has to resign.
Secrecy :
An oath of confidentiality is taken by each member of the Council of Ministers and the proceedings and decisions of the Cabinet are kept secret. If a minister violates privacy, then he has to resign.

Question 3.
What is local administration? Throw light on the prominent recommendations of the constituted committees for its reinforcement?
Answer:
Meaning of Local Administration :
Local governance refers to a rule that is related to a particular place and which is managed by the residents of that place. In other words, local governance refers to the local level institutions which are elected by the people and who are under the control of national or provincial governments, and have the rights and responsibilities to fulfill the local needs of the citizens. It also means that the local government units use the powers conferred in a limited , area, they are not sovereign.

In India, these institutions work in the limits of the law made by the state legislature and execute the obligations given, using all the powers conferred by law. According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, local government means that an internally restricted and a decision-making body which makes local-level plans of development of people, and implements them in small area rather than the full state.

According to Carl J. Fredrik :
Self government is an administrative system of local society, regulated by the rules of administration in such a way that it represents the government’s power at that time, while it is locally active.

According to F. Golding :
‘It is a settlement of people’s own affairs by themselves.

Several committees have been constituted to strengthen local governance, whose recommendations are as follows :
1. Recommendations of Balwant Rai Mehta Committee (1957) :

Three-tier panchayati Raj should be established which is as follows : The Gram Panchayat at village level, Panchayat Samiti at Block level and Zilla Parishad at District level. These should be interconnected by indirect elections.
Gram Panchayat should be established through directly elected representatives, whereas Panchayat Samiti and Zilla Parishad should be formed indirectly by elected members.
The District Officer should be made the head of Zilla Parishad.

2. Recommendations of Ashok Mehta Committee (1997) :

Two-stage Panchayati Raj System should be adopted. Mandal Panchayats to be formed in place of Gram Panchayat.
Organizations can be elected on a party basis.
All the officers, including the District collector, should be kept under the Zilla Parishad.
The role of NGOs should be increased in the Panchayati Raj System.
Reservation should be given to Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and women of the society in Panchayati Raj Department.

3. Recommendations of G.V.K. Rao Committee (1985) :

More financial powers should be provided to the Village Panchayats.
State Finance Commission to be constituted.
Tenure of institutions should be increased from 5 years to 8 years.
The post of District Development Commissioner should be created and he should be in-charge of the development work of the district.

4. Recommendations of L.M. Singhvi Committee (1986) :

Panchayati Raj instituion should be given constitutional status and protection should be given to them.
Villages to be reorganized to make Village Panchayats more practical.
Gram Panchayat should be made more financially strong and judicial agencies can be established to resolve any disputes arising out of the elections, disintegration and the functions of these institutions.

5. Recommendation of P.K. Thungan Committee (1988) :
This committee recommends Panchayati Raj institutions to get constitutional status.

Question 4.
What is the three-tier level system of the Panchayati Raj? Explain in detail.
Answer:
Three-tier form of Panchayat Raj :
1. Gram Panchayat :
Gram Panchayat is the smallest unit of local self-government in rural areas. Gram Panchayat is divided into at least 9 wards. The head of the Village Panchayat is called the Sarpanch. The election of the Sarpanch is done by the voters of the entire Panchayat area directly by the secret ballot system. Election of the panch is done by respective ward voters directly. The deputy Sarpanch is elected by the Panch. Panchayat elections are conducted by state election commission.

In each village Panchayat area, a certain proportion of population is reserved for SC, ST and other Backward classes, as well as, the reserved seats are determined on lottery system. Panchayat secretary is the official representative in the Gram Panchayat. The tenure is of 5 years. A meeting must be convened at least once in 15 days. Sarpanch presides over the meeting of the Panchayat and in his absence the Deputy Sarpanch gets work done by the Gram Panchayat.

The main functions of the Gram Panchayat are :

Making annual budgets and plans.
Administrative work.
Developmental work.
Function related to Animal Husbandry and Dairy Development.
Promotion of Khadi and cottage industries.
Arrangement of water, lighting, roads, education, healthcare, etc.

2. Panchayat Committee :
Intermediate level of Panchayati Raj structure is called Panchayat Samiti. There are about 15 representatives elected by the public in the Panchayat Samiti. In addition to elected representatives, there are Sarpanchs of panchayats under the block in the Panchayat Samiti. They can vote in all other meetings except for the election of the vice President and the no-confidence motion. The elected members of the Panchayat Samiti elect the head and the Deputy Chief of their own.

In case of accidental post vacancy, the head and sub-head are re-elected again. Panchayat Samiti also has reservation for SC, ST, OBC and women. All these reserved places are allocated alternately by rotation. The term of Panchayat Samiti is of 5 years. In the Panchayat Samiti, there is the post of development officer in the form of administrator. Development officer co-ordinates the work of the employees.

The main functions of Panchayat Samiti are :

Preparing annual plans, considering the plans of village Panchayats, preparing annual budget, etc.
Work related to minor irrigation and water management.
Agriculture production and extension related work.
Poverty alleviation related work.
Animal Husbandry, Dairy, poultry and fisheries related work.
Primary education related work.
Other functions : Promotion of khadi and cottage industries, drinking water arrangements, health and family welfare related work.

3. Zilla Parishad :
In the Panchayati Raj System, the district level institution is Zilla Parishad. It is formed by four types of members :

Directs elected representatives from regional constituencies.
Member of Lok Sabha and legislative Assembly of District Council area
All the Rajya Sabha members registered as nominees in the District Council Area.
Heads of all Panchayat Committees of Zilla Parishad area

The first type of members elect the District Head and the Deputy District Chief from among themselves. They only have the right to remove them by no-confidence motion. Other types of members can also vote in other tasks. District Head and Deputy District Head of the District council are representatives of the public. Apart form this, there is a chief administrative officer, to see the construction work, an assistant engineer and other employees.

District council meeting and other activities are concluded under the chairmanship of the District head. He controls all the officers and employees. In the Zilla Parishad, reservation has been given for SC, ST, OBC and women as per rules and rotation. The term of the Zilla Parishad is of 5 years and after dissolving it prematurely it is necessary to re-constitute it within 6 months which remains for the remaining tenure. If the term that remains is less than 6 months then elections cannot be held.

Main Functions of Zilla Parishad :

Maintaining co-ordination between all the Gram Panchayats and Panchayat Samitis of the district.
Distribution of grants given by the state government to Panchayat Samitis.
Working for agricultural development and economic, social development.
Working for village planning, public health and education system.
To create special programs for areas of natural disasters.

Question 5.
What are the prominent functions of the Panchayati Raj System according to the 11th schedule of the constitution?
Answer:
The prominent functions of the Panchayati Raj System according to the 11th schedule
of the constitution are :

Agriculture, in which agricultural extension is included.
Land development to implement land reforms, land organization and land conservation.
Minor irrigation, water management and land development between rivers.
Livestock, dairy business, poultry farming.
Development of fisheries.
Forest life and forestry.
Minor forest produce.
Small-scale industry which includes food processing industry.
Khadi, village and cottage industries.
Village development.
Fuel and fodder.
Drinking water.
Road, bridge, river coast, water route and other means of communication.
Rural electricity and electricity division.
Non-conventional energy sources.
Poverty eradication programmes.
Education-schools of Primary and secondary education.
Technical training and vocational education.
Adult and informal education.
Library and reading room.
Fairs and market.
Cultural activities.
Health and related institutions : Hospitals, primary health centers, etc.
Women and child development.
Social welfare, especially the mentally retarted and illuminated welfare.
Welfare and prosperity related functions of the weaker sections of society, especially SC, ST.
Public Distribution System.
Supervision of public property.

Question 6.
Which functions are performed by the local administration in our cities ? Explain.
Answer:
The local administration of the cities works through three types of institutions :Nagar palika, Nagar Parishad and Municipal corporation, whose details are as follows :

Arranging drinking water.
Disposing of garbage.
Keeping the town clean.
Removing illness in the city and managing treatment.
Repairing and construction of roads .
Provision of lighting, i.e., electricity.
Registration of birth and death and issuance of certificates’.
Prevent encroachments.
Water drainage after rain fall in raining days.
Building Public Toilets.
Establishment of adult education centers.
Construction and arrangement, parks, museums and statues.
Providing proper arrangement of parking spaces.
Creating policies to overcome urban poverty.
Managing the stay animal shelters.
Managing slaughterhouses and leather industries.
Arranging cemeteries and cremating grounds.
Construction of reading room and library.
Management of urban and forestry environmental protection and ecosystem.
Providing proper arrangements in dirty and slum areas.
Land use regulation and construction of buildings.
Providing fire services to the citizens.

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 23 Other Important Questions

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 23 Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
The Governor is appointed :
(a) By President
(b) By Prime Minister
(c) By Legislature
(d) By public
Answer:
(a) By President

Question 2.
The Governor is fully responsible :
(a) To the Parliament
(b) To the President
(c) To the Public
(d) To the Prime Minister
Answer:
(b) To the President

Question 3.
Minimum age for appointment as Governor :
(a) 25 years
(b) 30 years
(c) 35 years
(d) 45 years
Answer:
(c) 35 years

Question 4.
appoints the Chief Minister of the state.
(a) President
(b) Prime Minister
(c) Judge
(d) Governor
Answer:
(d) Governor

Question 5.
The Chief Minister of the state is:
(a) Leader of the majority party / Parties in the Legislative Assembly.
(b) Member of the Assembly
(c) Member of the Legislative Council
(d) Head of the Legislature
Answer:
(a) Leader of the majority party / Parties in the Legislative Assembly.

Question 6.
The Chief Agent and coordinator of the Public Decentralized structure is :
(a) District Head
(b) Parliament
(c) Public
(d) President
Answer:
(a) District Head

Question 7.
How many Anglo-Indian members can be nominated by the Governor in the Legislative Assembly?
(a) 5
(b) 3
(c) 1
(d) 2
Answer:
(c) 1

Question 8.
The Governor appoints District judges in consultation with whom?
(a) District Court
(b) Regional Court
(c) Supreme Court
(d) High Court
Answer:
(d) High Court

Question 9.
According to which article is the governor an integral part of the legislature?
(a) Article 168
(b) Article 169
(c) Article 170
(d) Article 171
Answer:
(a) Article 168

Question 10.
Which Bill cannot be introduced in the Assembly without the approval of the Governor?
(a) General Bill
(b) Money Bill
(c) Both of these
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Money Bill

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 23 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the main responsibility of the district administration?
Answer:
The main responsibility of the district administration is to maintain law and order, collect revenue and implement development works.

Question 2.
Who is the leader of the Council of Ministers.
Answer:
The Chief Minister is the leader of the Council of Ministers.

Question 3.
Who appoints of the state election officer?
Answer:
The Governor.

Question 4.
Mention any two powers of the Governor.
Answer:

The Governor appoints the Chief Minister.
Prepares the details of each financial year and presents it in the assembly.

Question 5.
Who appoints district judges?
Answer:
The Governor.

Question 6.
Who presides over the meetings of the State Council of Ministers?
Answer:
The Chief Minister.

Question 7.
Who constitutes the Finance Commission in the state?
Answer:
The Governor constitutes the Finance Commission in the state?

Question 8.
From where does the local self-government organization get their grant?
Answer:
These organizations get their grant from the state government.

Question 9.
By what name is the head of the Zilla Parishad known?
Answer:
By the name of the District Head.

Question 10.
Name the village level institution of Panchayati Raj.
Answer:
Village Panchayat.

Question 11.
Name the Block level institution of Panchayati Raj.
Answer:
Panchayat Committee.

Question 12.
Name the District level institution of Panchayati Raj.
Answer:
Zila Parishad (District council).

Question 13.
By which name is the head of Gram Panchayat know?
Answer:
By the name of the Sarpanch.

Question 14.
The elected officer of the Panchayat Committee is know as by which name?
Answer:
Pradhan.

Question 15.
Which committee made the recommendation to implement the three-tier Panchayati Raj Syatem?
Answer:
Balwant Rai Mehta Committee.

Question 16.
Name the two committees formed for the improvement of Panchayati Raj System?
Answer:

Ashok Mehta Committee (1977)
G.V.K. Rao Committee (1985).

Question 17.
What name is Head of Municipal Corporation known by?
Answer:
The Head of Municipal Corporation is known as Mayor.

Question 18.
The authority for making laws to the municipal bodies is given under which schedule?
Answer:
The authority for making laws to the municipal bodies is given under 12th schedule.

Question 19.
How many types of works have been given to Panchayats in the Eleventh Schedule of the Constitution?
Answer:
29 types of works have been given to Panchayats in the Eleventh Schedule of the Constitution.

Question 20.
Which commission is formed after every 5 years to review the financial condition of Panchayati Raj Institutions?
Answer:
Finance Commission.

Question 21.
The ideal form of Panchayati Raj Government System in India can be seen in which dynasty’s reign?
Answer:
During Chola dynasty’s reign.

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 23 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the key features of the state administration?
Answer:
The key features of the state administration :
The key features of the state administration are as follows :

Independent status of state administration.
Lack of separate constitution.
Under the central administration in an emergency.
Dependence on the center
Based on public participation
The state administration signifies development administration.
Secretariat is the point of the state administration.
Selecting all major administrators from all India services.
Local administration under state administration.
The Governor is the representative of the President in the state.

Question 2.
Describe the appointment of the Governor and the qualifications required for this position.
Answer:
The Appointment of the Governor :
The Governor is appointed by the President.
Qualifications :
According to Article 157 of the constitution, a person should have the following qualification for the post of Governor :

He must be a citizen of India.
He should have completed 35 years of of age.
He should not be a member of Parliament or a house of legislature of any state
He does not hold any post of profits.

Question 3.
Describe the executive powers of the Governor.
Answer:
The Executive, powers of the Governor :
The Executive powers of the Governor are as follows :

The Governor appoints the Chief Minister and also appoints other ministers in consultation with him.
Distribution of the departments between ministers is done by the Governor in consultation with the Chief Minister.
The governor has the right to make rules for the state government to operate smoothly arid to distribute the functions of ministers.
Regarding administration, the governor can get information from the Chief Minister and
he may demand a personal decision taken by a minister for consideration in the entire cabinet.
The Governor administers oath to the council of members to duties of the post and secrecy.
The Governor appoints the Vice chancellors, Advocate General, Chairman of state public service commission and other members of all the universities of the state.
The Governor advises the President in relation to the appointment of the High Court judges of the state and appoints district judges in consultation with the High Court.
The Governor of the state has the right to reduce, suspend, change the penal sentences for the crimes committed against the people under the executive jurisdiction of the state.
The Governor can nominate an Anglo-Indian member to the state legislative assembly if he understands that they are not adequately represented in the legislative Assembly.
The governor can nominate 1/6 members to the Legislative Council, who have made special contribution in the field of education, literature, social service, science, art, etc.

Question 4.
Write the legislative rights of the Governor.
Answer:
The legislative rights of the governor are as follows :

The governor is an integral part of the state legislature. He has the right to convene the
session of the two houses of the legislature and dissolve the Legislative Assembly.
After the general elections, he addresses the first meeting of the Legislature.
The Governor can send a message for the consideration of the Legislature.
The Governor van issue ordinance during the prorogation of the Legislature. Ordinance may continue upto 6 weeks after the legislature’s session is restarted. If the Legislature accepts the ordinance, then if takes on the nature of the Act, otherwise it is abrogated.
If the Legislature passes the general bill with revision or without modification, then the governor will have to give his approval.
When a bill goes to the governor for acceptance, the Governor has the right to accept it or reject it or to keep it for the President’s approval.

Question 5.
Write the Judicial Powers of the Governor.
Answer:
The Judicial Powers of the Governor :
The judicial powers of the Governor are as follows :

According to the Article 161 of the constitution, the subjects on which the executive power of the state extends, the governor can reduce, postpone, change or pardon the penalties of those who commit crimes against any of those subjects.
The Governor advises the President in the appointment of Chief justice of the High Court of his state.
The Governor appoints the District Judges of his state.
Due to any blame on the Governor, he cannot be prosecuted by any court of law.

Question 6.
Write any four functions of the Chief Minister.
Answer:
Functions of Chief Minister :
Following are the four main functions of the Chief Minister:

The Chief Minister gives advice to the Governor in appointing his ministers and allotment of their departments, change or acceptance of their resignation or not.
The Chief Minister presides over all the meetings of the Council of Ministers and ensures that the Council of Ministers will work on the principle of collective responsibility.
The Chief minister informs the Governor about the decisions taken by the cabinet regarding the state’s administration and legislative proposals from time to time.
The Chief minister advises the Governor on the appointment of Advocate-General, members of State Public Service Commission and other important appointments.

Question 7.
What is the need of local self-government?
Answer:
Local self-government is a government body created by the Central Government and the state government in accordance with the act. It consists of elected representatives by the people in the village or town, who follow their responsibilities for public welfare in the area of their jurisdiction.

The locals who have problem in the village or the city are aware of it, they can understand and solve the problems there. Many works in the village or town are necessary for the people. The residents of the same place can do it, like autonomous institutions like construction of drains, construction of lanes, public toilets and sanitation are extremely important.

Question 8.
Describe the two forms of local self-government prevalent in India.
Answer:
The two forms of local self-government prevalent in India : There are two forms which are as follows :

Rural local self-government :
It has the responsibility of fulfilling the local needs of the residents of rural areas. Gram Panchayats, Panchayat Samiti, Zilla Parishad are the main institutions of local self-government working in rural areas.
Urban local self-government :
Under the urban local self-government, the responsibility of fulfilling the local needs of the people living in urban areas is of urban local governance. Nagar Palika, Nagar Parishad, Municipal Corporations, Cantonment Boards, Town Area Committees, Notified Area Committee, etc. are the major institutions of local governance working in the urban areas.

Question 9.
Tell us about any of the three steps taken from time to time to strengthen Panchayati Raj System in India.
Answer:
The three major steps takes by the Government of India to strengthen the Panchayati Raj System are following :

In 1957, the Government of India constituted the Balwant Rai Mehta Committee on Panchayati Raj institution and‘on the basis of its recommendation, the three-tier Panchayats Raj System was inaugurated on October 2, 1959 in Nagaur.
In 1986, the L.M. Singhvi Committee emphasized on constitutional recognition of Panchayati Raj institutions.
73rd Constitutional Amendment Bill was passed in 1992 to give Panchayati Raj institutions constitutional status in the country and removal of the defects experienced in Panchayati Raj System. This has been implemented since April 24, 1993.

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 23 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Highlight the powers and authority of the Governor.
Answer:
The Powers and Authority of the Governor :

i. Executive Related Power :
According to Article 154 of the constitution, all executive powers of the state are vested with the Governor, which he uses himself or with the help of subordinate officers. He appoints the Chief Minister and other ministers on his consultation. He appoints the Advocate General and the Chairman and members of the State Public Service Commission. In relation to the appointment of High Court judges, the President consults the respective state Governor.

The Executive powers of the Governor are detailed to the subjects mentioned in the state list. Regarding the work of the state Government, he makes rules. He divides works between the ministers. He has the right to get information regarding all subjects related to the governance from the Chief Minister. He can ask the Chief Minister to keep any minister’s personal decision for consideration before the cabinet. The Governor administers oath of office and secrecy to the members of the Council of Ministers. He accepts their resignation letter and also releases them from charge on advise of the Chief Minister.

ii. Legislative powers :
The governor is an integral part of the state’s legislature and he has got important powers in the legislature. He calls and suspends session of the legislature, and addresses the lower House/Legislative Assembly of the legislature. The governor’s approval is required on the bill passed by the state Assembly. He can reject the bill or return it to the legislature for reconsideration. If the legislature passes the bill second time then the governor will have to approve it. He can keep safe some bills for the President’s consideration.

The governor can issue an ordinance which will be recognized as similar to the Act passed by the state legislature. The governor nominates 1/6 members of the legislative Council from such people who have special and practical knowledge in the fields of literature, arts, science, cooperative movement and social service. If he thinks that the Anglo-Indian community has not received proper representation in the Assembly, then he can nominate one member of this class.

iii. Financial powers :
The Governor also receives some financial powers. No money bill can be submitted without the prior approval of the Governor in the state assembly. He presents the budget every year before the legislature and no grants can be demanded without his permission. The consolidated fund of the state lies in the authority of the Governor.

iv. Judicial Powers :
According to Article 161, the governor may reduce the punishment of those who commit crimes against state. He advises the President in the appointment of Chief Justice of the High Court of his state. He appoints district Judges. He cannot be prosecuted by any Court of law due to any defect.

v. Other Powers :
The Governor gives information to the President about the failure of the constitutional system in the state and the President’s rule is enforced on his information.

Question 2.
Describe the functions and powers of the Chief Minister.
Answer:
The Functions and Powers of the Chief Minister :
The functions and powers of the Chief Minister are as follows

Real head of the Government :
Chief Minister is the real head of the government. He advises the Governor to appoint his ministers, to distribute or change the department of the ministers and accept or reject their resignations.
Chairmanship of the Council of Ministers :
The Chief Minister presides over all the meetings of the Council of Ministers and ensures that the Council of Ministers will work on the principle of collective responsibility.
To inform the Governor about decisions of the cabinet :
He informs the governor from time to time about decisions taken by the cabinet regarding the state’s administration and legislation proposals.
Reconcile the entire administration :
He also oversees the functions of departments of the ministers under his supervision and removes differences between the ministers and reconciles the entire administration.
Providing leadership to the work of the legislature :
The Chief Minister gives leadership in the functioning of the legislature. All government bills are prepared in accordance with his inspection and advice. He prepares the time division and program format and decides the time of governmental and personal work.
Contact between the Governor and the Council of Ministers :
He acts as a contact between the Governor and the Council of Ministers.
Chief Spokesperson of the Government :
The Chief Minister is the chief spokesperson of the government in the state legislature. The official announcements related to the government policy come only in the jurisdiction of the Chief minister.
Advising the Governor :
The chief minister gives advice to the Governor regarding the appointment of Advocate General, the members of the State Public Service Commission and other important appointments in the state.
Contact between the legislative Assembly and the legislative council :
The Chief Minister also acts as a contact between the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council. He advices the governor about when the session of the state legislature should be summoned or dissolved or postponed.

Question 3.
Describe the importance and utilities of local self government
Answer:
Local self-government is important and useful for the success of democracy in the following ways :

The cornerstone of democracy :
In order to establish the relationship of the people to the government in the governance system, for this at the grassroots level, i.e, at the local level, the people get the opportunity to participate in governance. There are daily life and general living problems at the local level which have to be tried to be solved on the basis of local self-government.
School of democracy :
Citizens get an opportunity to practise the democratic process in the local self-government. Local self-government is considered as a school of democracy.
Political Training :
In local self- governing bodies by representation of the public, the people not only get political training but administrative training is also received. After working for a local unit for 5 years, when he arrives in the assembly or parliament, he will definitely benefit from his training experience and serve the people properly.
Reduction in workload of central and state Governments :
The tasks which are entrusted to the responsibility of local self-government, are settled on the same level. Its load does not fall on the state or central government.
Dynamic Development :
Local self- government units have significant contribution in implementing development plans in a dynamic way.
Local problems :
Local problems can be seen only by local bodies and they can be solved right here.
Savings in administrative expenditure :
Administrative spending is very low in local self-governing units, so the expenditure is saved.
Comprehensive approach :
The methodology of local autonomous bodies is based on a broader perspective. Through these institutions, regional representatives can work in cleaning, construction and education activities in their area, under their care.
Civil Qualities :
Knowledge and qualities of brotherhood, cooperation, cleanliness and co-ordination, etc. are obtained only by local bodies.
Other utilities :
1. In the state level and central level, the public has to suffer from bureaucratic delays and through local self-governance, the people get freedom from this.
2. All works of local bodies are based on emotions. Schemes run by the government for cleanliness, dirt, and pollution, farmer’s welfare and for the people of the weaker and downtrodden sections, often implemented through local bodies.

Question 4.
Discuss the power and function of the Council of Ministers.
Answer:
The executive power of the state lies in the Council of Ministers. The powers and functions of the Council of Ministers can be mentioned as follows :

Setting a rule of governance :
The most important task of the Council of Ministers is to determine the rule of governance. Whether it is a home department or education, the policy of all the departments is determined by the Council of Ministers.
Prepare a Budget:
Prior to presenting the state’s annual financial budget publicly, the Finance Minister presents it in the Legislative Assembly. This budget is presented only in the Legislative Assembly. This budget is prepared only on the basis of the policy fixed by the Council of Ministers. The Council of Ministers is responsible for passing the budget.
Representation in the Legislature :
The Council of ministers represents the executive in the legislature meetings. The ministers answer the questions and criticism of the members by appearing in the Legislature and Council of Ministers supports the policy of governance.
Council to the Governor regarding appointment to higher posts :
According to the Constitution, the Governor appoints the Advocate General, Chairman of the state public service commission and other members. In practice, these appointments are done by the governor only on the basis of the consultation of the Council of Ministers. Only the Council of Ministers gives advice to the President about the appointment of judges in the High court.
Scheduling of programme of law making :
The Council of Ministers plays an important role in the field of legislation. The Council of Ministers frames the laws with the consent of the Legislature.