RBSE Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 27 Politics of Alliance

Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 27 Politics of Alliance

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 27 Text book Questions

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 27 Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
In the first three general elections, which party got majority?
(a) B J.P.
(b) Indian National Congress
(c) Indian Communist Party
(d) Samajvadi Party
Answer:
(b) Indian National Congress

Question 2.
After which general election did alliance politics start?
(a) 1967
(b) 1977
(c) 1980
(d) 1971
Answer:
(b) 1977

Question 3.
Janata Party was formed in :
(a) 1980
(b) 1990
(c) 2000
(d) 1977
Answer:
(d) 1977

Question 4.
The government of Dr. Manmohan Singh alliance was named :
(a) The left
(b) NDA
(c) UPA
(d) National alliance
Answer:
(c) UPA

Question 5.
From the political parties view, the party system in India is :
(a) Two party
(b) Non party
(c) Multi party
(d) One party
Answer:
(c) Multi party

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 27 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who has been the Prime Minister of UPA alliance.
Answer:
Dr. Manmohan Singh.

Question 2.
What was contemporary main cause of Janata Party’s division?
Answer:
Double subscription issue.

Question 3.
Which is the chief political party of UPA alliance?
Answer:
Congress Party.

Question 4.
At present, which alliance is in power?
Answer:
National Democratic Alliance.

Question 5.
In 16th Lok Sabha election which party got clear majority?
Answer:
Bhartiya Janata Party.

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 27 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which alliances are there at present in Indian political system? What are the main parties in them?
Answer:
Three main streams or alliances are there at present:

• National Democratic Alliance :
  BJP and 13 others included in alliance, including Akali Dal, Shiv Sena, Lokjan Shakti Party, Telegu Desam, ILSP and P.M.K.
• UPA :
  Congress party is main in it. With it the other political parties are Rastriya Congress Dal, Rashtriya Janta Dal, J.M.M. and Kerala Congress etc.
• Left political parties :
  The Third alliance is of left parties whose region was in West Bengal and Kerala. At present its rule in West Bengal is no more.
• Other Political Parties :
  These are the parties which are not included in these three alliances, such as Anna Dramuk, Trinmul Congress, Biju Janata Dal, Janata Dal (United), Aam Admi Party, Janta Dal Secular, etc.

Question 2.
The alliance politics is dangerous to the stability of government How?
Answer:
The politics of alliance is dangerous for the stability of government. This can be clarified through following facts :

1. Due to alliance government in politics, tendency of ‘Aya Ram Gaya Ram’ is seen, which has a danger for the stability of the government.
2. In Indian politics, alliances are based on leaders instead of political theories and principles. Consequently due to lack of proper base, there always remains a danger to government’s stability.
3. For political advantage, political parties of dissimilar ideology enter in alliance. After elections, these constituent parties adopt a different working style and thus, arises intra-party and intra-alliance strife. The bases of alliance are not ideological but only to get power or to stop someone’s entry in power. Thus, it is a danger for government’s stability.

Question 3.
Was the government of Janata Party a government of alliance?
Answer:
Yes, the government of Janta Party formed in 1977 was an alliance government because five parties were included in janta Party, who made a government under the leadership of Moraiji Desai. This government behaved like an alliance government. In a short while, Janata Party broke on the issue of dual membership and the government declined.

Question 4.
Write any two advantages of alliance politics.
Answer:
Advantages of alliance politics :

• The government does not become autocratic :
  The Prime Minister has no such power on alliance cabinet as he has on single party. The cabinet has to work on minimum common programme and cabinet cannot work according to a single agenda. Policy and principles of all parties included in alliance have to be kept in mind.
• Avoiding extremist view point :
  By affiance, there can be no politics of extremist outlook. The government of a single party can try to impose its view points. In alliance any part cannot impose its policies and principles because other parties included in affiance can oppose this.

Question 5.
Describe three characteristics of Indian alliance politics.
Answer:
Following are the three characteristics of Indian affiance politics :

• Single party remains chief in alliance :
  Whatever alliances are made in Indian politics, one party remains main in them. The effect of allies depends on the number of MPs of main party and those of allies. If a coalition partner separates from ruling coalition even then there is no effect on coalition.
• Defection Trend :
  Due to coalition government the tendency of ‘Aaya Ram Gaya Ram’ is seen in Indian politics. This causes danger to stability of government.
• Politics of Pressure :
  The political parties included in coalition apply pressure on P.M. for their political interests. For example, Trinmul leader Mamta Banneiji compelled U.P.A. government to change the railway minister and to take back the increased railway fare.

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 27 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the negative effects of alliance politics on Indian politics.
Answer:
Negataive effects of coalition politics on Indian politics :

• Weak Government :
  Coalition government is weak. It is incapable to take tough decisions, whether they are related to foreign issues or internal issues.
• Government’s incapability to work on clear policy :
  In coalition, political parties of different ideologies and principles are included. All parties want to impose their own agenda on government policies. Consequently, the government cannot decide upon a clear policy and this affects government’s work.
• Lack of stability in government :
  Lack of stability is found in alliance government. The parties included in coalition apply force for the fulfilment of this interests.
• Effect of local parties in coalition :
  These parties have an increased effect on coalition who give priority to regional interests instead of national interests. This is harmful for the country’s security and progress.
• Harm to National Unity :
  In coalition, due to increasing influence of local parties, they apply pressure to address interests. P.M. is also compelled to do so for the stability of the government, and consequently, dilution is seen in national integration.
• Lack of strong foreign policy :
  In coalition government, in case of foreign policy, country’s position remains weak. P.M. remains under pressure of allies. He has to consult allies for foreign agreements. This, in turn, weakens the country’s position on international platforms.
• Limited role of P.M. :
  In coalition government, P.M. has no effective control on the members of his own party and others. The ministers of the government follow their own party’s directions. P.M., due to his weak position, remains in an indecisive position.

Other negative effects :

1. Lack of coordination between various ministries and departments.
2. Due to coalition, the formation of small political parties gets encouragement. Formation of more political parties is a hindrance in formation of stable government.
3. P.M. has no effective control on the members of his own party and others.

Question 2.
Analyse the positive effect of coalition government
Answer:
Positive effects :

• Public Support :
  Instead of council of a party, the council of coalition supports the opinion of the Council of Ministers. The higher the number of parties involved in the coalition, the equalization of the people gets the support of the government.
• Avoiding Extremist View Point :
  The politics of coalition can prevent extremist ideologies, as any of the constituent parties can try to block its approach. No party in coalition can impose only its policy and principles because other parties in the coalition can oppose this.
• Creating Strong Opposition :
  One benefit of coalition politics is also that one political party cannot resist such a strong opposition of the ruling party which can be done by alliances of several parties. When UPA was the coalition government then the NDA coalition was effectively able to oppose of the government.
• Governance is not autocratic :
  The Prime Minister does not dominate the coalition council as powerfully as when one party is in the government. The council of Minister has to work on the basis of a minimum common programme. The council of Ministers cannot work arbitrarily. The Prime Minister has to keep in mind the principles of the policies of all the parties involved in the coalition.
• The contribution of qualified people of the country :
  In a single-party government, people from the same party hold all portfolios, there is no contribution from the people of the other parties. In the event of coalition, the eligible people of all the parties involved in the coalition are taken in the council of Ministers. The advantage of the contribution of the senior and qualified people of all the parties is received by the country. By an increased scope of the formation of the council of Ministers, the more qualified people join the council of Minister.

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 27 Other important Questions

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 27 Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
India’s Representative House is:
(a) Lok Sabha
(b) Rajya Sabha
(c) Assembly
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Lok Sabha

Question 2.
Indian Coalition’s main characteristic of politics is:
(a) Primacy of one party
(b) Ideology of equality
(c) Defection trend
(d) All the above
Answer:
(a) Primacy of one party

Question 3.
Which of the following is not the advantage of coalition politics:
(a) Governance is not autocratic
(b) Mass public support
(c) Formation of temporary Governments
(d) Creating Strong Opposition
Answer:
(c) Formation of temporary Governments

Question 4.
The coalition politics is disadvantageous because of:
(a) Weak governance
(b) Damage to national unity
(c) Weak foreign policy
(d) All the above
Answer:
(d) All the above

Question 5.
How many main streams of political parties are there in India?
(a) 4
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 5
Answer:
(c) 3

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 27 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the mixed government?
Answer:
A government in which at least two parties are included.

Question 2.
After the fall of Moraiji Desai’s government, who made the government by external support of Congress?
Answer:
Chaudhary Charan Singh.

Question 3.
When was N.D.A. formed?
Answer:
No one got majority in 12th Lok Sabha, N.D.A. was formed in the leadership of B J.P.

Question 4.
Which incident is called the black chapter of Indian democracy?
Answer:
Fall of N.D.A. government in April 1999 by just one vote.

Question 5.
Why is falling by just one note of N.D.A. government in April 1999 called black chapter of Indian democracy?
Answer:
Because without any alternative, the opposition has dropped the government, but could not form the government itself due to lack of harmony.

Question 6.
Who formed the government after 13th Lok Sabha election?
Answer:
Coalition government was formed under the leadership of B J.P. leader Late Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee.

Question 7.
Who was the P.M. of N.D.A.?
Answer:
Late Shri Atal Bihar Vajpai.

Question 8.
Who was the leader of Congress party in the election of 14th Lok Sabha?
Answer:
Man Mohan Singh.

Question 9.
The representatives of which parties are included in Modi’s Cabinet?
Answer:
The representative are from Shiv Sena, Telegu Desam, Akali Dal, Lokjan Shakti Party, etc.

Question 10.
How many seats did BJP get in 14th Lok Sabha election?
Answer:
BJP got 282 seats.

Question 11.
Write two characteristics of Indian Coalition politics?
Answer:

1. Lack of stability
2. Defection tendency

Question 12.
At present in Indian politics which alliances are important?
Answer:

1. NDA
2. UPA

Question 13.
Name the political alliance formed against Congress in 1977, on a prohibitive basis?
Answer:
Janata Party

Question 14.
What do you mean by defection?
Answer:
When a public representative fights election taking election symbol of a particular party, and wins, and for his selfishness or by other reason joins another party, this is called defection.

Question 15.
What has become a permanent element of Indian politics?
Answer:
Alliance Politics.

Question 16.
Write two advantages of alliance politics.
Answer:

1. Wide public support
2. Freedom from extremist outlook

Question 17.
Write two disadvantages of alliance politics.
Answer:

1. Formation of temporary government
2. Loss of national unity.

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 27 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you understand by politics of alliance?
Answer:
Politics of Alliance :
In Lok Sabha or State legislature elections, many times a party does not get a clear majority, whereas to run the government, majority is needed in these institutions.

So some parties make their alliance and set joint programms by mutual talks because principles differ from party to party. The alliance parties set the programmes, accepted by all, in which there is no opposition in included parties. In opposition, some parties together make an alliance. This kind of alliance may be formed before elections. Thus, in such politics before or after election, there will be mutual consent in the formation of government or any other matter in the parties and they run the government according to an approved control. This is called politics of alliance.

Question 2.
Clarify the symptoms of mixed government
Or
Describe the chief qualities of alliance government
Answer:
Following are the qualities :

1. In such government there are two or more parties.
2. The participants are able to adopt the coalition politics to achieve something. The goal can be to achieve in an essence form or in a psychological form.
3. Alliance is a temporary management.
4. The formation of such government is based on agreement. There is no room for hard and dogmatic politics; that is, the mixed government is based on realism.
5. Each main participant party of alliance tends to increase its political power and wishes to get power all alone.

Question 3.
Describe NDA’s position after the election of 16th Lok Sabha.
Answer:
NDA’s Position :
16th Lok Sabha elections were held in 2014. In this election NDA got majority. In this alliance BJP and other political parties such as:Akali Dal, Shiv Sena, Lokjan Shakti Party, Telegu Desam and such 13 parties are included. The particulars of the seats of these parties are as follows: BJP-282, Shiv Sena-18, Telegu Desam-16, NPF-01, Lokjan Shakti Party-06, SWP-01, Akali Dal-04, NINRC-01, ILSP-03, NPP-01, AD-02, PMK-01. Thus, this alliance got 336 seats in Lok Sabha.

Question 4.
Describe UPA’s position after Lok Sabha election.
Answer:
UPA’s Position :
16th Lok Sabha election were held in 2014. In this election UPA had to face defeat. In this alliance Congress is the main party while some other parties are also there. In present Lok Sabha, this alliance got 59 seats which are as follows:Congress 44, JMM 02, Rashtriya Congress-06, IUML-02, Rasthriya Janata Dal-04, Kerala Congress (M)-01.

Question 5.
In Indian politics, alliances are based on leaders instead of parties and principles. Clarify the statement
Answer:
This can be understood through following examples :

1. Samta Party which considered Jai Prakash Narayan its ideal and believed his ideology made an alliance with BJP instead of Rashtriya Janata Dal. But after a few days, Samta Party broke its alliance from BJP.
2. In 1997, after giving support to H.D. Devegowda, Congress put a condition on the basis of changing P.M. and then after 10 months in April 1997, Indra Kumar Gujral was elected as a P.M., Congress gave its support again.
3. In Bihar, Lalu’s inclusion in alliance of Samta Party Supported Rashtriyajanta Dal and in UP’s elections support was given to Mulayam Singh’s Samajwadi Party which were opposite to each other.

Question 6.
Clarify the tendency of ‘Aaya Ram Gaya Ram’ in Indian politics.
Answer:
Tendency of ‘Aaya Ram Gaya Ram’ in Indian politics :
This word is chiefly associated with defection. The proverb of‘Aaya Ram Gaya Ram’ is included in political dictionary from the leaders, M.P’s and MLA’s who quickly leave party and join second or third party. Many jokes and cartoons are made on this word. This proverb declares the concept of political defection. Its meaning is when any public representative fights election with a election mark of a party and wins a election, and for own interest or other reason, leaves the party and joins other party. This is called defection. This incident happened in 1967. In 1967, the incident was associated with a MLA of Haryana who become an MIA in 1967’s election, on Congress ticket. He set a world record by changing his party three times in 15 days’ period.

Question 7.
Describe the cause of forming alliance government in India.
Answer:
Cause :
India is a country full of diversities. People of different classes, religions, cultures and castes live here. On the basis of their interests, hundreds of political parties are formed here. To get power. 20 to 40 political parties are joining alliance. When no party gets clear majority in Lok Sabha or state legislative elections, government cannot be formed. Because without majority formation and conduction of parliamentary rule is not possible, so to get majority, it has become a fashion to make alliance. Consequently ,alliance governments are formed. In 16th Lok Sabha, in spite of getting majority, BJP did not make government alone, but made an alliance government.

Question 8.
Coalition government is based on broad public support. Explain the statement.
Answer:
Coalition government is based on broad public support because in such government, 15 to 20 parties are included. All these parties have broad public support. In alliance the included parties get public support on the basis of its numbers. Government’s acceptance increases and it takes good decisions in the public interests. Importance is also given to it in abroad. At present, in our country under the leadership of Narendra Modi N.D.A. government is there, which is taking good decisions and getting respect in foreign lands.

Question 9.
How is national unity harmed in alliance government? Explain.
Answer:
Harm to national unity :
Many parties are included in coalition government. These parties by mutual discussion set a joint programme because ideologies and theories differ from party to party. These alliances, to get power, overlook their ideological differences. In alliances the number of regional parties are more than national parties. So their effects are increased in alliance and P.M. is forced to come under their pressure. For example, in last UPA government, Trinmul, a regional party of West Bengal (Mamta Banneiji) opposed the P.M. and P.M. Manmohan Singh and he remained in pressure. Due to excess pressure of local parties’ interests, national interests get disadvantaged.

Question 10.
In event of a coalition government, there is a lack of powerful foreign policy. Clarify this statement
Answer:
Lack of powerful foreign policy :
In a coalition government lack of powerful foreign policy is found. P.M. remains unable to form powerful foreign policy because he remains in pressure of his allies and cannot take decision freely. Thus, is case of foreign policy, country’s position remains weak. Advice has to be taken from allies regarding alliance and agreements, and the government’s position falls weak before foreign countries. While the P.M. of single party remains successful in adopting free and powerful decisions, which enhances the country’s prestige abroad. So, if seen from foreign policy’s angle, differences are found in coalition governments. Consequendy no powerful government is formed and a firm foreign policy cannot be formed.

Question 11.
Why is lack of rhythm found in different ministries of coalition government?
Answer:
Lack of rhythm is found in such governments because such government has the leaders of different parties who have different ideologies. They are influenced by the programmes of their own party. When such leaders hold the post of ministers in different ministries, they do not pay attention in introducing the programme. They care only for the programmes of their own party. The ministers of different parties do not have mutual cooperation as they have in single party rule. Different political parties work on their own agenda secretly and further their own interest. This non-cooperation in ministries create hardships to rule. For the smooth conduct of the government, mutual cooperation is necessary.

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 27 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is Coalition politics? How did the coalition politics come into being?
Answer:
Coalition politics :
In Lok Sabha and state legislative elections, many times a single party does not get majority while majority is needed to run the government. So some parties together form an alliance and set a joint programme by mutual discussion because different parties have different conceptions. The parties included in coalition set such acceptable programme in which there is no opposition among the included parities. In opposition also some parties form an alliance. This kind of alliance may be formed before election. In such a way in the form of government formation or in any other case, there will be mutual consent . before or after election and government is run on a minimum common programme approved by all alliance parties. This is called coalition politics.

Origin of coalition politics :
After independence, in 1952 Congress party got majority in general election. Second general elections was held in 1957 and third in 1962. In these elections Congress maintained its position is Lok Sabha and got 3/4 seats. In states also, Congress got majority. But in 4th general election, Congress faced difficulty in making the government in centre. Congress lost its majority in many states. In Rajasthan, Punjab and U.P’s legislative assembly Congress did not get full majority. It remained only a big party. It got less seats in Kerala, Odisha and Tamil Nadu. Due to the results of these 4th general election, coalition politics was started.

In many states government was made by joining several parties and in some states government was formed by the parties having opposite ideologies. Formed in 1977, Janata Party also was a sort of an alliance. Afterwards in 11th and 15th Lok Sabha, no party got majority in Lok Sabha. No single party could make the government on its own, and it has to join coalition. Thus, a trend of temporary government was started. In May 1993 Late Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee’s short-termed government could run only for 13 days. Afterwards, government of Sanyukta Morcha was formed by Congress support who has to change its P.M. and Indra Kumar Gujral became P.M. in place of H.D. Devegowda.

The position was not improved in 12th Lok Sabha. Gradually, two main alliances of Indian politics came into being-N.D.A. and U.P.A. The election of 16th Lok Sabha were held between N.D.A. and U.P.A. in which alliance in the leadership of BJP, made its government.

Question 2.
Describe the history of coalition government in India.
Answer:
History of coalition government: Description of history is given below :

1. In Lok Sabha election of 1977, Congress had to face defeat for the first time. It did not get majority in Lok Sabha. In the leadership of Morari Desai, the alliance of 5 parties got majority in Lok Sabha. Moraiji Desai took oath as P.M. of alliance government but due to internal friction, the government soon fell.
2. Afterwards, Chaudhary Charan Singh formed government with the support of Congress but after some time Congress withdrew its support. The government could not face the Lok Sabha and new election had to be conducted.
3. In 1980 in the leadership of Indira Gandhi, Congress party made the government. After ‘ Indira’s assassination, Rajeev Gandhi became P.M. of India. Congress party got full majority. The period from 1980 to 1989 was the period of Congress’ majority.
4. In 1989 congress had to face a big defeat in Lok Sabha elections. In these elections, BJP got success more than its hope and it showed the will to present an alternative to Congress. After leaving Congress, V.P. Singh formed Janata Dal and fought election of 1989 Lok Sabha. He did not get full majority, but BJP supported him outwardly and formed the government of Sanyukta Morcha. On taking back its support by BJP, this government fell in October 1990.
5. The party which was under leadership of V.P. Singh, got scattered and out of it, a new party, Janta Dal(S) was formed. The leader of this party Chandra Shekhar made government from outer support but due to friction, after few months with Congress, Chandra Shekhar had to resign on March 6, 1991.
6. In 10th Lok Sabha from 1991 to 1996 under the leadership of Narsimha Rao’s short-termed government continued with outer support.
7. After the election of 11th Lok Sabha, due to hung Lok Sabha in April-May 1996, a period of mixed government started. In the election of 1996, BJP emerged as a biggest party. Due to it, BJP got invitation to form government. But most of the. MPs. were against BJP’s policy. Therefore, BJP government could not get majority in Lok Sabha. With BJP, Shiv Sena, Akali Dal and Haryana Vikas Party made alliance government Due to unability to prove majority, P.M. Late Atal Bihari Vajpayee had to resign within 13 days.
8. After the fall of Late Atal Bihari Vajpayee’s government, H.D. Devegowda’s government was formed but after few months Congress put a condition to change P.M. Thus, in 10 months, Devegowda fell from power and Indra Kumar Gujral was made P.M. In Devegowda’s government 13 political parties were included. In Gujral’s government there were 15 political parties. Among these parties there was lack of ideological similarity on different political issues. Consequently, the central government had to work under pressure.
9. In the election of 12th Lok Sabha, no single party got full majority. On the basis of the largest party, Late Atal Bihari Vajpayee of B. J. P was invited for the post of P.M. Government was formed by including 18 parties. Here the NDA government began under influential PM, but the government fell with only a single vote.
10. After the election of 13th Lok Sabha, NDA government was formed under the leadership of Late Atal Bihari Vajpayee. This was also an alliance government in which more than 20 parties were included. This government remained for a full term.
11. After the election of 14th Lok Sabha with the outer support of the left, a government of 20 parties was formed under the leadership Dr. Manmohan Singh. After the 15th Lok Sabha election the government of UPA alliance was formed and Manmohan Singh became the P.M.
12. The election of 16 Lok Sabha was held in 2014. This election also was fought between NDA led by BJP and UPA led by Congress. In this electron, alliance led by BJP got victory and under the leadership of Narendra Modi a government of absolute majority was formed. After 1984, for the first time, any party got full majority.

Question 3.
Write down the chief characteristics of alliance government of India.
Answer:
Following are the characteristics:

• Primacy a single party :
  Whatever alliances are formed in Indian politics, primacy of a single party prevails. N.D.A. is led by BJP and UPA is led by Congress. Allies are unable to play effective role.
• Lack of ideological equality :
  For political gain, the political parties of opposing ideologies join alliance. During election, parties which earlier had been criticising one another join alliance. For example, in Bihar, Samta Party who consideredJ.P. Narayan its ideal, fought election joining alliance with Congress, while J.P. Narayan’s ideas do not match with Congress’s policies, thus base of alliance is not ideology but to get power or to stop someone from entering into politics.
• Lack of stability :
  Lack of stability is seen in alliance. Many times, the political parties for narrow advantage join alliance. For example : in spite the election of West Bengal, Trinmul Congress left NDA. Once Samta party was a part of NDA. It got into an alliance with Congress during election in Bihar.
• Political alliance based on leaders :
  In Indian politics, alliance is done on the basis of leaders instead of ideologies. For example : in spite of its socialist ideology, Samta Party alliance was with BJP instead of Rashtriya Janata Dal.
• Lack of dear ideology in alliance :
  In Indian politics, only two alliances are important and effecdve-N.D.A. which runs under BJP leadership and other is UPA led by Congress. In both alliances, it is hard to find ideological similarities. The third front, which basically belongs to left, considers BJP and Congress capitalists. But it gave external support to UPA led by Manmohan Singh.
• Politics of pressure :
  Political parties included in alliance apply pressure on PM for their political advantages. For example, included in UPA, Trinmul Congress leader Mamta Banneiji compelled Manmohan Singh to change railway minister and to roll back increased rail fare. Due to this pressure politics, the issues of national interest are overlooked.
• Political alliance formed on a prohibitive basis :
  After independence, Congress has been in government of state and centre. In Indian politics, first alliance was made to keep the Congress away from power. In 1977, the formation of Janata Party was done against Congress. At present Janata Dal, Samajwadi Party, BSP have the only declared agenda to keep BJP out of power. The prohibitive ideology in any programme of a party is not good for the health of Lok Sabha.
• Defection trend :
  Due to alliance government, defection tendency is seen in Indian politics. Defection plays a leading role in making and dissolving of governments. This causes a constant danger for government’s stability.

RBSE Solutions for Class 12 Political Science