Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 4 Liberty and Equality
RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 4 Text book Questions
RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 4 Multiple Choice Questions
Question 1.
The meaning of independence is :
(a) Lack of restrictions
(b) Freedom to do any work
(c) Power to do any work
(d) Facilities available for the overall development of citizens
Answer:
(d) Facilities available for the overall development of citizens
Question 2.
Which of these statements are appropriate? Choose the right pair :
(1) There is no justification for equality without political independence.
(2) Equality is possible in the rule of law.
(3) Equal distribution of property in all the citizens of a society.
(4) Independence is the imagination without the national sovereignty.
(a) 1,2,3
(b) 1,2,4
(c) 2,3,4
(d) 1,2,3,4
Answer:
(b) 1,2,4
Question 3.
Which statements explain the meaning of social equality? Choose the right pair.
(1) Equal opportunities for a person’s development.
(2) Legal protection without discrimination.
(3) Equal income to all the citizens of the society.
(4) End of discrimination on the basis of caste.
(a) 2,3,4
(b) 1,2,3
(c) 1,2,4
(d) 1,3,4
Answer:
(c) 1,2,4
Question 4.
Which idea is considered to be the core of freedom?
(a) Rule of law
(b) Empire of anarchy
(c) Executive’s free-willing
(d) Illiteracy
Answer:
(a) Rule of law
Question 5.
The citizens of which country have got the right of equality as fundamental rights?
(a) India
(b) Afghanistan
(c) Pakistan
(d) Srilanka
Answer:
(a) India
RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 4 Very Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
What are the two views of liberty?
Answer:
There are two ideas of liberty-Lack of bonds and the presence of reasonable bonds.
Question 2.
Write Tilak’s slogan in relation of independence?
Answer:
“Freedom is my birthright and I shall have it” was the slogan given by Bal Gangadhar Tilak.
Question 3.
Which freedom is considered to be the soul of democracy?
Answer:
Political freedom is considered to be the soul of democracy.
Question 4.
What do you mean by equality of opportunity?
Answer:
The state provides equal opportunities for appropriate development to all its citizens.
Question 5.
Which equality lacks in capitalist countries?
Answer:
Economic equality lacks in capitalist countries.
RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 4 Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
Mention any five types of liberty?
Answer:
Liberty is of various types. Important five of them are following :
- Natural Liberty : It is given by nature since birth. Human cannot transfer it to anyone.
- Civil Liberty : Being a citizen, the people get it from their country.
- Political Liberty : To share in the affairs of the state and its political system is called political liberty.
- Economic Liberty : It signifies the financial status of a person. If he/she is able to face the financial challenges without compromising with his/her self-respect then he/she has financial liberty.
- National Liberty : If a nation is a sovereign state then its citizens have national liberty.
Question 2.
What is political liberty?
Answer:
Political Liberty :
The sharing of people in the affairs of state and political system is called political liberty. Gilchrist calls it an another name of democracy. It is that liberty by which every citizen of a nation gets right to vote, to participate in election and to get public posts. By this liberty, we can express our views and can use political rights. The government works under the public representatives and according to public will. It is all the result of political liberty. At present, the political liberty is expressed by the right to vote.
Question 3.
Write Laski’s views on the concept of equality.
Answer:
Laski’s views on the concept of Equality :
Equality signifies that socio-political condition of a society in which its every member is able to get equal opportunities of educational, economic, political, social, spiritual upliftment. Laski has written, “Equality does not mean that every person should be treated in the same manner or every worker should be given the same wages.” If a labourer’s salary is made equal to a scientist or a famous mathematician then the purpose of society will disappear. According to Laski, equality means there should be no privilege to any class of society and all should have equal opportunities or chances for their all round development.
Question 4.
Clarify the concept of ‘The rule of law’.
Answer:
The Concept of Rule of Law :
The rule of law refers such rule which does not discriminate on the basis of caste, creed, religion or gender and treats all equally and punishes the criminal on the basis of his/her crime.
The rule of law is the base of democratic system. In such type of rule, the ruler and the ruled both are under the law. It means law is above all. The rule is under the law and defined by law. The rights of a person do not depend on the monopoly of the ruler but are protected by law. In the rule of law all people are equal.
Question 5.
What do you understand by equality of opportunities?
Answer:
Equality of Opportunities :
Equality of opportunites means that the state would provide equal chances of proper development for its all people without any discrimination on the basis of caste, creed, religion and gender. All citizens must have equal opportunities for their educational, occupational, cultural, political and spiritual development. Equality of opportunities has been ensured by our constitution.
RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 4 Long Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
“Give me liberty or death”. Write your thoughts on the concept of liberty in the context of this statement of Patrick Henry.
Answer:
The concept of freedom in the context of statement of Patrick Henry: “Give me liberty or death”, these words expressed by Patrick Henry are full of emotion of self-respect and self-esteem. His use of freedom was the freedom of the country and for which he was ready even to hug death. According to him, liberty was not less than any values of life. In stead of living in slavery, he preferred to die.
In Indian freedom struggle, innumerable people secrificed their lives for the attainment of freedom. They accepted this as supreme sacrifice to give their lives for the nation. Bal Gangadhar Tilak, proclaimed, “Freedom is my birth right and I shall have it.”
Freedom is not a word. Instead, it is a movement. Whether it is Indian freedom movement or American freedom struggle or State revolution of France all were traded for freedom only. History of Parliament is the history of struggle for freedom, because freedom is first criteria of democracy. Factually freedom is not only a means to attain any goal of life, instead it is the highest accomplishment.
Freedom is a special characteristic of human life. Freedom is fundamental tendency of every individual. Freedom is a source of inspiration of human being. Socrates and Plato were supporters of freedom of intellect and conscience.
In renaissance period, human was criterion of all things. In this period, personal liberty was given utmost importance. Human beings have always been on their toes to fight against injustice and torture.
Question 2.
“Uninterrupted liberty is not possible today”. Do you agree with this statement? Explain the obstacles in the path of freedom with examples.
Answer:
Yes, of course, uninterrupted liberty is not possible today. It is because, at present we lack all those qualities in our society which are necessary for uninterrupted liberty.
For uninterrupted liberty, it is necessary for the public of a country or state that it should be well awaken and ready to protect its liberty. Each and every citizen should understand the value of liberty and should be ready to sacrify for the sake of it. Superficial or duplicate patriotism is dangerous. Democratic rule is also necessary for uninterrupted liberty because in such political system, the government is responsible towards public and thus public understands the value of liberty. In other forms of government, the public is exploited by the rule and therefore majority of citizens remain unable to differntiate between liberty or slavery.
Apart from this, there must be clear demarkation among the powers of different departments of government. It is because there should be no confusion regarding rights and responsibilities. For uninterrupted liberty, our society must be broadminded and free from prejudices based on caste, creed, religion and gender. These things weaken our unity and integrity and finally our strength is crushed. There should be perfect rule of law and it should not discriminate on the basis of narrow minded traditions. Fair public opinion and freedom of press are very essential for the defence of freedom. Obstacles in the Path of Liberty : Following are the main obstacles in the path of uninterrupted liberty :
- Lack of awareness towards liberty.
- Lack of education.
- Poverty, unemployment and lack of resources.
- Interruption of executive in the working of judiciary.
- Lack of respect towards constitutional values.
- Monopoly of executive.
- Fear of anti national and criminal elements.
Besides these obstacles, it is being seen that the governments are rapidly increasing their rights and powers in the name of public welfare. Due to these activities, the personal liberty is decreasing. The control of governments is gradually increasing over the tasks of society and state. Legislature is continuously promoting the power of government and due to which the liberty is contracting. Ministers and bureaucrats are attacking over the liberty of the person day by day by the rules and laws. Governments are neglecting the public opinion and thus there are many factors which are obstacle in the path of liberty of a person.
Question 3.
‘The complete equality is the imagination of utopia’ Explain this concept in the context of the meaning, basic features and types of equality.
Answer:
Naturally, all person are born in identical form. There develops dis- similarities because of man-made circumstances. In reality, equality is such a situation wherein all the persons get similar opportunities for the development of their existence. But, as a matter of fact and practically, all the persons cannot be the same in the society. The main reason of this is that all persons do not possess equality in terms of physical and mental capabilities.
Laski says, “The meaning of equality does not imply that every person should get similar treatment or similar wages. If the wages of a labourer is made equal to that a of scientist or a mathematician, the object of the society will get destroyed. Therefore, the meaning of equality is that no privileged class should exist and all should get equal opportunity to progress.”
Basic Features of Equality :
- Similar behaviour with equal person.
- Same opportunity of progress to all persons.
- Same attitude and behaviour to all by State and Society.
- Protection of rights and repute of all.
- No discrimination against anyone on the basis of caste, creed, sect, gender, language, place of birth, property, nationality.
- Similar importance to all persons in society.
Types of Equality :
- Civic Equality :
It refers to equal rights to all the persons. It generates a sence of cohesions and dedications towards the state. - Political Equality :
Political equality is the base of democracy. All should get equal right to contest elections and holding official posts. - Social Equality :
In social context, all should have equal rights. - Natural Equality :
This concept implies that all are born equal by nature. Circumstances make distinctions. - Economic Equality :
It means all should have equal opportunity to work. - Cultural Equality :
Similar behaviour in majority and minority classes is cultural equality. - Legal’Equality :
All are equal before the law and Justice governing the nation. - Equality of Opportunity: All should get equal opportunity without discrimation on the basis of caste, creed, sect, gender, religion etc.
- Equality of Education: Equal Education refers to equal and similar opportunity to all the persons in respect of attaining education.
Question 4.
Write the interrelations between freedom and equality.
Answer:
Interrelation between Freedom and Equality :
Freedom and equality are interrelated. Both affect the life of a person. But there are two streams of scholars. One of them supports this view while other consider freedom and equality as contradictory to each other. Among those who consider freedom and equality as complementary to each other are Rousseau, Polar, Herbert, etc. Rousseau has written, “Freedom cannot survive without equality.”
According to Polard :
“The only solution to the problem of freedom is within equality. The real development of a person is possible only by the conservation of these freedom and equality.”
The thoughts of Mahatma Gandhi regarding the concept of freedom are most appropriate. He says,
“Freedom does not mean lack of control but the state of development of personality. Freedom without control is useless.”
But there are also some political thinkers who say that freedom and equality are contradictory to each other. They say that where there is equality, there is no freedom. And where there is freedom, the equality cannot remain there. They say that the concept of equality is itself against law of nature. The unequality is given to us by nature. All people are not equal. Some are able and intelligent while others are weak and moderate.
Briefly we can say that from political and social point of view, freedom and equality are complementary to each other. Without equality, we cannot form stable society or government and we cannot protect freedom.
RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 4 Other Important Questions
RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 4 Multiple Choice Questions
Question 1.
“Freedom is my birth right and I shall have it.” Who said this?
(a) Mahatma Gandhi
(b) Bhagat Singh
(c) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(d) Subhash Chandra Bose.
Answer:
(c) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Question 2.
“Liberty means complete absence of prohibition and control.” Who said it?
(a) Hobes
(b) Rousseau
(c) Locke
(d) Bentham
Answer:
(a) Hobes
Question 3.
“State should not interfere in person’s personal affairs”. Who said it?
(a) Lock
(b) J.S. Mill
(c) Spensor
(d) Richi
Answer:
(b) J.S. Mill
Question 4.
The main obstacle in the way of freedom is :
(a) Lack of education
(b) Terrorism
(c) Poverty
(d) All the above
Answer:
(d) All the above
Question 5.
In absence of which equality, all other equalities are considered meaningless?
(a) Civil equality
(b) Economic equality
(c) Educational equality
(d) All the above
Answer:
(b) Economic equality
Question 6.
Which equality is considered the base of democracy?
(a) Civil equality
(b) Natural equality
(c) Political equality
(d) Social equality
Answer:
(c) Political equality
Question 7.
Which among the following is the conservating element of freedom?
(a) Terrorism
(b) Rule of law
(c) Political equality
(d) Lack of education
Answer:
(b) Rule of law
RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 4 Very Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1
Write any two forms of equality.
Answer:
- Civil equality,
- Political equality.
Question 2.
“The solution of liberty is within equality.” Who said it?
Answer:
Polard said it.
Question 3.
What is the significance of equality in democracy?
Answer:
Equality is the base of democracy.
Question 4.
Write any two conditions for freedom.
Answer:
- Rule of law,
- Free judiciary.
Question 5.
What do you understand by social liberty?
Answer:
Equality before law and equal protection of all by law is known as social liberty.
Question 6.
Which is the most dangerous enemy of liberty?
Answer:
Colonization is the most dangerous enemy of liberty.
Question 7.
Write any two important things regarding constitutional liberty.
Answer:
- This liberty is given by constitution.
- State cannot interfere in this liberty.
Question 8.
Write the names of any two elements which are against liberty.
Answer:
- Lack of education.
- Lack of awareness towards liberty.
Question 9.
Write any two basic elements of equality.
Answer:
- All people should get equal opportunities of their development.
- Human pride and human rights should be protected without any discrimination.
Question 10.
What did Rousseau say about the natural liberty of human?
Answer:
Rousseau said, “Human is born free but always remains bounded.”
Question 11.
What are the bad results of political inequality?
Answer:
In the situation of political inequality, a major section of society remains away from the political participation in state.
Question 12.
How can civil equality be established in the state?
Answer:
Civil equality can be established by rule of law.
Question 13.
What do you understand by political equality?
Answer:
Political equality means to take part in political affairs of state by all without any discrimination.
Question 14.
What are the bad results of economic inequality?
Answer:
In economic inequality, the major economic resources come in the hands of capitalists and most of the people live under their will.
RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 4 Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
What is the idealistic view point in relation to freedom?
Answer:
Freedom is special feature of human life and a basic nature of an individual. The sence of freedom is that a person uses his rights in such a way so that there is no violation of social rules, state laws and rights of others. In the idealistic view points of freedom, the invention of freedom has been of the centre of people’s aspiration. Human beings have always been in efforts to fulfill it. Freedom is not a means for any accomplishment, instead, it is an accomplishment. In order to attain this accomplishment, human has been ready to render supreme secrifice of his life.
Question 2.
In the absence of equality, freedom is useless. Explain with example.
Answer:
Freedom and equality are complementary to each other. Without political equality, the freedom is of no use. In absence of civil equality, who will enjoy freedom. In absence of social equality, freedom will become special right of very few people. In absence of economic equality freedom will be boon for the limited number of capitalists only. According to Polard, the solution of the problem of freedom is within equality. The development of a person is possible in the protection of both freedom and equality. Hence, in the absence of equality, freedom is useless.
Question 3.
What are the negative assumptions of freedom?
Answer:
Negative freedom is a condition in which there is no bond. The negative assumptions are :
- The lack of restrictions is freedom.
- Increasing the scope of the state hinders the freedom of the person.
- The government that governs the least, is a good government.
- The principle of open competition is good for human development.
- The pro-government protection in personal interest is not good.
Question 4.
What are the positive assumptions of freedom?
Answer:
Positive assumptions of Freedom : Following are the main considerations regarding positive assumptions of freedom :
- The reasonable restrictions on freedom are necessary.
- The interests of the society and the individual are mutually dependent.
- The right form of independence is in the obedience of the law of the state.
- To maintain own freedom, it is necessary to respect or protect the freedom of others.
- State has to protect the rights of the weak.
Question 5.
What are the thoughts of Gandhiji regarding freedom?
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi was supporter of positive aspect of freedom. He did not consider freedom as lack of restrictions but according to him freedom means presence of all such conditions in which proper development of human could occur. Gandhiji said that what is the use of such freedom if it is unable to provide proper development to the people. Gandhiji’s freedom is Ram Rajya in which every one is happy, healthy and satisfied and no one is sad.
Question 6.
Explain the concept of economic freedom.
Answer:
Economic Freedom :
Economic freedom is economic protection also. Economic freedom refers to that financial status of common people of the society by which they can live their family life easily without compromising with their self-pride before a money lender. For maintaining economic freedom, the state tries to establish economic equality in the society and imposes restrictions over the activities of capitalist section. All can get equal opportunities of development, if there is economic freedom.
Question 7.
Explain briefly the basic elements of equality.
Answer:
The Basic Elements of Equality :
Following are the basic elements of equality :
- All people must be treated equally or in the same manner before the law. There must be no discrimination based on caste, creed and religion.
- All people must get equal opportunities of development.
- The human pride and human right of each and every person must be protected.
- The state government must treat each and every person with equal respect.
- Each and every person should be given equal importance.
Question 8.
Explain the important characteristics of liberty.
Answer:
Important Characteristics of Liberty :
Following are the important characteristics / features of liberty :
- According to J.S. Mill, the absence of restrictions is liberty.
- According to Mahatma Gandhi, the presence of all those conditions which are helpful in all round human development is liberty.
- According to Penn, liberty means free to do all those actions which are not against the liberty of others.
- According to Hobbes, liberty is the lack of impedance and control.
Question 9.
Describe briefly the religious liberty.
Answer:
Religious Liberty :
Religious liberty means a person is free to practice all religious rituals according to his/her belief without any interference of state. This liberty allows the person to believe in any religion, belief or custom. The state protects the liberty of a person to worship his/her diety in any way unless it does not hurt the faith of others. The violation of law and activities of disturbing social peace and hormony do not include in religious liberty.
Question 10.
List the different forms of liberty. Explain any of the two forms.
Answer:
Following are the different forms of liberty.
- Natural liberty
- Personal liberty
- Civil liberty
- Political liberty
- Economic liberty
- Religious liberty
- Moral liberty
- Social liberty
- National liberty
- Constitutional liberty.
Constitutional Liberty :
It is provided by the consitution of a country to their citizens. It includes all those liberties which are mentioned in the constitution. The state cannot interfere in constitutional liberty.
Moral Liberty :
Its relation is with the person’s character, ethics and justifiable behaviour. When the person works being influenced by the interaction and moral qualities, it is moral liberty.
RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 4 Long Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
What are various kinds of liberty? Describe.
Answer:
The various kinds of liberty are :
- Natural Liberty :
Human beings do not get this form of freedom from human or any human institution but it is given by nature. It is rooted in his personality by nature by his birth. This liberty is a system prior to come into existence of the state, but with the establishment of the state this liberty gradually becomes extinct. This is why Rousseau has said, “Man is born free, but he stays in chains everywhere”. - Personal Liberty :
Human should have freedom in the work of their personal lives. On personal functions, only binding can be done for the welfare of the society. In the democratic countries, the great importance of the personal freedom of citizens is in the form of independence. - Civil Liberty :
In our county, this liberty has been incorporated in the constitution as the fundamental rights. - Political Liberty :
Gilchrist calls political liberty the second name of democracy. This is the freedom in which every citizen has the right to vote, to participate in elections and to get public posts. - Economic Liberty :
Economic liberty means that a person’s economic status should be such that in spite of being self- respect, without facing financial challenges, he can take care of himself and his family. - Religious Liberty :
It allows the person to believe in any religion, belief and conduct. In this liberty there is freedom of religion, customs and methods of worship. - Moral Liberty :
Its relation is with the person’s character, ethics and justifiable behaviour. - Social Liberty :
Social liberty is considered to be the mother of social equality and justice. It is social liberty not to discriminate anyone on the basis of race, class, gender and religions. The right to equality in our constitution has been given to strengthen this liberty. - Natural Liberty :
When a nation becomes sovereign, it is a symbol of national independence, that is, it becomes free from the orders of other countries. Colonialism is its biggest enemy. Without national independence liberty of any person is secondary. - Constitutional Liberty :
It is provided to the citizens by the constitution. The constitution guarantees protection of such liberties, which even the state cannot deduct from them.