Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 12 Political Science Notes Chapter 4 Liberty and Equality
Liberty:
- Freedom is a special characteristic of human beings and the basic tendency of a person.
- Man has always been struggling to achieve freedom.
- The word ‘Swatantrata’ is the Hindi translation of Liberty.
- History of Parliament has been a history of struggle for independence.
- Freedom is not only the means of achieving other achievements, but it is supreme in itself
Meaning And definition of Liberty:
- Freedom is the name of the person’s ability to work according to his own choice and during this time there is no obstacle in the freedom of other people.
The Negative Meaning of Freedom:
- It is a condition in which there is no bond. The person is free to arbitrate. Mills says, “State should not interfere in any individual’s personal work.”
The Positive Meaning of Freedom:
- Human should create conditions for themselves, which can develop such conditions for their development as well as for fellow citizens.
Various Kinds of Liberty:
- Natural Liberty: Human beings do not get this form of freedom from human or any human institution but it is given by nature.
- Personal Liberty: Human should have freedom in every work of their personal lives. On personal functions, binding can only be done for the welfare of the society.
- Civil Liberty:_Due to being a citizen, the people get the liberty in the country, which is accepted by the society and provided state protection.
- Political Liberty: The share in the affairs of the state and the political system is known as political independence.
Equality:
- Equality is the name of that circumstance, due to which all persons get equal opportunities for the development of their existence.
Kinds of Equality:
- Civil Equality: All citizens of the state get civil rights and the state has not discriminated with itscitizens so that the spirit of faith towards the state can be ensured in the minds of the citizens.
- Political Equality: There is equal right to all citizens of the state to participate in the functions of state without any discrimination.
- Social Equality: Social Equality grants equal opportunities to all persons for development and participation.
- Natural Equality: The exponent of the concept assumes that nature has made all human equal.
- Economic Equality: This equality clarifies that in its absence, political, civil and social equality are meaningless.
- Culture Equality: The practice of equal treatment with the majority and minority sections by the state comes under the category of cultural equality.
- Equality of Opportunity: The state provides equal opportunities for appropriate development to all its citizens.
- Equality of Education: The state provides equal educational opportunities to all citizens without any discrimination, but giving special facility to the weaker and backward sections of the society.
Relationship between Equality and Liberty:
- Freedom and Equality are Conflicting: The supporters of this opinion believe that there is no equilibrium in them. LordActon believes that the passion of equality has made the hope of independence futile.
- The second thought considers both supplementary to each other: Rousseau says, “Without equality liberty cannot survive.”
RBSE Class 12 Political Science Notes Chapter 4 Important Terms
- Freedom: Freedom is the name of the person’s ability to work according to his own choice, and during this time there is no obstacle in the freedom of other people.
- Civil Equality: Civil equality means all citizens of the state get civil rights and the state has not discriminated with its citizens so that the spirit of faith towards the state can be ensured in the minds of the citizens.
- Political Equality: Political equality means there is equal right to all citizens of the state to participate in the functions of state without any discrimination.
- Social Equality: All persons in the society will get equal opportunities for development and participation.
- Natural Equality: The exponent of the concept assumes that nature has made all human equal. So all have equal rights upon natural resources.
- Economic Equality: This equality clarifies that in its absence, political, civil and social equalities are meaningless.
- Culture Equality: This is the equality where equal treatment is done with the majority and minority sections by the state.
- Equality of Opportunity: It means the state provides equal opportunities for appropriate development to all its citizens.
- Globalisation: Unrestricted exchange of goods, services, capitals, intellectual property of every country with other countries is called globalisation.
- Public Opinion: Public opinion means opinion of the people. It is a final decision taken by a the people.
- Sovereignty: It is the highest power of a state. Sovereighty is such a quality of a state becauseof which it is not bound by any dictates except its own.
- Hobbes: He was a supporter of aristocratic monarchy of state.
- J.S. Mill: He was a strong supporter of utilitarianism.
- Bal Gangadhar Tilak: A famous freedom fighter. His slogan was “Freedom is my birth right and I shall have it.”